Disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease patients is associated with increased liver fat content and liver fibrosis during follow-up.

PURPOSE: Liver steatosis is a frequently reported condition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Different factors, both metabolic and IBD-associated, are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to calculate the prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in IBD patients and to evaluate which factors influence changes in steatosis and fibrosis during follow-up. METHODS: From June 2017 to February 2018, demographic and biochemical data was collected at baseline and after 6-12 months. Measured by transient elastography (FibroScan), liver steatosis was defined as Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) ≥248 and fibrosis as liver stiffness value (Emed) ≥7.3 kPa. IBD disease activity was defined as C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥10 mg/l and/or fecal calprotectin (FCP) ≥150 µg/g. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was performed; a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Eighty-two out of 112 patients were seen for follow-up; 56% were male. The mean age was 43 ± 16.0 years, and mean BMI was 25.1 ± 4.7 kg/m2. The prevalence of liver steatosis was 40% and of fibrosis was 20%. At baseline, 26 patients (32%) had an active episode of IBD. Using a multivariate analysis, disease activity at baseline was associated with an increase in liver steatosis (B = 37, 95% CI 4.31-69.35, p = 0.027) and liver fibrosis (B = 1.2, 95% CI 0.27-2.14, p = 0.016) during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the relatively high prevalence of liver steatosis and fibrosis in IBD patients. We demonstrate that active IBD at baseline is associated with both an increase in liver steatosis and fibrosis during follow-up.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and the soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE) in patients with type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Advanced glycation end (AGE) products play a role in the progression of diabetic complications. Gluten-free diet (GFD) might affect AGE levels in patients who adhere to a GFD because of coeliac disease (CD). The aim of our study was to compare skin AGE levels and soluble receptor AGE levels (sRAGE) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) with (T1DM + CD) and without CD (T1DM - CD) and healthy controls. METHODS AND RESULTS: We recruited 25 T1DM + CD and 25 T1DM - CD patients, matched for age, gender, diabetes duration, and glycaemic control alongside 25 healthy controls. We collected demographic, clinical and biochemical characteristics, including skin autofluorescence (AF), sRAGE and hs-CRP levels. The duration of T1DM in patients was 30 ± 14 (+CD) and 29 ± 14 years (-CD), whereas CD duration in T1DM + CD patients was 14 ± 10 years. Skin AF levels in T1DM patients were higher compared to healthy controls (2.5 ± 0.6 versus 1.9 ± 0.4, p < 0.01) and skin AF was independently associated with age (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). sRAGE levels were higher in T1DM - CD patients compared to healthy controls (1554 ± 449 versus 1309 ± 400, p = 0.049) and independently associated with creatinine levels (r = 0.32, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that skin AGE and sRAGE levels are elevated in T1DM patients compared with healthy controls. No difference in skin AF or sRAGE levels between T1DM patients with or without CD were observed. The present study suggests that differences in microvascular complications between T1DM and T1DM + CD patients are not due to differences in skin AF or sRAGE levels.

Prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in a middle-aged population with overweight and normal liver enzymes, and diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive proxies.

The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is increasing at an alarming rate. Elevated liver enzymes are a primary reason to refer patients for further testing. However, liver enzymes within the normal range do not exclude the presence of MASLD. We examined the prevalence of MASLD in a middle-aged population with overweight and normal liver enzymes. In addition, we examined the accuracy of 4 sets of noninvasive proxies for MASLD. We included 1017 participants from the Netherlands epidemiology of obesity cohort study with body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 and liver enzymes (asparate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase) within normal range. The diagnostic accuracy of biomarker scores (fatty liver index, liver fat score [LFS], STEATO-ELSA, and hepatic steatosis index) was determined against elevated hepatic triglyceride content measured by 1proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants (mean age 56 years, 49% women), had a median body mass index of 29.6 kg/m2 and a median hepatic triglyceride content of 4.4%. MASLD was present in 42% of participants and was more common in men than women, with respectively 47% and 36% being affected. The LFS showed the highest accuracy with an area under the curve of 0.72. We identified metabolic syndrome as the prime predictor for MASLD with an odds ratio of 2.95 (95% confidence interval 2.20-3.98). The prevalence of MASLD in middle-aged men and women with overweight and liver enzymes within the normal range is over 40%. LFS showed the highest accuracy to detect MASLD, but, overall, biomarker scores performed relatively poor. The presence of metabolic syndrome was the prime predictor of MASLD.

Compromised quality of life in patients with both Type 1 diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease.

AIMS: Type 1 diabetes mellitus and coeliac disease are two chronic illnesses associated with each other. Both diseases and their treatments can seriously impair quality of life. The objective of the present study was to investigate health-related quality of life in adult patients diagnosed with both Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease and compare this with healthy control subjects and control subjects who have Type 1 diabetes only. METHODS: A generic measure of health-related quality of life (RAND-36) and a measure of diabetes-specific quality of life (DQOL) questionnaires were sent to patients diagnosed with both Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease. The control group consisted of patients with Type 1 diabetes without coeliac disease matched for age, gender and socio-economic status. Generic quality of life scores were compared with data from healthy Dutch control subjects. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease were included and no associations between clinical characteristics and quality of life were observed. Women reported a lower quality of life in social functioning, vitality and mental health than men (all P < 0.05). A lower diabetes-specific quality of life was observed regarding diabetes-related worries and social worries in patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease compared with patients with Type 1 diabetes. Compared with healthy control subjects, quality of life in patients with Type 1 diabetes and coeliac disease was significantly lower, particularly social functioning (Cohen's d = 0.76) and general health perception (Cohen's d = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS: The additional diagnosis of coeliac disease and treatment by gluten-free diet in adult patients with Type 1 diabetes has a considerable, negative impact on quality of life and diabetes-specific quality of life. Women are particularly affected and social functioning and general health perception is compromised.

Thermal ablation combined with transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma: What is the right treatment sequence?

BACKGROUND: The combination treatment regimen of thermal ablation (TA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) has gained a place in treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) lesions > 3 cm unsuitable for surgery. Despite a high heterogeneity in the currently used treatment protocols, the pooled results of combined treatments seem to outperform those of TA or TACE alone. TACE preceding TA has been studied extensively, while results of the reverse treatment sequence are lacking. In this retrospective cohort study we compared the two treatment sequences. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 38 patients (median age: 68.5 yrs (range 40-84), male: 34, liver cirrhosis: 33, early stage HCC: 21, intermediate stage HCC: 17) were included in two tertiary referral centers, of whom 27 were treated with TA and adjuvant TACE (TA + TACE). The other 11 patients received TA with neoadjuvant TACE (TACE + TA). Overall survival (OS), time to progression (TTP) and local tumor progression (LTP) free survival were determined for the entire cohort and compared between the two treatment sequences. RESULTS: The median OS of all patients was 52.7 months and the median time to LTP was 11.5 months (censored for liver transplantation). No differences were found with respect to OS between the two treatment sequences. Median time to LTP for TACE + TA was 23.6 months and 8.1 months for TA + TACE (p = 0.19). DISCUSSION: No statistical differences were found for OS, TTP and time to LTP between patients treated with TA combined with neoadjuvant or adjuvant TACE.

Circulating microparticles remain associated with complement activation despite intensive anti-inflammatory therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterised by synovitis and joint destruction. The pathogenesis of RA is not clear, but is considered to be an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder, in which the complement system plays an important role. Although cell-derived microparticles (MPs) have been associated with inflammation and complement activation, it is unknown whether MPs are either cause or consequence. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating MPs differ between patients with very early as yet untreated arthritis and healthy controls, and whether intensive anti-inflammatory treatment of such patients affects circulating MPs. METHODS: Patients with RA (n=24) and controls (n=15) were included. Nine patients with RA were re-evaluated after 8 weeks of intensive treatment with a combination of drugs ('COmBination therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis' (COBRA) scheme). Disease activity was measured by erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C reactive protein (CRP) and Disease Activity Score for 28 joints (DAS28). Flow cytometry was used to study MPs and exposure of complement activator molecules and complement components. RESULTS: At baseline, concentrations of MPs exposing C1q, CRP or serum amyloid-P (SAP)were all significantly elevated in patients with early RA compared to controls (p=0.003, p=0.002 and p=0.003, respectively). Upon treatment, DAS28 score, ESR and CRP levels significantly decreased (p=0.008, p=0.008 and p=0.012), but the concentrations of circulating MPs and MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules were unaffected. CONCLUSION: Circulating MPs exposing complement components or activator molecules are elevated in early RA. Since a strong anti-inflammatory therapy suppressed inflammation in patients with early RA but not levels of circulating MPs, it is unlikely that inflammation is the main underlying cause of MP release in these patients.

[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; a full-bodied epidemic]. / Niet-alcoholische leververvetting.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of fatty liver disease. NAFLD is defined as the presence of fatty liver disease observed in imaging or histopathological examinations when there is no secondary cause such as excessive alcohol use or use of certain medications. NAFLD encompasses a whole spectrum, from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis ('non-alcoholic steatohepatitis', NASH), fibrosis and - ultimately - cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Several factors play a role in the complex pathogenesis of NAFLD such as genetic predisposition, overweight, insulin resistance, inflammation, bile salts, gut microbiome and nutrition. Patients with NAFLD have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma. To date, no medicines have been authorised for the treatment of NAFLD. The cornerstone of NAFLD treatment is lifestyle adjustment aimed at weight reduction.

Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men.

BACKGROUND: A large body of evidence has accumulated indicating a relation between postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and the risk of cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVE: We studied possible mechanisms underlying the postprandial proatherogenic state by exposing healthy males to two consecutive high-fat mixed meals. PATIENTS/METHODS: Seventeen healthy males [age 25.4 +/- 3 years, body mass index 23.6 +/- 2 kg m(-2)] were studied during two randomized visits. During the meal visit, subjects consumed standardized meals (50 g of fat, 55 g of carbohydrates and 30 g of proteins) as breakfast and 4 h later as lunch. During the control visit, subjects remained fasted. Prior to each blood collection (before and every 2 h after the first meal), flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery was measured. RESULTS: Although within the normal range, postprandial plasma glucose and triacylglycerol concentrations increased significantly, especially after the second meal, as compared with baseline (4.8 +/- 0.3 to 5.4 +/- 0.4, 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 1.7 +/- 0.7 mmol L(-1), respectively; both P < 0.05) and the fasting visit. After the second meal, FMD was significantly impaired (6.9% vs. 3.7%, P < 0.05) whereas oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)/LDL cholesterol ratio and malondialdehyde concentrations were markedly elevated (both P < 0.01). Finally, an increase in total microparticle (MP) numbers was observed during the meal visit (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In healthy males, after two consecutive fat-rich meals, mild elevations in plasma glucose and triacylglycerol were paralleled by impaired FMD, increased markers of oxidative stress and circulating MPs, in particular, after the second meal. These findings may have consequences for subjects with postprandial dysmetabolism, including those with Type 2 diabetes.

[Cellular microparticles and blood-vessel damage. I. Structure, detection and origin]. / Cellulaire micropartikels en vaatschade. I. Structuur, detectie en ontstaanswijze.

In virtually all eukaryotic cells, activation and apoptosis lead to the formation of vesicles or microparticles by intracellular mechanisms which as yet are not completely understood. Flow cytometry, electron microscopy and ELISA techniques can be used to detect microparticles. Microparticles are a heterogeneous population and their numbers, cellular origin, composition and functional characteristics, both in vitro and in vivo, depend on the circumstances under which they were generated. Microparticles derived from various cells, primarily platelets but also lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, are present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Elevated numbers of microparticles can be found in a wide variety of diseases, all of which are associated with hypercoagulability and blood-vessel damage, thus suggesting their role in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.

[Cellular microparticles and blood-vessel damage. II. Functional characteristics and clinical significance]. / Cellulaire micropartikels en vaatschade. II. Functionele eigenschappen en klinische betekenis.

Cellular microparticles support coagulation by exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and sometimes tissue factor. They are involved in inflammatory processes, the transfer of membrane antigens and bioactive molecules, and in the modulation of endothelial functions. Patients with disturbances in membrane vesiculation, leading to decreased numbers of circulating microparticles, present clinically with an increased bleeding tendency. In contrast, elevated numbers of microparticles are found in a great variety of diseases involving blood-vessel damage and hypercoagulability. Microparticles are also a major component of human atherosclerotic plaques. In view of their functional properties, cellular microparticles may be a missing link between cellular and plasmatic processes underlying atherosclerotic blood-vessel damage.

Effect of three consecutive meals on the physicochemical properties of HDL and LDL in individuals with the metabolic syndrome and patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Postprandial hyperlipidemia, which is exaggerated and prolonged in insulin-resistant individuals, has been associated with cardiovascular disease. The objective of this study was to investigate whether and how the composition, size and function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles are affected in the postprandial state among males with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) or type 2 diabetes (T2DM), compared with controls. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 14 males with T2DM, 14 with the MetS and 14 age-matched controls were given three standardized high-fat mixed meals (900 kcal; 50-g fat, 75-g carbohydrate and 35-g protein) as breakfast, lunch and dinner. Blood sampling was performed just before each meal, and 4 and 8 h after the last meal. HDL and LDL were isolated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed for their composition, particle diameter and functional properties. RESULTS: Postprandial triglycerides levels in plasma, HDL and LDL particles increased significantly in all groups (P<0.01). Compared with the control subjects, patients with T2DM had smaller LDL particles, and in agreement, a lower cholesterol-to-protein content in both fasting and postprandial samples. A prolonged increase in susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was found in all subjects, but was most evident in T2DM. The postprandial effect on LDL oxidation was associated with an increase in LDL triglyceride (r=0.29, P<0.05). In T2DM the anti-oxidative capacity of HDL trended to impairment after the third meal. CONCLUSIONS: Postprandial increases in triglycerides, especially in T2DM, are accompanied by pro-atherosclerotic functional changes in HDL and LDL particles.

Postprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes.

The worldwide prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus has reached epidemic proportions. The so-called traditional risk factors cannot fully explain the excessive cardiovascular disease risk of type 2 diabetic patients. Numerous studies indicate that postprandial metabolic derangements, most notably hyperglycaemia and hypertriglyceridaemia, which are exaggerated and prolonged in type 2 diabetes, are important cardiovascular disease risk factors since they induce oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunctions. This review discusses the current evidence showing that postprandial dysmetabolism may indeed constitute an important cardiovascular disease risk factor as well as the mechanisms underlying this association. Finally, some possible therapeutic options and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Cellular microparticles: new players in the field of vascular disease?

Microparticles are small membrane vesicles that are released from cells upon activation or during apoptosis. Cellular microparticles in body fluids constitute a heterogeneous population, differing in cellular origin, numbers, size, antigenic composition and functional properties. Microparticles support coagulation by exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and sometimes tissue factor, the initiator of coagulation in vivo. Microparticles may transfer bioactive molecules to other cells or microparticles, thereby stimulating cells to produce cytokines, cell-adhesion molecules, growth factors and tissue factor, and modulate endothelial functions. Microparticles derived from various cells, most notably platelets but also leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, are present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Rare hereditary syndromes with disturbances in membrane vesiculation leading to a decreased numbers of microparticles clinically present with a bleeding tendency. In contrast, elevated numbers of microparticles are encountered in patients with a great variety of diseases with vascular involvement and hypercoagulability, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute coronary syndromes, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and systemic inflammatory disease. Finally, microparticles are a major component of human atherosclerotic plaques. In view of their functional properties, cell-derived microparticles may be an important intermediate in the cascade of cellular and plasmatic dysfunctions underlying the process of atherogenesis.