RESUMO
mRNA-based drugs have tremendous potential as clinical treatments, however, a major challenge in realizing this drug class will promise to develop methods for safely delivering the bioactive agents with high efficiency and without activating the immune system. With regard to mRNA vaccines, researchers have modified the mRNA structure to enhance its stability and promote systemic tolerance of antigenic presentation in non-inflammatory contexts. Still, delivery of naked modified mRNAs is inefficient and results in low levels of antigen protein production. As such, lipid nanoparticles have been utilized to improve delivery and protect the mRNA cargo from extracellular degradation. This advance was a major milestone in the development of mRNA vaccines and dispelled skepticism about the potential of this technology to yield clinically approved medicines. Following the resounding success of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19, many other mRNA-based drugs have been proposed for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This review begins with a discussion of mRNA modifications and delivery vehicles, as well as the factors that influence administration routes. Then, we summarize the potential applications of mRNA-based drugs and discuss further key points pertaining to preclinical and clinical development of mRNA drugs targeting a wide range of diseases. Finally, we discuss the latest market trends and future applications of mRNA-based drugs.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Nanopartículas , Humanos , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , Vacinas contra COVID-19/uso terapêutico , Tolerância a Medicamentos , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/uso terapêutico , Vacinas de mRNA , Nanopartículas/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a pleiotropic cytokine which bridges innate and adaptive immunity in defense against pathogens. IL-12 proved to be an effective and successful adjuvant to enhance both the innate and adaptive immune responses and could be applicable for a rationale vaccine formulation in fish against pathogen infection. We have cloned the p35 and p40 cDNAs of IL-12 from orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Grouper IL-12 most resembles with sea bass orthologues; moderate to low identity with other teleost and mammalian counterparts. The structural model of grouper IL-12 heterodimer revealed NC(141)F three amino acid patch of grouper p35, which is present in teleost p35 but absent in mammalian and avian p35, and is spatially nearby the conserved cysteine residue located at A-helix of p35 to form a disulfide bond when the 14aa peptide located at loop 1 of grouper p35 was aligned with human corresponding exon 4, instead of exon 5. The results indicated that the loss of this 3aa patch during evolution was compensated by the duplication of exon 4 in mammalian p35 to gain another cysteine residue to form a disulfide bond, evidenced by chicken p35 which does not contain NCF corresponding 3-aa patch nor exon 4 duplication. Accordingly, the inter-chain disulfide bond of IL-12 heterodimer is conserved from teleost to mammalian IL-12. A single chain grouper IL-12 (scgIL-12) construct linked by (G4S)3 was successfully expressed in baculovirus-insect cell system; its identity has been confirmed by LC/MS/MS. In addition, the biological activity of recombinant scgIL-12 (rscgIL-12) are demonstrated for its stimulation of PBL proliferation, chemotactic migration, induction of TNF-α gene expression and a plausible adjuvant effect of prolonged protection against parasite infection in fish. We illustrated the first time in lower vertebrate that grouper IL-12 possesses both cytokine and chemokine activities.
Assuntos
Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Imunidade Inata/genética , Interleucina-12/genética , Perciformes/genética , Filogenia , Imunidade Adaptativa/imunologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiotaxia/imunologia , Clonagem Molecular , Imunidade Inata/imunologia , Interleucina-12/imunologia , Subunidade p35 da Interleucina-12/genética , Subunidade p35 da Interleucina-12/imunologia , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/genética , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/imunologia , Leucócitos Mononucleares , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Perciformes/imunologia , RNA/química , RNA/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/imunologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa/veterinária , Alinhamento de Sequência , Análise de Sequência de DNA , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/imunologiaRESUMO
Anti-angiogenesis therapy is one major approach of cancer therapies nowadays. Unfortunately, anti-angiogenesis therapy targeting VEGF-A was recently stumbled by the drugresistance that results from adaptive mechanisms, such as intratumor hypoxia. To obtain a more efficient therapeutic response, we created and identified a novel chimeric fusion of VEGF121 and VEGF165, which was connected by Fc region of human IgG1 to enhance dimerization. We found that the treatment of VEGF121-VEGF165 chimeric protein reduces proliferation, migration, invasion, and tube formation in endothelial and/or cancer cells through competing VEGF165 homodimer in a paracrine and an autocrine manner. Furthermore, the fusion protein attenuated autocrine VEGFR2-HIF-1α-VEGF165/Lon signaling through PI3KAKT- mTOR pathway in cancer cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that the chimeric VEGF121-VEGF165 arrests the tube formation of endothelial cells and interferes with tumor cell growth, migration and invasion, suggesting that it could be a potential drug as an angiogenesis antagonist in cancer therapy. The VEGF121-VEGF165 targets not only paracrine angiogenic cascade of endothelial cells but also autocrine PI3K-AKT-mTOR-mediated VEGFR2-HIF-1α- VEGF165/Lon signaling that drives drug resistance in tumor cells. Our study will open up the patient opportunities to combat drug resistance to antiangiogenic therapy.