The usefulness of the MALDI-TOF MS technique in the determination of dairy samples' microbial composition: comparison of the new EXS 2600 system with MALDI Biotyper platform.

This study compared the EXS 2600 system with the MALDI Biotyper for identifying microorganisms in dairy samples. Of the 196 bacterial isolates from milk, whey, buttermilk, cream, and dairy wastewater, the species and genus consistent identification between two systems showed 74% and 99%, respectively. However, the level of species identification rate exhibited a difference, which was higher in Zybio than in Bruker-76.0% and 66.8%, respectively. Notably, the EXS 2600 system performed better with certain yeast species and H. alvei, while the Biotyper excelled with Pseudomonas bacteria. Unique microbial compositions were found in 85% of dairy samples, with whey and buttermilk having the highest diversity. This research highlights the EXS 2600's potential as a reliable dairy microbial identification tool and underscores the need for a more diverse and comprehensive spectral database, despite the database's focus on clinical applications (as announced).

Harnessing Epigenetics for Breast Cancer Therapy: The Role of DNA Methylation, Histone Modifications, and MicroRNA.

Breast cancer exhibits various epigenetic abnormalities that regulate gene expression and contribute to tumor characteristics. Epigenetic alterations play a significant role in cancer development and progression, and epigenetic-targeting drugs such as DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, histone-modifying enzymes, and mRNA regulators (such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs) can reverse these alterations. Therefore, these epigenetic-targeting drugs are promising candidates for cancer treatment. However, there is currently no effective epi-drug monotherapy for breast cancer. Combining epigenetic drugs with conventional therapies has yielded positive outcomes and may be a promising strategy for breast cancer therapy. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, such as azacitidine, and histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as vorinostat, have been used in combination with chemotherapy to treat breast cancer. miRNA regulators, such as miRNA mimics and antagomiRs, can alter the expression of specific genes involved in cancer development. miRNA mimics, such as miR-34, have been used to inhibit tumor growth, while antagomiRs, such as anti-miR-10b, have been used to inhibit metastasis. The development of epi-drugs that target specific epigenetic changes may lead to more effective monotherapy options in the future.

COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers: Long-term benefits and protection.

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in healthcare workers by analyzing the population's response to the vaccine after two years, based on anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein S antibody levels. Additionally, the study aimed to assess the impact of basic factors on antibody levels. Material and methods: A total of 4,090 healthcare workers were included in the study, and their antibody levels were measured using ELISA to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG). Statistical analysis was conducted to examine the influence of COVID-19 infection, vaccination status, and number of vaccine doses on antibody concentrations. Results and Conclusion: The majority of participants (85.1%) received the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine, while a smaller percentage chose vector vaccines such as AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson. The incidence of COVID-19 among vaccinated individuals was relatively low for all vaccines, confirming their effectiveness in preventing symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study observed variations in IgG antibody levels within the study population, with only 0.46% of individuals testing negative for the presence of antibodies. The average anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG values showed significant differences across consecutive 3-month periods following infection or vaccination, with a gradual decrease over time. Notably, the most significant changes in antibody levels were observed within the first 6 months (mean values ranged from 3647.11 BAU/ml to 2601.49 BAU/ml). Subsequently, minor fluctuations were observed, with mean antibody values hovering around 2000 BAU/ml. The differences between average anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG values between consecutive 3-month periods from disease onset were statistically significant.

Characteristic of the Ascorbate Oxidase Gene Family in Beta vulgaris and Analysis of the Role of AAO in Response to Salinity and Drought in Beet.

Ascorbate oxidase, which is known to play a key role in regulating the redox state in the apoplast, cell wall metabolism, cell expansion and abiotic stress response in plants, oxidizes apo-plastic ascorbic acid (AA) to dehydroascorbic acid (DHA). However, there is little information about the AAO genes and their functions in beets under abiotic stress. The term salt or drought stress refers to the treatment of plants with slow and gradual salinity/drought. Contrastingly, salt shock consists of exposing plants to high salt levels instantaneously and drought shock occurs under fast drought progression. In the present work, we have subjected plants to salinity or drought treatments to elicit either stress or shock and carried out a genome-wide analysis of ascorbate oxidase (AAO) genes in sugar beet (B. vulgaris cv. Huzar) and its halophytic ancestor (B. maritima). Here, conserved domain analyses showed the existence of twelve BvAAO gene family members in the genome of sugar beet. The BvAAO_1-12 genes are located on chromosomes 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9. The phylogenetic tree exhibited the close relationships between BvAAO_1-12 and AAO genes of Spinacia oleracea and Chenopodium quinoa. In both beet genotypes, downregulation of AAO gene expression with the duration of salt stress or drought treatment was observed. This correlated with a decrease in AAO enzyme activity under defined experimental setup. Under salinity, the key downregulated gene was BvAAO_10 in Beta maritima and under drought the BvAAO_3 gene in both beets. This phenomenon may be involved in determining the high tolerance of beet to salinity and drought.

Salt stress vs. salt shock - the case of sugar beet and its halophytic ancestor.

BACKGROUND: Sugar beet is a highly salt-tolerant crop. However, its ability to withstand high salinity is reduced compared to sea beet, a wild ancestor of all beet crops. The aim of this study was to investigate transcriptional patterns associated with physiological, cytological and biochemical mechanisms involved in salt response in these closely related subspecies. Salt acclimation strategies were assessed in plants subjected to either gradually increasing salt levels (salt-stress) or in excised leaves, exposed instantly to salinity (salt-shock). RESULT: The majority of DEGs was down-regulated under stress, which may lead to certain aspects of metabolism being reduced in this treatment, as exemplified by lowered transpiration and photosynthesis. This effect was more pronounced in sugar beet. Additionally, sugar beet, but not sea beet, growth was restricted. Silencing of genes encoding numerous transcription factors and signaling proteins was observed, concomitantly with the up-regulation of lipid transfer protein-encoding genes and those coding for NRTs. Bark storage protein genes were up-regulated in sugar beet to the level observed in unstressed sea beet. Osmotic adjustment, manifested by increased water and proline content, occurred in salt-shocked leaves of both genotypes, due to the concerted activation of genes encoding aquaporins, ion channels and osmoprotectants synthesizing enzymes. bHLH137 was the only TF-encoding gene induced by salt in a dose-dependent manner irrespective of the mode of salt treatment. Moreover, the incidence of bHLH-binding motives in promoter regions of salinity-regulated genes was significantly greater than in non-regulated ones. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining homeostasis under salt stress requires deeper transcriptomic changes in the sugar beet than in the sea beet. In both genotypes salt shock elicits greater transcriptomic changes than stress and it results in greater number of up-regulated genes compared to the latter. NRTs and bark storage protein may play a yet undefined role in salt stress-acclimation in beet. bHLH is a putative regulator of salt response in beet leaves and a promising candidate for further studies.

Rapid Microbial Community Changes During Initial Stages of Pine Litter Decomposition.

Plant litter decomposition is a process enabling biogeochemical cycles closing in ecosystems, and decomposition in forests constitutes the largest part of this process taking place in terrestrial biomes. Microbial communities during litter decomposition were studied mainly with low-throughput techniques not allowing detailed insight, particularly into coniferous litter, as it is more difficult to obtain high quality DNA required for analyses. Motivated by these problems, we analyzed archaeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic communities at three decomposition stages: fresh, 3- and 8-month-old litter by 16/18S rDNA pyrosequencing, aiming at detailed insight into early stages of pine litter decomposition. Archaea were absent from our libraries. Bacterial and eukaryotic diversity was greatest in 8-month-old litter and the same applied to bacterial and fungal rDNA content. Community structure was different at various stages of decomposition, and phyllospheric organisms (bacteria: Acetobacteraceae and Pseudomonadaceae members, fungi: Lophodermium, Phoma) were replaced by communities with metabolic capabilities adapted to the particular stage of decomposition. Sphingomonadaceae and Xanthomonadaceae and fungal genera Sistotrema, Ceuthospora, and Athelia were characteristic for 3-month-old samples, while 8-month-old ones were characterized by Bradyrhizobiaceae and nematodes (Plectus). We suggest that bacterial and eukaryotic decomposer communities change at different stages of pine litter decomposition in a way similar to that in broadleaf litter. Interactions between bacteria and eukaryotes appear to be one of the key drivers of microbial community structure.

The Association Between Affective Temperament Traits and Dopamine Genes in Obese Population.

Studies indicate the heritable nature of affective temperament, which shows personality traits predisposing to the development of mental disorders. Dopaminergic gene polymorphisms such as DRD4, COMTVal158Met, and DAT1 have been linked to affective disorders in obesity. Due to possible correlation between the aforementioned polymorphisms and the affective temperament, the aim of our research was to investigate this connection in an obese population. The study enrolled 245 obese patients (178 females; 67 males). The affective temperament was assessed using the Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A). Genetic polymorphisms of DAT1, COMTVal158Met and DRD4 were collected from peripheral blood sample and determined using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Only in COMT polymorphisms, the cyclothymic and irritable dimensions were significantly associated with Met/Val carriers (p = 0.04; p = 0.01). Another interesting finding was the correlation between the affective temperament and age in men and women. We assume that dopamine transmission in heterozygotes of COMT may determine the role of the affective temperament in obese persons. Dopaminergic transmission modulated by COMT may be responsible for a greater temperament expression in obese individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing the role of affective temperament in the obese population, but more research is needed in this regard.

Relationship between CYP1B1 polymorphisms (c.142C > G, c.355G > T, c.1294C > G) and lung cancer risk in Polish smokers.

AIM: To determine whether three of CYP1B1 single nucleotide polymorphisms, c.142C > G, c.355G > T and c.1294C > G are associated with a lung cancer risk. PATIENTS & METHODS:  A total of 112 lung cancer patients and 100 controls were genotyped using the RFLP-PCR. RESULTS: In the c.142C > G polymorphisms, G allele was more frequent in lung cancer patients than in controls (p < 0.001), while in the c.1294C > G polymorphisms, C allele was more frequent in lung cancer patients, than in controls (p = 0.012). In the c.355G > T polymorphism, the distribution of alleles in both analyzed groups was similar. The GTC haplotype turned out to be correlated with the increased lung cancer risk, compared with the most common CGG haplotype (OR: 2.38; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: CYP1B1 gene polymorphisms appear to influence lung cancer susceptibility.

Genomic and transcriptomic profiles and in vitro resistance to mitoxantrone and idarubicin in pediatric acute leukemias.

BACKGROUND: A major problem in the treatment of leukemia is the development of drug resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS: To determine the ex vivo drug resistance profile to anthracyclines, an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) cytotoxicity assay was performed on mononuclear cells obtained from 155 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Gene expression profiles (for 51 patients with ALL and 16 with AML) were prepared on the basis of cRNA hybridization to oligonucleotide arrays of the human genome (Affymetrix). Hierarchical clustering, assignment location and biological function were investigated during the correlation analysis for identified probe sets. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array profiles (34 patients with ALL and 12 with AML) were prepared on the basis of DNA hybridization to oligonucleotide arrays of the human genome (Agilent). The validation of the array results was performed by a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The collected expression and CGH microarray experiment results indicate that the ITGB2, SCL6A7, CASP1 and DUSP genes may comprise a resistance marker for acute leukemia cells correlated with anthracyclines. Moreover, there were also identified chromosome rearrangements associated with drug resistance, such as del5q32-35.3 and amp8p12-p11.21. Precise genes, as well as genome aberrations, might be classified as targets in therapy. CONCLUSIONS: In AML, the resistance of blasts to idarubicin and mitoxantrone may reflect an impaired integrin pathway. In ALL, the development of resistance is caused by the inhibition of B and T cell activation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An analysis of the expression of collagen I and III genes in the fascia of obese patients.

BACKGROUND: The etiology of incisional hernias in the population of morbidly obese patients remains unclear. Most likely, factors other than purely mechanical are at play; it has been ascertained that nonobese patients suffering from inguinal and incisional hernias display alterations in the architecture of the connective tissue. The goal of this study has been to evaluate and compare the relative expression of collagen type I and III genes in the rectus abdominis muscle sheath (RMS) of obese and nonobese individuals to investigate their possible influence on the quality of the connective tissue. MATERIALS AND METHODS: RMS specimens were harvested in the early stages of either bariatric or non-bariatric laparotomies; total RNA was isolated and enzymatically purified from the tissue samples. The resulting material was subjected to a quantitative and qualitative analysis; reverse transcription reactions were then performed and the resulting complementary DNA was used in real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions. The biopsy specimens were also examined by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: The real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, performed on complementary DNA, provided specific amplicons for individual genes. The efficacy of the reactions was rather low. An almost twofold decrease of the relative expression level for type I and III collagen was observed between the two patient groups; the results did not reach statistical significance. Scanning electron microscope photographs have documented a marked difference in the ultrastructure of the RMS in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The authors have shown that changes in messenger RNA levels for collagen type I and III genes may be related to the pathogenesis of incisional hernia through alterations in the ultrastructure of the RMS fascia. Our report should be considered preliminary; the results should be verified on a larger group of patients.

16S rDNA pyrosequencing analysis of bacterial community in heavy metals polluted soils.

Soil contamination with heavy metals is a widespread problem, especially prominent on grounds lying in the vicinity of mines, smelters, and other industrial facilities. Many such areas are located in Southern Poland; they are polluted mainly with Pb, Zn, Cd, or Cu, and locally also with Cr. As for now, little is known about most bacterial species thriving in such soils and even less about a core bacterial community--a set of taxa common to polluted soils. Therefore, we wanted to answer the question if such a set could be found in samples differing physicochemically and phytosociologically. To answer the question, we analyzed bacterial communities in three soil samples contaminated with Pb and Zn and two contaminated with Cr and lower levels of Pb and Zn. The communities were assessed with 16S rRNA gene fragments pyrosequencing. It was found that the samples differed significantly and Zn decreased both diversity and species richness at species and family levels, while plant species richness did not correlate with bacterial diversity. In spite of the differences between the samples, they shared many operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and it was possible to delineate the core microbiome of our sample set. The core set of OTUs comprised members of such taxa as Sphingomonas, Candidatus Solibacter, or Flexibacter showing that particular genera might be shared among sites ~40 km distant.

Cloning and Expression Analysis of a Gene Encoding for Ascorbate Peroxidase and Responsive to Salt Stress in Beet (Beta vulgaris).

BvpAPX is a full-length cDNA-encoding peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase isolated from leaves of salt-stressed beet (Beta vulgaris) plants. A high level of identity has been reported between the deduced amino acid sequence of BvpAPX and other known ascorbate peroxidases. The genomic sequence of BvpAPX revealed a gene composed of 5 exons and 4 introns. Several sequence motifs revealed in the 5'UTR region of the gene confer to BvpAPX a putative responsiveness to various abiotic stresses. We determined the effect of salt stress on BvpAPX expression in leaves of the cultivated beet varieties, Huzar and Janosik, and their wild salt-tolerant relative B. vulgaris ssp. maritima. Plants were subjected to salt stress during a 32-day culture period (long-term salt treatment). An alternative salinization protocol consisted of an 18-h incubation of detached beet leaves in media supplemented with toxic salt concentrations (short-term salt treatment). RT-Q-PCR analysis revealed that BvpAPX expression markedly increased in leaves of plants subjected to conditions of long-term treatment with salinity, whereas BvpAPX transcript levels remained unaffected in detached leaves during short-term salt treatment. In addition, several leaf redox system parameters, such as ascorbate peroxidase activity or ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid hydroperoxide concentration, were determined in the leaves of beet plants subjected to salt stress conditions.

[Chorioangioma--a case study]. / Chorioangioma--opis przypadku.

Chorioangioma (chorionic angioma) is the most common non-malignant placental tumor Taking into account its morphological structure, it can have significant influence on fetal condition and pregnancy depending on its size. In the presented case a substantial placental tumor was diagnosed and complications typical for chorioangioma, such as fetal hemodynamic disorders, polyhydramnios, gestational diabetes and premature labor were observed. The applied treatment led to normalization of the fetal and maternal condition and to prolongation of the pregnancy

Analysis of relative expression level of VEGF ( vascular endothelial growth factor ), HIF-1α ( hypoxia inducible factor 1α ) and CTGF ( connective tissue growth factor ) genes in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) patients.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Analysis of gene expression in renal tissue is considered to be a diagnostic tool predicting the clinical course of glomerulonephritis. The present study quantified the relative transcript levels of VEGF, CTGF and HIF-1α in renal tissue to establish their relationship with some clinical variables in patients suffering from chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN). METHODS: 28 patients (6F and 22M, mean age 51.2±15.0) with CGN were enrolled. Type of CNG recognized by kidney biopsy (histopatological evaluation) was as follows: minimal change disease (MCD)-3pts, IgA nephropathy-5pts, FSGS-3pts, membranous nephropathy-4pts, mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis-3pts; MPGN-1pts, lupus nephritis-6pts, granulomatosis with polyangitis-2 pts; hypertensive nephropathy- 3pts. Renal tissue from 3 individuals with normal eGFR and histology was taken as control. Mean clinical follow-up of patients was 12 months after biopsy eGFR and daily urinary protein excretion (DPE) was assessed at the time of biopsy and then in 6 months intervals. Real-time PCR was used to determine relative gene expression. The housekeeping gene GAPDH was used as normalization control. RESULTS: At the time of the biopsy relative expression of 3 analyzed genes was diminished in comparison to control. There were statistically significant differences in VEGF gene relative expression level in patients which varied according to eGFR and tendency in patients which varied according to DPE. HIF-alfa and CTGF gene showed only a tendency. CONCLUSIONS: Overexpression of the VEGF gene in subjects with DPE>3,5 g may point to insufficient oxygen supply in renal tissue which may result in tubulointerstitial fibrosis with further functional renal impairment and decline of eGFR.

Array comparative genomic hybridization in pediatric acute leukemias.

Array comparative genomic hybridization has proven to be a very powerful tool in searching for new biomarkers which can find an application in clinical practise. CGH-array technology is satisfying in almost every possible way. It is highly specific, sensitive, simple, and relatively cheap. Thus, this modern method meets the demands of clinical application. An increasing knowledge about molecular pathways and pathologic genome alterations in acute leukemias enable to define unequivocal diagnosis, prognosis and to predict a response to individual compatible therapy. This review shows a various application of CGH-array in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).

Platelet-activating factor as an endogenous cofactor of food anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening generalized or systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis is increasing worldwide, with medications and food contributing to most cases. Physical exercise, acute infections, drugs, alcohol, and menstruation are the external cofactors associated with more severe systemic reaction. The aim of this review is to show that platelet-activating factor contributes to the development of severe anaphylactic reaction, and even to anaphylactic shock.

MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Histone-Modifying Enzymes in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications.

In the past decade, significant advances in molecular research have provided a deeper understanding of the intricate regulatory mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs, short non-coding RNA sequences, exert substantial influence on gene expression by repressing translation or inducing mRNA degradation. In the context of cancer, miRNA dysregulation is prevalent and closely associated with various stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, progression, and metastasis. One crucial aspect of the cancer phenotype is the activity of histone-modifying enzymes that govern chromatin accessibility for transcription factors, thus impacting gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that miRNAs play a significant role in modulating these histone-modifying enzymes, leading to significant implications for genes related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cells. This article provides an overview of current research on the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate the activity of histone-modifying enzymes in the context of cancer. Both direct and indirect mechanisms through which miRNAs influence enzyme expression are discussed. Additionally, potential therapeutic implications arising from miRNA manipulation to selectively impact histone-modifying enzyme activity are presented. The insights from this analysis hold significant therapeutic promise, suggesting the utility of miRNAs as tools for the precise regulation of chromatin-related processes and gene expression. A contemporary focus on molecular regulatory mechanisms opens therapeutic pathways that can effectively influence the control of tumor cell growth and dissemination.

Identification of the genes expression profile associated with the ex vivo resistance to etoposide in childhood acute leukemias.

INTRODUCTION: Drug resistance and the gene expression profiles might discriminate the therapy outcome, and indicate the subgroup of patients with poor prognosis. In this study we analyzed the gene expression profile in correlation with the profile of ex vivo resistance to etoposide in children with acute leukemias. METHODS: The ex vivo drug resistance profile was determined by the MTT cytotoxicity assay performed on leukemic blasts of 56 patients. Gene expression profiles were obtained from the results of hybridization of cRNA to Human Genome U133A 2.0 ologonucleotide arrays. The following analyses were performed: correlation analysis, hierarchical clustering, the assignment of location and function. Verification of data for four selected genes (MNDA, GH1, NUDT21, RHOG) was performed by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction in the studied population and in an independent group of 54 leukemic patients. RESULTS: Using the permutation Spearman correlation test, a set of 233 probes/209 genes was selected. The global test confirmed the significance of the correlation of gene expression profile and resistance to etoposide (p<0.001). The NUDT21 (nudix, nucleoside diphosphate linked moiety X-type, motif 21) gene showed the strongest correlation with resistance to etoposide (FDR<0.0001%). CONCLUSIONS: Profiling of transcriptome may help in assessing the sensitivity to drugs used in chemotherapy. Resistance to etoposide is possibly associated with a change of expression of a large number of biologically important genes that influence several cellular mechanisms.

[Gibberellins--structure, biosynthesis and deactivation in plants]. / Gibereliny--struktura, biosynteza i dezaktywacja u roslin.

Gibberellins (GA), as one of the most important phytohormones, control different aspect of plant growth and development such as seed germination, stem elongation and floral induction. Although identified more than a hundred and thirty GA, only a small number of them are biological active. Many non-bioactive GA are present in plant tissues as precursors or deactivated metabolites. Biochemical and genetic approaches have led to the recognition most of the genes that encode GA biosynthesis and deactivation enzymes, and conducted investigation has helped us to better understand GA functions in plants. Many enzymes involved in GA metabolism are multifunctional and therefore fewer enzymes than might be expected are required to created the various gibberellins structures. In this review, we summarized current knowledge on the GA biosynthesis and deactivation pathways in plants and showed precise characteristic of genes and encoding protein which are involved in gibberellins metabolism.

MicroRNA as a Potential Therapeutic Molecule in Cancer.

Small noncoding RNAs, as post-translational regulators of many target genes, are not only markers of neoplastic disease initiation and progression, but also markers of response to anticancer therapy. Hundreds of miRNAs have been identified as biomarkers of drug resistance, and many have demonstrated the potential to sensitize cancer cells to therapy. Their properties of modulating the response of cells to therapy have made them a promising target for overcoming drug resistance. Several methods have been developed for the delivery of miRNAs to cancer cells, including introducing synthetic miRNA mimics, DNA plasmids containing miRNAs, and small molecules that epigenetically alter endogenous miRNA expression. The results of studies in animal models and preclinical studies for solid cancers and hematological malignancies have confirmed the effectiveness of treatment protocols using microRNA. Nevertheless, the use of miRNAs in anticancer therapy is not without limitations, including the development of a stable nanoconstruct, delivery method choices, and biodistribution. The aim of this review was to summarize the role of miRNAs in cancer treatment and to present new therapeutic concepts for these molecules. Supporting anticancer therapy with microRNA molecules has been verified in numerous clinical trials, which shows great potential in the treatment of cancer.