Genomic Surveillance of Monkeypox Virus, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2022.

Phylogenetic analysis of 34 monkeypox virus genome sequences isolated from patients in Minas Gerais, Brazil, revealed initial importation events in early June 2022, then community transmission within the state. All generated genomes belonged to the B.1 lineage responsible for a global mpox outbreak. These findings can inform public health measures.

Ubiquitous giants: a plethora of giant viruses found in Brazil and Antarctica.

BACKGROUND: Since the discovery of giant viruses infecting amoebae in 2003, many dogmas of virology have been revised and the search for these viruses has been intensified. Over the last few years, several new groups of these viruses have been discovered in various types of samples and environments.In this work, we describe the isolation of 68 giant viruses of amoeba obtained from environmental samples from Brazil and Antarctica. METHODS: Isolated viruses were identified by hemacolor staining, PCR assays and electron microscopy (scanning and/or transmission). RESULTS: A total of 64 viruses belonging to the Mimiviridae family were isolated (26 from lineage A, 13 from lineage B, 2 from lineage C and 23 from unidentified lineages) from different types of samples, including marine water from Antarctica, thus being the first mimiviruses isolated in this extreme environment to date. Furthermore, a marseillevirus was isolated from sewage samples along with two pandoraviruses and a cedratvirus (the third to be isolated in the world so far). CONCLUSIONS: Considering the different type of samples, we found a higher number of viral groups in sewage samples. Our results reinforce the importance of prospective studies in different environmental samples, therefore improving our comprehension about the circulation anddiversity of these viruses in nature.

Serologic and Molecular Evidence of Vaccinia Virus Circulation among Small Mammals from Different Biomes, Brazil.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a zoonotic agent that causes a disease called bovine vaccinia, which is detected mainly in milking cattle and humans in close contact with these animals. Even though many aspects of VACV infection have been described, much is still unknown about its circulation in the environment and its natural hosts/reservoirs. To investigate the presence of Orthopoxvirus antibodies or VACV DNA, we captured small rodents and marsupials in 3 areas of Minas Gerais state, Brazil, and tested their samples in a laboratory. A total of 336 animals were tested; positivity ranged from 18.1% to 25.5% in the 3 studied regions located in different biomes, including the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Analysis of nucleotide sequences indicated co-circulation of VACV groups I and II. Our findings reinforce the possible role played by rodents and marsupials in VACV maintenance and its transmission chain.

Orthopoxvirus Circulation in an Endemic Area in Brazil: Investigation of Infections in Small Mammals during an Absence of Outbreaks.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the causative agent of an emerging viral zoonosis called bovine vaccinia (BV). Several studies have documented characteristics of VACV infections in Brazil; however, the manner in which this virus is maintained in wildlife remains unknown. This work investigated the presence of viral DNA and anti-orthopoxvirus (OPXV) antibodies in samples collected from small mammals in a VACV-endemic area in Minas Gerais, Brazil, in the absence of current outbreaks. Samples did not show amplification of OPXV DNA in molecular tests. However, 5/142 serum samples demonstrated the presence of anti-OPXV neutralizing antibodies in serological tests. These data reinforce the involvement of small mammals in the natural cycle of VACV, highlighting the need for further ecological studies to better understand how this virus is maintained in nature and to develop measures to prevent BV outbreaks.

The interplay between Araçatuba virus and host signaling pathways: role of PI3K/Akt in viral replication.

In this study, we describe the interaction between Araçatuba virus (ARAV), a naturally occurring Brazilian vaccinia virus isolated from an outbreak at a dairy farm, and the host cell's signal transduction pathways. Even though ARAV infection led to phosphorylation of MAPKs MEK/ERK, JNK, and p38MAPK, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of these pathways had no impact on viral replication. We also provide evidence that ARAV stimulated the phosphorylation of Akt (PKB) at serine 473 (S473-P), a signaling event that is required for full activation of Akt during the infectious cycle. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of PI3K (LY294002) abrogated ARAV-induced Akt activation (S473-P) and affected early and late viral gene expression, which was followed by a decrease in virus yield (~1 log). Taken together, our data shed some light onto the biological differences between ARAV and vaccinia virus strain WR (VACV-WR), which could contribute, at least in part, to the low-virulence phenotype displayed by ARAV. Thus, while the requirement for the PI3K/Akt pathway for successful ARAV replication is also shared with VACV-WR and cowpox virus strain BR (CPXV-BR), ARAV showed a lower replicative capacity, as well as a smaller plaque-size phenotype after infection of A31 cells when compared to VACV-WR.

An Anthropocentric View of the Virosphere-Host Relationship.

For over a century, viruses have been known as the most abundant and diverse group of organisms on Earth, forming a virosphere. Based on extensive meta-analyses, we present, for the first time, a wide and complete overview of virus-host network, covering all known viral species. Our data indicate that most of known viral species, regardless of their genomic category, have an intriguingly narrow host range, infecting only 1 or 2 host species. Our data also show that the known virosphere has expanded based on viruses of human interest, related to economical, medical or biotechnological activities. In addition, we provide an overview of the distribution of viruses on different environments on Earth, based on meta-analyses of available metaviromic data, showing the contrasting ubiquity of head-tailed phages against the specificity of some viral groups in certain environments. Finally, we uncovered all human viral species, exploring their diversity and the most affected organic systems. The virus-host network presented here shows an anthropocentric view of the virology. It is therefore clear that a huge effort and change in perspective is necessary to see more than the tip of the iceberg when it comes to virology.