Possible effects of the central adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors on hypophagia induced by neuromedin S in neonatal layer-type chicks.

The current study was aimed to determine the possible effects of the central adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in neuromedin S (NMS)-induced hypophagia in neonatal layer-type chickens. In the first experiment, control solution, and NMS (0.25, 0.5, and 1 nmol), were injected (intracerebroventricular (ICV)) in chickens. In the second experiment, birds were injected with a control solution,SCH23390 (D1receptor antagonist, 5 nmol), NMS (1 nmol), and a combination of the SCH23390 + NMS. Experiments 3-11 were similar to experiment 2, except that chickens were injected withAMI-193 (D2receptor antagonist, 5 nmol), NGB2904(D3receptor antagonist, 6.4 nmol), L-741,742(D4receptor antagonist, 6 nmol), 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine, 2.5 nmol),Prazosin(α1receptor antagonist, 10 nmol),Yohimbine(α2receptor antagonist, 13 nmol),Metoprolol(ß1receptor antagonist receptor, 24 nmol),ICI 118,551 (ß2receptor antagonist, 5 nmol),SR 59230R (ß3 receptor antagonist, 20 nmol) instead ofSCH23390. Then, cumulative food intake was recorded at 30, 60, and 120 min following the injection. According to the results, food intake was significantly decreased after ICV injection of NMS in a dose -dependent manner (P < 0.05). Also, the co-injection of the SCH23390 + NMS significantly attenuated NMS-induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). The co-administration of AMI-193 + NMS significantly reduced NMS- induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). In addition, the co-injection of ICI 118,551 + NMS and 6-OHDA + NMS considerably decreased NMS-induced food consumption (P < 0.05). However, NGB2904, L-741742, Prazosin, Yohimbine, Metoprolol and SR 59230R had no effect on hypophagia induced by NMS (P > 0.05). These results demonstrated thatNMS- induced hypophagia might be mediated by D1/D2 dopaminergic andß2adrenergic receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens.

Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to animals: an updated review.

COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originated in Wuhan (Hubei province, China) during late 2019. It has spread across the globe affecting nearly 21 million people with a toll of 0.75 million deaths and restricting the movement of most of the world population during the past 6 months. COVID-19 became the leading health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. In addition to the considerable COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in humans, several cases of SARS-CoV-2 infections in animal hosts (dog, cat, tiger, lion, and mink) have been reported. Thus, the concern of pet owners is increasing. Moreover, the dynamics of the disease requires further explanation, mainly concerning the transmission of the virus from humans to animals and vice versa. Therefore, this study aimed to gather information about the reported cases of COVID-19 transmission in animals through a literary review of works published in scientific journals and perform genomic and phylogenetic analyses of SARS-CoV-2 isolated from animal hosts. Although many instances of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 have been reported, caution and further studies are necessary to avoid the occurrence of maltreatment in animals, and to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of the disease in the environment, humans, and animals. Future research in the animal-human interface can help formulate and implement preventive measures to combat the further transmission of COVID-19.

Protective role of the ginsenoside Rg1 against methimazole-induced gestational hypothyroidism on reflexive behaviors, conditioned fear and cortical antioxidant levels in mice offspring.

Ginsenoside Rg1(Rg1), a monomer of a tetracyclic triterpenoid derivative, possesses diverse medicinal properties attributed to its unique chemical structure and may have beneficial effects on fetal development. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of prenatal exposure to Rg1 against Methimazole-induced gestational hypothyroidism on reflexive behaviors, conditioned fear, and cortical antioxidant levels in mouse offspring.40 female virgin mice and 12 male NMRI mice were assigned to four groups: group 1 served as the control, group 2 received Methimazole(MMI) at a concentration of 0.02% in their drinking water, group 3 received Rg1(150 mg/kg), and group 4 received both MMI and Rg1.Groups of 2-4 were administered the substances from days 1-9 of gestation. After delivery, pups were selected, and reflexive motor behaviors and conditioned fear were assessed. Additionally, levels of brain tissue catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), and glutathione peroxidase(GPx) levels were measured. Furthermore, postpartum immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and the number of squares crossed in the open field test (OFT)were determined. The results demonstrated that maternal exposure to Rg1 improved ambulation score, hind-limb suspension score, grip strength, front-limb suspension, hind-limb foot angle, negative geotaxis, surface righting, and conditioned fear in hypothyroidism-induced offspring(P<0.05). Rg1 decreased immobility time in the FST, and TST, and increased the number of squares crossed in the OFT in postpartum hypothyroidism-induced mice(P<0.05). Moreover, Rg1 reduced brain tissue MDA levels and increased brain tissue CAT, SOD, and GPx levels in mice and their offspring(P<0.05). These findings indicate that Rg1 mitigated postpartum depression in mice and improved reflexive motor behaviors in their pups.

Role of the intracerebroventricular injection of the visfatin and its interaction with neuropeptide Y and nitric systems on food intake in neonatal chicken.

Visfatin play an essential role in the central regulation of appetite in birds. This study aimed to determine role of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the visfatin on food intake and its possible interaction with neuropeptide Y (NPY) and nitric oxide system in neonatal broiler chicken. In experiment 1, neonatal chicken received ICV injection visfatin (1, 2 and 4 µg). In experiment 2, chicken received ICV injection of B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist 1.25 µg), visfatin (4 µg) and co-injection of the B5063 + Visfatin. In experiments 3-6, SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist 1.25 µg), SML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist 1.25 µg), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 100 nmol) and L-arginine (Precursor of nitric oxide, 200 nmol) were injected instead of B5063. Then the amount of cumulative food was measured at 30, 60 and 120 min after injection. Obtained data showed, injection visfatin (2 and 4 µg) increased food intake compared to control group (P < 0.05). Co-injection of the B5063 + Visfatin decreased visfatin-induced hyperphagia compared to control group (P < 0.05). Co-injection of the L-NAME + Visfatin amplified visfatin-induced hyperphagia compared to control group (P < 0.05). The result showed that visfatin has hyperphagic role and this effect mediates via NPY1 and nitric oxide system in neonatal chicken.

The effect of spexin injection and its interaction with nitric oxide, serotonin, and corticotropin receptors on the central regulation of food intake in broilers.

Complex homeostatic control mechanisms are tools to adjust the food birds eat and their appetite. Birds and mammals differ in several ways considering food intake regulation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the special effects of the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of spexin and its interaction with nitric oxide, serotonin and corticotropin receptors on central food intake regulation in broilers. In the test 1, Broilers received ICV injection of saline, PCPA (p-chlorophenylalanine,1.25 µg), spexin (10 nmol) and PCPA+spexin. In test 2-7, 8-OH-DPAT, SB-242084 (5-HT2C, 1.5 µg), L-arginine (Precursor of nitric oxide, 200 nmol), L-NAME (nitric oxide synthetize inhibitor, 100 nmol), Astressin-B (30 µg) and Astressin2-B (30 µg) were injected to Broilers instead of the PCPA. Then, the amount of food received was measured up to 2 h after the injection. The food consumption was significantly decreased by Spexin (10 nmol) (P<0.05). Concomitant injection of SB-242084+spexin attenuated spexin-induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Co-injection of L-arginine+spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia and this effect was reversed by L-NAME (P<0.05). Also, concomitant injection of Astressin-B + spexin or Astressin2-B + spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia (P<0.05). Founded on these observations, spexin-induced hypophagia may be mediated by nitric oxide and 5-HT2C, CRF1, and CRF2 receptors in neonatal broilers.

The restraint stress-induced antinociceptive effects decreased by antagonism of both orexin receptors within the CA1 region of the hippocampus.

Studies have indicated that stress-related symptoms can lead to hormonal and neural changes, affecting the pain threshold and nociceptive behaviors. The precise role of orexin receptors (OX1r and OX2r) in stress-induced analgesia (SIA) remains an inquiry yet to be comprehensively elucidated. The current investigation aimed to assess the impact of acute immobilization restraint stress on pain-related behavioral responses after administering antagonists targeting OX1r and OX2r in a rat model using the tail-flick test. After a period of five to seven days post-stereotaxic surgery in CA1, the baseline tail-flick latency (TFL) was recorded for each animal. Subsequently, rats were unilaterally administered varying doses of the OX1r antagonist (SB334867; 1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol), the OX2r antagonist (TCS OX2 29; 1, 3, 10, and 30 nmol), or a vehicle (0.5 µl solution containing 12% DMSO) through an implanted cannula. Following a 5-min interval, the animals were subjected to a restraint stress (RS) lasting for 3 h. The tail-flick test was conducted after the stress exposure, and the TFLs were assessed at 60-min intervals. The findings of this study revealed that RS elicits antinociceptive responses in the tail-flick test. Microinjection of OX1r and OX2r antagonists into the CA1 attenuated RS-induced analgesia during the tail-flick test. Furthermore, the results underscored the preeminent role of OX2 receptors in modulating SIA. In conclusion, the orexin system localized within the hippocampal CA1 region may, in part, contribute to the manifestation of SIA in the context of acute pain.

The risk of pet animals in spreading severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and public health importance: An updated review.

Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 was first identified in 2019, it has been reported that the virus could infect a variety of animals either naturally or experimentally. This review discusses the occurrence SARS-CoV-2 in dogs and cats and the role of these animals in transmitting coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to their owners. The data were collected from epidemiological studies and case reports that focused on studying the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in pet animals and their owners. Epidemiological studies and case reports indicate that dogs and cats are infected with SARS-CoV-2 either naturally or experimentally; however, the global number of naturally infected animals is far lower than the number of people who have COVID-19. These studies demonstrate that pet animals acquire the infection from direct contact with COVID-19-infected owners. Currently, there are no studies reporting that dogs and cats can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other animals and humans, under natural conditions. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in companion animals (dogs and cats) in different countries worldwide raises concerns that pets are at higher risk for spreading and transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to humans and other animals, which poses a hazard to the public health. Therefore, investigating the role of dogs and cats in the transmission and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 will help us to design and implement appropriate preventive measures against the further transmission of SARS-CoV-2.

Protective effect of crocin on cuprizone-induced model of multiple sclerosis in mice.

Crocin is the main bioactive components of the saffron which has positive role in the nervous system; however, its neuroprotective activity is not fully elicited. So, the aim of the current study was to determine effects of the crocin on reflexive motor and anti-depressive behaviors as well as serum and brain tissue antioxidant activities in cuprizone-induced (CPZ) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) mice. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups. Mice in the control group were received normal diet. In group 2, mice received normal diet and orally received crocin (100 mg/kg) 3 times per week for 5 weeks. In group 3, CPZ-induced demyelination was done by chew palate containing 0.2% (w/w) CPZ for 5 weeks. In group 4, mice feed CPZ containing diet and orally received crocin (100 mg/kg) three times per for 5 weeks. After determination of the MS signs, reflexive motor behavior and depressive tests were done. Also, serum and brain tissue antioxidant activity was determined. According to the data, CPZ had negative effects on hind-limb foot angle, hind- and front-limb suspension, surface righting, grip strength, and negative geotaxis while crocin improved it. Co-administration of the CPZ + crocin reversed effect of the CPZ on the reflexive motor behaviors. CPZ increased immobility time in the forced swimming test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST), while co-administration of the CPZ + crocin reversed effect of the CPZ on immobility time. CPZ decreased number of cross in open field test (OFT) and spending time on rotarod, while co-administration of the CPZ + crocin reversed effect of the CPZ. Malondialdehyde (MDA) production increased, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels decreased in serum and brain tissue of the mice treated with CPZ. Pretreatment with crocin decreased adverse effect of the CPZ on serum and brain tissue antioxidants. These results suggested crocin has protective effect against CPZ-induced MS in mice.

Maternal supplementation of L-carnosine improves reflexive motor behaviors in mice offspring.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of maternal supplementation of L-carnosine on improved reflexive motor behaviors in mice offspring. Forty pregnant female NMRI mice were allocated into four groups. In the control group, mice received water, while in groups 2-4, female mice received supplementation of the L-carnosine (0.001, 0.01, or 0.1 mg/kg) at gestation days (G.D.) 5, 8, 11, 14, and 17. Newborn male pups were selected, and reflexive motor behaviors were analyzed on days 5, 7, 10, and 10-15, respectively. Serum malondialdehyde(MDA), superoxide dismutase(SOD), glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and total antioxidant status(TAS) of was determined in offspring's. According to findings, prenatal supplementation of the L-carnosine significantly increased ambulation score, surface righting, hind-limb suspension score, grip strength, front-limb suspension time, and negative geotaxis in mice offspring (P < 0.05). Hind-limb foot angle decreased in mice offspring by maternal supplementation of the L-carnosine (P < 0.05). Prenatal supplementation of the L-carnosine significantly decreased the MDA and increased the SOD, GPx, and TAS levels in offspring (P < 0.05). These results suggested maternal supplementation of the L-carnosine improved reflexive motor behaviors and antioxidant status in mice offspring.

Role of central adiponectin and its interactions with NPY and GABAergic systems on food intake in neonatal layer chicken.

BACKGROUND & AIM: Adiponectin is a member of the adipokine family and contributes to regulating energy homeostasis, reproduction, and various biological functions, such as insulin receptor signaling pathway sensitivity, mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative metabolism, neurogenesis, and suppression of inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of adiponectin and its interaction with the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GABAergic systems on central appetite regulation in neonatal layer-type chickens. MATERIALS & METHODS: In this study, 6 experiments were conducted, each of which included 4 experimental groups. In the first experiment, the chickens were injected with saline and adiponectin (20.73, 41.45, and 62.18 nmol). In the second experiment, saline, adiponectin (62.18 nmol), B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist, 2.12 nmol), and simultaneous injections of adiponectin and B5063 were performed. Experiments 3 to 6 were done in the same way to experiment 1, but the chickens were injected with SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist, 2.66 nmol), SML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist, 2.89 nmol), picrotoxin (GABAA receptor antagonist, 0.89 nmol), CGP54626 (GABAB receptor antagonist, 0.047 nmol) instead of B5063. Feed consumption was measured 120 min after the injection. RESULTS: A dose-dependent increase in appetite was observed after the injection of adiponectin (20.73, 41.45, and 62.18 nmol) (P < 0.05). The injection of B5063 + adiponectin attenuated the hyperphagic effect of adiponectin (P < 0.05). In addition, co-injection of picrotoxin and adiponectin significantly decreased adiponectin-induced hyperphagia (P < 0.05). In addition, adiponectin significantly increased the number of steps, jumps, exploratory food, pecks, and standing time, while decreasing sitting time and rest time (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the hyperphagic effects of adiponectin are probably mediated through NPY1 and GABAA receptors in neonatal layer-type chickens.

Effects of oral propranolol on the resistive and pulsatility indices of major abdominal vasculatures in domestic short-haired cats.

BACKGROUND: No study has been performed regarding the effects of oral administration of propranolol on pulse-wave spectral Doppler indices of major abdominal vessels in healthy adult cats. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the pulse-wave spectral Doppler indices of abdominal aorta, caudal vena cava, and portal vein in clinically normal adult domestic short-haired (DSH) cats, before and after propranolol ingestion. METHODS: Twenty intact adult client-owned DSH cats were evaluated (10 males and 10 females). A duplex Doppler ultrasonography machine with a 10-MHz frequency linear transducer was used. Peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity (EDV), resistive index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), and pressure gradient were measured. All the cats received 1 mg/kg of propranolol tablet, and after 2 h, ultrasonography measurements were repeated. RESULTS: The mean RI of the aorta and caudal vena cava significantly decreased in male cats following oral administration of propranolol after 2 h (p = 0.03, p = 0.02). In the caudal vena cava, the PI decreased from 2.98 ± 0.62 to 1.15 ± 0.19 post-propranolol ingestion (p = 0.01). The mean EDV in the caudal vena cava of males and portal veins of females significantly decreased after propranolol ingestion (p = 0.04, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that propranolol decreased the PI of the aorta and PI and RI of the caudal vena cava in healthy normal cats 2 h post-propranolol ingestion at the dosage of 1 mg/kg.

Effects of the prenatal exposure to crocin in the expression of withdrawal syndrome on reflexive motor behaviors in mice offspring's.

The aim of the current study was to determine effects of the prenatal exposure to crocin in the expression of withdrawal syndrome on reflexive motor behaviors in mice offspring's. Fourteen male mice and 56 adult female mice were randomly divided into seven groups as: control group (morphine-abstinent male and female); group 2, drug-naïve female and morphine-abstinent male; group 3, drug-naïve male and morphine-abstinent females; group 4, drug-naïve male and female. Groups 5-7, were similar to groups 2-4, except crocin (5 mg/kg) were injected to drug-naïve subjects. Following delivery, 20 pups from each litter were selected and behavior and reflexive motor behaviors were determined. Also, blood samples were taken to determine serum antioxidant activity. According to the results, immobility time significantly increased in offspring of the paternal + maternal exposed to morphine swimming test and tail suspension tests (P < 0.05) and significantly decreased in offspring of paternal + maternal exposed to morphine + crocin group (P < 0.05). Ambulation, surface righting, hind-limb suspension, grip strength and front limb suspension significantly decreased in offspring of the mice exposed to morphine (P < 0.05) and significantly improved in offspring of paternal + maternal exposed to morphine + crocin group (P < 0.05). Hind-limb foot angle and negative geotaxis significantly increased in mice with morphine-exposed offspring's (P < 0.05) while improved in offspring of paternal + maternal exposed to morphine + crocin group (P < 0.05). Prenatal exposure to morphine increased Malondialdehyde while decreased Superoxide dismutase, Glutathione peroxidase and total antioxidant status in mice offspring's (P < 0.05) and these results reversed by prenatal exposure to crocin (P < 0.05). In all studied factors, paternal + maternal exposed to morphine + crocin group had better results compared to the other crocin-received drug-naïve groups (P < 0.05). These results suggested prenatal exposure to crocin decreased morphine-induced adverse effect which paternal and maternal exposed to morphine + crocin had the highest prevention against these effects in mice offspring's.

Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of spexin and its interaction with NPY, GalR2 and GalR3 receptors on the central food intake regulation and nutritional behavior in broiler chickens.

Food intake and appetite in birds can be adjusted by the complex homeostatic control mechanisms. There seem to be many similarities between mammalian and avian species in terms of the regulatory feeding systems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ICV injection of spexin and its interaction with GalR and NPY receptors on central food intake regulation and nutritional behavior in broiler chickens. In experiment 1, chicken received ICV injection of saline, spexin (2.5 nmol), spexin (5 nmol) and spexin (10 nmol). In experiment 2, birds received ICV injection of saline, B5063 (NPY1 receptor antagonist 1.25 µg), spexin (10 nmol) and B5063 + spexin. In experiments 3-6, SF22 (NPY2 receptor antagonist,1.25 µg), ML0891 (NPY5 receptor antagonist,1.25 µg), M871 (GalR2 receptor antagonist,10 nmol) and SNAP37889 (GalR3 receptor antagonist,10 nmol) were injected in chickens instead of B5063. Then food intake was measured until 120 min after the injection and nutritional behavior was monitored at 30 min after the injection. Based on the data, a dose-dependent hypophagia was observed by the injection of spexin (P < 0.05). Concomitant injection of B5063 + spexin enhanced spexin-induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). Co-injection of SNAP37889 + spexin (10 nmol) attenuated -induced hypophagia (P < 0.05). Spexin (5 and 10 nmol) decreased number of steps, jumps, the exploratory food and pecks at 15 min after the injection (P < 0.05). Spexin (5 and 10 nmol) decreased standing time while siting time and rest time increased at 10 min after injection (P < 0.05). Based on observations, spexin-induced hypophagia could be mediated by NPY1 and GalR3 receptors in neonatal broiler chickens.