Association Between Fatty Liver Index, Controlled Attenuation Parameter, and Metabolic Syndrome Stages: A Community-Based Study.

BACKGROUND Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is a recent ultrasound-based method for measuring hepatic steatosis, which is common in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The fatty liver index (FLI), an algorithm-based method, is frequently used to evaluate hepatic steatosis. This study assessed how FLI and CAP relate to the earlier MetS stage and their ability to identify it. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 170 community-based individuals were studied. Demographic information, body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressures were collected. CAP was assessed by FibroScan. Fasting glucose, lipid tests, and γ-glutamyl transferase were measured. The CAP and FLI results were categorized into quartiles, with the MetS stages as the main outcomes. The odds ratio (OR) of the outcomes was calculated using logistic regression. The area under the curve in receiver operating characteristic analysis (AUC-ROC) was used to detect the stages of MetS. Sensitivity, specificity, and appropriate cut-offs based on ROC analysis are shown. RESULTS The higher the FLI or CAP category, the lower the proportion of non-MetS and the higher the proportion of moderate MetS. Each single-quartile increase in FLI and CAP was associated with an increased likelihood of being in the higher MetS stages - FLI: adjusted OR 3.1 (2.23-4.32); CAP: adjusted OR 1.96 (1.48-2.59). In the ROC analysis, FLI had a higher AUC-ROC than CAP in separating the stages of MetS, although findings were significant (P<0.001). FLI in detecting the stages of mild-to-severe versus non-MetS performed well (AUC-ROC [95% confidence interval]: 0.79 [0.72-0.87]), with high sensitivity (0.86) but low specificity (0.62). CONCLUSIONS FLI and CAP were positively associated with the MetS stage and its components, suggesting that they could be used as a MetS screening tool in community studies.

Impact of Pre-Transplant Parathyroidectomy on Graft Survival: A Comparative Study of Renal Transplant Patients (2005-2015).

BACKGROUND Hyperparathyroidism poses significant risks for patients prior to kidney transplantation. However, the outcomes of patients who undergo parathyroidectomy before renal transplantation compared to those without such a procedure remain uncertain. This real-world data study aimed to examine the clinical outcomes of both patient groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on patients who underwent renal transplantation between January 2005 and December 2015. The patients were divided into two groups: a case group (n=294) with parathyroidectomy and a control group (n=588) without the need for parathyroidectomy before kidney transplantation. The groups were matched based on age, sex, dialysis vintage, and baseline characteristics at a 1:2 ratio. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using the Cox regression model. The main outcomes assessed were graft failure, mortality, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) recorded until December 2019. RESULTS During a mean follow-up period of 6 years, a significant difference was observed in graft failure (HR 1.40; 95% confidence interval 1.10-1.79, p=0.007) between the two groups. After further adjustment, graft failure remained significant (HR 1.52; 95% CI 1.07-2.15, p=0.019). Additionally, machine learning-based feature selection identified the importance of parathyroidectomy (ranked 9 out of 11) before kidney transplantation in predicting subsequent graft failure. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that severe hyperparathyroidism requiring parathyroidectomy before kidney transplantation may contribute to poor post-transplant graft outcomes compared to patients who do not require parathyroidectomy.

A New Predictive Equation for Estimating Serum Ionized Calcium Levels in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND Circulating calcium mainly carries out its physiologic function in its ionized form (iCa). Clinically, iCa is usually estimated by multiplying the total calcium (TCa) level by 0.5 in the general population, but this method is not accurate when applied to patients on long-term hemodialysis (CHD). Accordingly, this study aimed to develop a predictive function for iCa in patients on CHD by incorporating TCa and other additional variables. MATERIAL AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study consisting of 2 cross-sectional datasets: a derivation set including 469 CHD patients in June 2019, and a validation set including 446 CHD patients in September 2019. The derivation set's data were analyzed using the stepwise model selection of machine learning with 10-fold cross-validation to develop a predictive function for iCa. This predictive function was then applied to the validation set's data, and the predictive function's estimated iCa was compared with the actual laboratory iCa by using the paired-samples t test and intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS After analyzing the routine laboratory data parameters of patients in the derivation set, the following 5 variables were included in the predictive function of iCa: blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphate, TCa, and albumin. This predictive function was applied to the validation set to yield an estimated iCa level that was not significantly different from the laboratory-measured iCa level of the validation dataset (P=0.676) with an excellent ICC of 0.905. CONCLUSIONS We developed a new predictive function that accurately measures the iCa in patients on CHD by using routine laboratory data.

The prognostic utility of preoperative geriatric nutritional risk index on survival outcomes of locally advanced oral cancer.

PURPOSE: This retrospective cohort study was to assess the prognostic value of preoperative geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI) on survival outcomes for patients with locally advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (LAOSCC). METHODS: Patients with LAOSCC receiving upfront radical surgery at a single institute from January 2007 to February 2017 were enrolled. The primary outcomes in the study were 5-year overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) rates, and a nomogram based on GNRI and other clinical-pathological factors was established for individualized OS prediction. RESULTS: There were 343 patients enrolled in this study. The optimal cut-off value of GNRI was observed to be 97.8. Patients in the high-GNRI group (GNRI ≥97.8) had statistically significantly better outcomes in 5-year OS (74.7% vs. 57.2%, p = 0.001) and CSS (82.2% vs. 68.9%, p = 0.005) when compared with the low-GNRI group (GNRI <97.8). In Cox models, low GNRI remained an independent negative prognosticator of OS (HR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.124-2.277; p = 0.009) and CSS (HR: 1.907; 95% CI: 1.219-2.984; p = 0.005). The c-index of the proposed nomogram, incorporating assorted clinicopathological factors and GNRI, had a statistically significant increase compared with the predictive nomogram constructed by the TNM staging system alone (0.692 vs. 0.637, p < 0.001)." CONCLUSION: Preoperative GNRI is an independent prognostic factor of OS and CSS in patients with LAOSCC. A multivariate nomogram that includes GNRI may better help us to accurately estimate individual survival outcomes.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation-mediated vascular toxicity of ambient fine particulate matter: contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and osteopontin as a biomarker.

BACKGROUND: Exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with vascular diseases. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 are highly hazardous; however, the contribution of PM2.5-bound PAHs to PM2.5-associated vascular diseases remains unclear. The ToxCast high-throughput in vitro screening database indicates that some PM2.5-bound PAHs activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). The present study investigated whether the AhR pathway is involved in the mechanism of PM2.5-induced vascular toxicity, identified the PAH in PM2.5 that was the major contributor of AhR activation, and identified a biomarker for vascular toxicity of PM2.5-bound PAHs. RESULTS: Treatment of vascular smooth muscle cells (VMSCs) with an AhR antagonist inhibited the PM2.5-induced increase in the cell migration ability; NF-κB activity; and expression of cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), 1B1 (CYP1B1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and osteopontin (OPN). Most PM2.5-bound PAHs were extracted into the organic fraction, which drastically enhanced VSMC migration and increased mRNA levels of CYP1A1, CYP1B1, IL-6, and OPN. However, the inorganic fraction of PM2.5 moderately enhanced VSMC migration and only increased IL-6 mRNA levels. PM2.5 increased IL-6 secretion through NF-κB activation; however, PM2.5 and its organic extract increased OPN secretion in a CYP1B1-dependent manner. Inhibiting CYP1B1 activity and silencing OPN expression prevented the increase in VSMC migration ability caused by PM2.5 and its organic extract. The AhR activation potencies of seven PM2.5-bound PAHs, reported in the ToxCast database, were strongly correlated with their capabilities of enhancing the migration ability of VSMCs. Benzo(k)fluoranthene (BkF) contributed the most to the AhR agonistic activity of ambient PM2.5-bound PAHs. The association between PM2.5-induced vascular toxicity, AhR activity, and OPN secretion was further verified in mice; PM2.5-induced intimal hyperplasia in pulmonary small arteries and OPN secretion were alleviated in mice with low AhR affinity. Finally, urinary concentrations of 1-hydroxypyrene, a major PAH metabolite, were positively correlated with plasma OPN levels in healthy humans. CONCLUSIONS: The present study offers in vitro, animal, and human evidences supporting the importance of AhR activation for PM2.5-induced vascular toxicities and that BkF was the major contributor of AhR activation. OPN is an AhR-dependent biomarker of PM2.5-induced vascular toxicity. The AhR activation potency may be applied in the risk assessment of vascular toxicity in PAH mixtures.

Nasality outcome in unilateral chronic rhinosinusitis following functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence of abnormal nasality in patients with unilateral rhinosinusitis and their nasality outcomes following functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). METHODS: A total of 42 patients with unilateral chronic rhinosinusitis who underwent unilateral FESS between April 2016 and November 2017 were enrolled. Questionnaires on sinonasal symptoms and nasality were recorded. The change in the nasalance score of vowels [a], [i] [u], nasal consonant [m], 2 nasal syllable repetitions, and 2 Chinese sentences were measured. The patients were evaluated preoperatively, 6 months, and 12 months after the operation. The patients were divided into two groups, wide opening surgery and limited surgery, according to the severity of the disease. RESULTS: Among 42 patients, the subjective reports showed that one-third of unilateral chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients had abnormal nasality preoperatively and significant improvement following FESS. The Lund-Mackay score was significantly negatively correlated with preoperative nasalance of [i] and positively correlated with change of nasalance of [i]. The increase in the value of [i] is statistically significant (p = 0.01) following FESS. In the further subgroup analysis, the change in nasalance was significant in the wide opening surgery group, but not in the limited surgery group. CONCLUSION: Although only one side of the nasal airway was involved, one-third of the patients reported abnormal nasality. In patients with more disease severity who underwent wide opening surgery, the nasalance significantly increased 1 year after FESS. The increase in the objective nasalance score was corresponded to a significant improvement of subjective self-reported nasality assessment postoperatively.

Adiponectin forms a complex with atherogenic LDL and inhibits its downstream effects.

Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, has antiatherogenic and antidiabetic effects, but how it confers the atherogenic effects is not well known. To study the antiatherogenic mechanisms of adiponectin, we examined whether it interacts with atherogenic low density lipoprotein (LDL) to attenuate LDL's atherogenicity. L5, the most electronegative subfraction of LDL, induces atherogenic responses similarly to copper-oxidized LDL (oxLDL). Unlike the native LDL endocytosed via the LDL receptor, L5 and oxLDL are internalized by cells via the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), we showed that adiponectin preferentially bound oxLDL but not native LDL. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the LOX-1 or LDL receptor, adiponectin selectively inhibited the uptake of oxLDL but not of native LDL, respectively. Furthermore, adiponectin suppressed the internalization of oxLDL in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and THP-1-derived macrophages. Western blot analysis of human plasma showed that adiponectin was abundant in L5 but not in L1, the least electronegative subfraction of LDL. Sandwich ELISAs with anti-adiponectin and anti-apolipoprotein B antibodies confirmed the binding of adiponectin to L5 and oxLDL. In LOX-1-expressing CHO cells, adiponectin inhibited cellular responses to oxLDL and L5, including nuclear factor-κB activation and extracellular signal-regulated kinas phosphorylation. In HCAECs, adiponectin inhibited oxLDL-induced endothelin-1 secretion and extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. Conversely, oxLDL suppressed the adiponectin-induced activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in COS-7 cells expressing adiponectin receptor AdipoR1. Our findings suggest that adiponectin binds and inactivates atherogenic LDL, providing novel insight into the antiatherogenic mechanisms of adiponectin.

Angiotensin II receptor blockers valsartan and losartan improve survival rate clinically and suppress tumor growth via apoptosis related to PI3K/AKT signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a common type of head and neck cancer in Asia. Adverse effects occur in over 90% of NPC patients treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiation. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used to treat hypertension without serious adverse effects. However, the anticancer activity of ARBs in NPC remains unclear. METHODS: We investigated the survival impacts of ARBs among NPC patients in a retrospective study. The anticancer effects and related signaling pathways of the ARBs valsartan and losartan were also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULT: A total of 927 patients with NPC who had hypertension were enrolled in the study, 272 (29.3%) of whom received ARBs. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that patients who used ARBs had higher rates of 5-year overall survival (OS; 87.8% vs 75.1%; P = .002) and disease-specific survival (DSS; 95.4% vs 77.7%; P < .001) than those who did not receive this treatment. Additionally, ARBs inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis by increasing levels of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cytochrome C; the cell population in the sub-G1 phase; and caspase-3 activity in NPC-TW01 cells. ARBs inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis via apoptosis in an NPC xenografts model. Interestingly, ARBs inhibited phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT signaling in vitro and in vivo, which is markedly attributed to their antitumor effects in NPC. CONCLUSION: These data indicate that ARBs not only improve 5-year OS and DSS among patients with NPC but also exert antiproliferative and antiangiogenesis effects by inducing apoptosis in NPC, supporting that ARBs may be promising agents for treatment of NPC.

The Association of Urinary Sclerostin and Renal Magnesium Handling in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Sclerostin could enhance renal excretion of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P). The association between sclerostin and magnesium (Mg) has not yet discovered. In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or chronic kidney disease (CKD), higher serum sclerostin and altered renal excretion of Ca, P, and Mg were detected. Therefore, we tried to evaluate if there was any association between sclerostin and fractional excretion of Ca, P, and Mg (FeCa, FeP, and FeMg) in T2DM with CKD. METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, 43 T2DM patients without CKD or with CKD stage 1-5 were enrolled. Values of parameters, including serum and urine sclerostin, were collected at baseline and 6 months later. For baseline data, the Mann-Whitney U test, χ2 test, or Spearman's correlation were used. For multivariate repeated measurement analysis, generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was utilized. RESULTS: Patients with lower estimated glomerular filtration rate had higher serum sclerostin, FeP, FeMg, and lower FeCa. By correlation analysis, serum sclerostin was negatively associated with FeCa (p = 0.02) and positively associated with FeP (p = 0.002). The urine sclerostin to creatinine ratio (Uscl/Ucre) was positively correlated with FeP (p = 0.007) and FeMg (p = 0.005). After multivariate analyses by GEE model, serum sclerostin was still inversely associated with FeCa, while Uscl/Ucre was significantly associated with FeMg. On the other hand, FeP lost its associations with serum sclerostin or Uscl/Ucre. CONCLUSION: In our study population of T2DM patients with or without CKD, the inverse correlation between serum sclerostin and FeCa could not be explained by the calciuric effect of sclerostin. In addition, a newly discovered positive association between urinary sclerostin and FeMg indicated a possible role of urinary sclerostin in regulating renal Mg handling especially over distal convoluted tubules.

Targeting mTOR-CCL20 Signaling May Improve Response to Docetaxel in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Patients with advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) usually show a dismal prognosis. It is this worthwhile to develop new, effective therapeutic regimens for these patients, such as molecular targeted therapy, which is promising as an alternative or combination treatment for HNSCC. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of HNSCC, is the most frequently activated, and is thus worthy of further investigation. In this study, two human HNSCC cell lines, FaDu and SAS, were evaluated for cell growth with trypan blue staining and tumor growth using an orthotopic xenograft model. The immunohistochemical expression of mTOR in the subcutaneous xenograft model and the inhibitory effects of docetaxel on the growth and state of activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway were also evaluated and examined by colony formation and Western blot, respectively. Cell proliferation and migration were measured by water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) and OrisTM cell migration assay, respectively. Furthermore, the effects of rapamycin and BEZ235, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K) and mTOR inhibitor in combination with docetaxel or CCL20 were evaluated in the FaDu and SAS cells. The results showed that the expression of mTOR was significantly higher in the SAS and FaDu xenograft models than in the control. Docetaxel treatment significantly suppressed HNSCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro via the PI3K/mTOR/CCL-20 signaling pathway. Additionally, when administered in a dose-dependent fashion, mTOR inhibitors inhibited the growth and migration of the HNSCC cells. This combination was synergistic with docetaxel, resulting in almost complete cell growth and migration arrest. In conclusion, docetaxel significantly inhibited HNSCC cell proliferation and migration in vitro via the PI3K/mTOR/CCL-20 signaling pathway. The synergistic and additive activity of mTOR inhibitors combined with docetaxel shows potential as a new treatment strategy for HNSCC.

Effect of 9,12-Octadecadiynoic Acid on Neurobehavioral Development in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Human breast milk lipids have major beneficial effects: they promote infant early brain development, growth and health. To identify the relationship between human breast milk lipids and infant neurodevelopment, multivariate analyses that combined lipidomics and psychological Bayley-III scales evaluation were utilized. We identified that 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid has a significantly positive correlation with infant adaptive behavioral development, which is a crucial neurodevelopment to manage risk from environmental stress. To further clarify the biological function of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid in regulating neurodevelopment, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used as a model to investigate the effect of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid on neurobehavioral development. Supplementation with 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid from the L1 to L4 stage in larvae affected locomotive behaviors and foraging ability that were not socially interactive, implying that 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid is involved in regulating the serotonergic neuronal ability. We found that supplementary 0.1 µM 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid accelerated the locomotive ability and foraging ability via increasing the expression of serotonin transporter mod-1. Antioxidant defense genes, sod-1, sod-3 and cyp-35A2 are involved in 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid-induced motor neuronal activity. Nevertheless, supplementary 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid at concentrations above 1 µM significantly attenuated locomotive behaviors, foraging ability, serotonin synthesis, serotonin-related gene expressions and stress-related gene expression, resulting in the decreased longevity of worms in the experiment. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the biological function of 9,12-octadecadiynoic acid in governing adaptive behavioral development.

Activation of acid-sensing ion channel 3 by lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 mediates psychological stress-induced fibromyalgia-like pain.

OBJECTIVES: Fibromyalgia is commonly considered a stress-related chronic pain disorder, and daily stressors are known triggers. However, the relation between stress and pain development remains poorly defined by clinical approaches. Also, the aetiology remains largely unknown. METHODS: We used a newly developed mouse model and lipidomic approaches to probe the causation and explore the biological plausibility for how perceived stress translates into chronic non-inflammatory pain. Clinical and lipidomic investigations of fibromyalgia were conducted for human validation. RESULTS: Using non-painful sound stimuli as psychological stressors, we demonstrated that mice developed long-lasting non-inflammatory hyperalgesia after repeated and intermittent sound stress exposure. Elevated serum malondialdehyde level in stressed mice indicated excessive oxidative stress and lipid oxidative damage. Lipidomics revealed upregulation of lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 (LPC16:0), a product of lipid oxidisation, in stressed mice. Intramuscular LPC16:0 injection triggered nociceptive responses and a hyperalgesic priming-like effect that caused long-lasting hypersensitivity. Pharmacological or genetic inhibition of acid-sensing ion channel 3 impeded the development of LPC16:0-induced chronic hyperalgesia. Darapladib and antioxidants could effectively alleviate the stress-induced hyperalgesia by inhibiting LPC16:0 synthesis. Clinical investigations showed that excessive oxidative stress and LPC16:0 expression also exist in patients with fibromyalgia. Moreover, LPC16:0 expression was correlated with pain symptoms in patients with high oxidative stress and disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides experimental evidence for the causal effect of psychological stressors on chronic pain development. The findings identify a possible pathophysiological mechanism of stress-induced chronic non-inflammatory pain at molecular, behavioural and clinical levels that might indicate a new therapeutic approach for fibromyalgia.

Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Disrupts Endothelial Tight and Adherens Junctions and Induces Pulmonary Inflammatory Cell Infiltration.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) are frequently encountered nanomaterials in our daily lives. Despite the benefits of ZnONPs in a variety of applications, many studies have shown potential health hazards of exposure to ZnONPs. We have shown that oropharyngeal aspiration of ZnONPs in mice increases lung inflammation. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration remain to be elucidated. Endothelium functions as a barrier between the blood stream and the blood vessel wall. Endothelial barrier dysfunction may increase infiltration of immune cells into the vessel wall and underlying tissues. This current study examined the effects of ZnONPs exposure on endothelial barriers. ZnONPs exposure increased leukocyte infiltration in the mouse lungs. In endothelial cells, ZnONPs reduced the continuity of tight junction proteins claudin-5 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) at the cell junctions. ZnONPs induced adherens junction protein VE-cadherin internalization from membrane to cytosol and dissociation with ß-catenin, leading to reduced and diffused staining of VE-cadherin and ß-catenin at cell junctions. Our results demonstrated that ZnONPs disrupted both tight and adherens junctions, compromising the integrity and stability of the junction network, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration. Thus, ZnONPs exposure in many different settings should be carefully evaluated for vascular effects and subsequent health impacts.

Toxicity assessment of electrochemical advanced oxidation process-treated groundwater from a gas station with petrochemical contamination.

Electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) is known for its efficient and fast degradation of organic pollutants in polluted water treatment. In this study, the EAOP using a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode was applied to treat two-season groundwater samples collected from four sampling wells (GS1 to GS4) with petrochemical contaminants including methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, total organic compounds (TOC), and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) at a gas station in southern Taiwan. Moreover, toxicity tests (ATP, p53, and NF-κB bioassays) were performed to evaluate the biological responses of raw and EAOP-treated groundwater. Results show that the concentrations of chlorobenzene before and after EAOP treatment were all below its method detection limit. High degradation efficiencies were observed for MTBE (100%), benzene (100%), toluene (100%, except that of GS2 in the first season), TPH (94-97%, except that of GS4 in the first season), and TOC (85-99%). Cell viability for both the raw groundwater (81.2 ± 13.5%) and EAOP-treated samples (84.7 ± 11.7%) as detected using the ATP bioassay showed no significant difference (p = 0.715). A mean reduction in the DNA damage (739 to 165 ng DOX-equivalency L-1 (ng DOX-EQ. L-1)) and inflammatory response levels (460 to 157 ng TNFα-equivalency L-1 (ng TNFα-EQ. L-1)) were observed for EAOP-treated samples subjected to p53 and NF-κB bioassays. Overall, the significances of the average degradation efficiency, DNA damage, and inflammatory response before and after groundwater with EAOP treatment was observed to be significant (p < 0.05). p53 and NF-κB bioassays might be applied to assess ecotoxic risk in the environment.

Hyperkalemia in a patient with myasthenia gravis: case presentation.

BACKGROUND: Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most common disorder of neuromuscular transmission, and it is typified by fluctuating degrees and variable combinations of weakness in the ocular, bulbar, limb, and respiratory muscles. Under rare circumstances, MG can be accompanied by Addison's disease. CASE PRESENTATION: Here, we reported the case of a 57-year-old Chinese woman with MG. She experienced progressive muscle weakness for 1 week. MG with acute exacerbation was initially suspected. However, further biochemistry tests found mild hyperkalemia (5.6 mEq/L) and a lower renal potassium excretion rate. Consequently, low aldosterone action was highly suspected. Further findings included a suppressed cortisol level, a higher adrenocorticotropic hormone concentration, and 21-hydroxylase antibody positivity, supporting a diagnosis of primary adrenal insufficiency due to autoimmune adrenalitis. CONCLUSION: We successfully demonstrated that adrenal insufficiency could be diagnosed, due to the presence of hyperkalemia. This case suggested a need for clinicians to consider the possible coincidence of adrenal insufficiency in a patient with MG and hyperkalemia. Early hormone supplementation should be begun.

Persistent elevation of blood pressure by ambient coarse particulate matter after recovery from pulmonary inflammation in mice.

Exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Recently, we reported that exposure to fine and coarse PM caused pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary small arterial remodeling in mice, and osteopontin (OPN) level was elevated following PM exposure. However, in the present study, cotreatment with 5-methoxytryptophan for 4 weeks partially reduced coarse PM-induced pulmonary inflammation without reducing pulmonary OPN secretion or recovery from pulmonary arterial remodeling in mice. Persistent vascular dysfunction may lead to vascular remodeling. Therefore, we further compared the relationship between coarse PM-induced inflammation and vascular dysfunction by exposing mice to PM before and after cessation of PM exposure. Oropharyngeal aspiration of PM for 8 weeks induced pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary small artery remodeling in mice, as well as increased serum C-reactive protein and OPN concentrations and systolic blood pressure (SBP). After the cessation of PM exposure for another 8 weeks, lung inflammation had recovered and vascular remodeling had partially recovered. Elevation of OPN, metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cytokines in bronchioalveolar lavage were significantly reduced. However, PM-induced systemic responses did not recover after the cessation of PM exposure. Notably, not only serum OPN and SBP remained significantly elevated; also, serum endothelin-1, MMP-9, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine concentrations were significantly increased after cessation of PM exposure for another 8 weeks. These data suggested that systemic inflammation and systemic vascular dysfunction might be important in PM-induced elevation of SBP. Furthermore, SBP elevation was persistent after cessation of PM exposure for 8 weeks.

Antagonizing SET Augments the Effects of Radiation Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Reactivation of PP2A-Mediated Akt Downregulation.

Increasing evidence suggests that SET functions as an oncoprotein and promotes cancer survival and therapeutic resistance. However, whether SET affects radiation therapy (RT)-mediated anticancer effects has not yet been explored. We investigated the impact of SET on RT sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Using colony and hepatosphere formation assays, we found that RT-induced proliferative inhibition was critically associated with SET expression. We next tested a novel SET antagonist, N4-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-N2-(4-phenoxyphenyl) quinazoline-2,4-diamine (EMQA), in combination with RT. We showed that additive use of EMQA significantly enhanced the effects of RT against HCC in vitro and in vivo. Notably, compared with mice receiving either RT or EMQA alone, the growth of PLC5 xenografted tumor in mice receiving RT plus EMQA was significantly reduced without compromising treatment tolerability. Furthermore, we proved that antagonizing SET to restore protein phosphatase 2A-mediated phospho-Akt (p-AKT) downregulation was responsible for the synergism between EMQA and RT. Our data demonstrate a new oncogenic property of SET and provide preclinical evidence that combining a SET antagonist and RT may be effective for treatment of HCC. Further investigation is warranted to validate the clinical relevance of this approach.

pH-Responsive Nanophotosensitizer for an Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Overexpressing EGFR.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to kill cancer cells and improve survival and quality of life in cancer patients, and numerous new approaches have been considered for maximizing the efficacy of PDT. In this study, a new multifunctional nanophotosensitizer Ce6/GE11-(pH)micelle was developed to target epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpressing colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. This nanophotosensitizer was synthesized using a micelle comprising pH-responsive copolymers (PEGMA-PDPA), biodegradable copolymers (mPEG-PCL), and maleimide-modified biodegradable copolymers (Mal-PEG-PCL) to entrap the potential hydrophobic photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) and to present EGFR-targeting peptides (GE11) on its surface. In the presence of Ce6/GE11-(pH)micelles, Ce6 uptake by EGFR-overexpressing CRC cells significantly increased due to GE11 specificity. Moreover, Ce6 was released from Ce6/GE11-(pH)micelles in tumor environments, leading to improved elimination of cancer cells in PDT. These results indicate enhanced efficacy of PDT using Ce6/GE11-(pH)micelle, which is a powerful nanophotosensitizer with high potential for application to future PDT for CRC.

Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 is a potential therapeutic target in cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Few molecules are currently verified to be actionable drug targets in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Serine/threonine protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) dysregulation is related to several malignancies. However, the role of PP5 in CCA is poorly defined. METHODS: Colony and tumorsphere formation assays were conducted to establish the role of PP5 in CCA tumorigenesis. Cantharidin (CTD) and norcantharidin (NCTD), both potent PP5 inhibitors, were used in in vitro and in vivo experiments to validate the potential therapeutic role of PP5. RESULTS: Increased cell growth, colony formation and tumorsphere formation were observed in PP5-overexpressing CCA cells, whereas PP5 knockdown by shRNA decreased cell growth and colony formation. Tumours from HuCCT1 xenograft-bearing mice treated with PP5-shRNA showed decreased growth and increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Furthermore, CTD treatment decreased cell viability, reduced PP5 activity and enhanced AMPK phosphorylation in CCA cell lines. Overexpressing PP5 or enhancing PP5 activity suppressed AMPK phosphorylation and decreased CTD-induced cell death. Suppressing p-AMPK with siRNA or inhibitors also decreased CTD-induced cell death, suggesting a pivotal role for PP5-AMPK cascades in CCA. Immunoprecipitation revealed that PP5 interacted with AMPK. Importantly, treatment of HuCCT1 xenograft-bearing mice with NCTD, a CTD analogue with a lower systemic toxicity in vivo, suppressed PP5 activity, increased p-AMPK and reduced tumour volume. CONCLUSIONS: Protein phosphatase 5 negatively regulates AMPK phosphorylation and contributes to CCA aggressiveness; thus, PP5 may be a potential therapeutic target in CCA.

An atypical presentation of high potassium renal secretion rate in a patient with thyrotoxic periodic paralysis: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Hypokalemia is one of the most common clinical electrolyte imbalance problems, and thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is a leading cause of presentation to the emergency department. Low renal potassium secretion rates, a normal acid-base balance in the blood, and hyperthyroidism are the hallmarks of suspected TPP. CASE PRESENTATION: Here we report the case of a 36-year-old man who presented to the emergency department with a sudden onset of acute muscle weakness at 5 h prior to admission. Biochemistry tests revealed hypokalemia with hyperthyroidism and renal potassium wasting. TPP was initially not favored due to the presence of renal potassium wasting. However, his serum potassium level rebounded rapidly within several hours after potassium supplementation, indicating that the intracellular shifting of potassium ions was the main etiology for his hypokalemia. The early stage of TPP development may have contributed to this paradox. CONCLUSION: Therefore, it is premature to rule out TPP based on the presentation of high renal potassium secretion rates alone. This finding may result in an incorrect impression being made in the early stage of TTP and may consequently lead to an inappropriate potassium supplementation policy.