[Nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy and prevention of digestive system diseases]. / Pitanie v patogeneze, terapii i profilaktike zabolevanii sistemy pishchevareniia.

The role of nutrition in the pathogenesis, therapy, and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases is discussed. Although nutrition is not a leading cause of most gastrointestinal diseases, the role of nutrition in their pathogenesis is very great. Nutritional monitoring of the Russian Federation's population has revealed a shortage of many essential nutrients to be consumed, which may result in worsening of various gastrointestinal diseases. The most promising way of solving this problem is to supplement their diets with biologically active additives (Nutricevtics) which may be a main source of essential nutrients, such as vitamins B, beta-carotene and omega 3-polyunsaturated fatty acids.

[Standards for human physiological requirements in food substances and energy: a retrospective analysis and a developmental outlook]. / O normakh fiziologicheskikh potrebnostei cheloveka v pishchevykh veshchestvakh i énergii: retrospektivnyi analiz i perspektivy razvitiia.

The retrospective analysis of 4 variants of norms of human physiological needs in food substances and energy accepted in 1951, 1968, 1982 and 1991 is given. Dynamics of the scientifically proved specification of value of needs is revealed and the necessity of permanent development of conceptual base of normalization is determined. Last one is based on two natural laws of a balanced diet: 1) compulsion of conformity energy expense and energy consumption; 2) the value of consumption of the basic food substances (fibers, fats, carbohydrates) should be in limits of physiologically necessary quantity proportion and be accompanied by satisfaction of human needs in different nutrients.

[Xanthurenuria at different stages of liver lesion induced by protein and choline deficiency]. / Izuchenie ksanturenurii na razlichnykh stadiiakh povrezhdeniia pecheni, vyzbannogo defitsitom belka i kholina.

The parallelism between xanthurenuria and liver affections caused by protein and choline deficiency was studied. At the stages marking the development of lipohepatosis and fibrosis there occurred an intensive passage of xanthurenic acid. The intensity of xanthurenuria at the stage marking the appearance of hyperplastic nodes continued to gain strength. With progressive advance of pathological changes, which by the 9--12th months of the experiment reached the stage of a fully developed nodular cirrhosis xanthurenuria gradually stopped.

[Carbohydrates in the nutrition of the Russian population]. / Uglevody v pitanii naseleniia Rossii.

Dietary intake of carbohydrates for Russian population increased from 50% to 54% of total energy intake at the expense of increasing of dietary intake of potatoes and bread products. This level of carbohydrate intake is in the normal value do not causing serious caution in relation to public health. Main resource of carbohydrates in russian diet is dietary intake of bread and bread products (about 53% of total intake), sugar and confections (25%) and potatoes (10%). Carbohydrates of fruits and vegetables make up about 5%, those of milk and diary food aso 5% of total dietary carbohydrates. Daily average intake of crude dietary fibers compose no more than 10 g per capita. Simple carbohydrates (sum of mono- and disugars) provide for about 20% of total energy intake and pure sugar gives about 12% of total energy intake of Russia's population.

[Morphologic changes of peripheral lymphoid tissue and liver in experimental animals under food deprivation]. / Morfologicheskie izmeneniia perifericheskikh limfoidnykh organov i pecheni éksperimentalnykh zhivotnykh v usloviiakh golodaniia.

Morphologic examinations of liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes and groups of lymphatic follicles of small intestine (Peyer's patchs) of rats in condition of starvation were shown. Starvation of animals for 48 hours and most for 96 hours was caused statistic reliable decrease of body mass, concerning mass of thymus and liver. Centrolobular fatty infiltration and decrease of RNA and glycogen contents in hepatocytes of liver were shown. Decrease of content of small lymphocytes of T-dependent zones and alteration of cell's representation in B-dependent zones were discovered.

[The mechanism of action of polyunsaturated fatty acids on the immune system]. / O mekhanizmakh deistviia polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot na immunnuiu sistemy.

This article presents the literature materials about polyunsaturated fatty acids as nutritional immunomodulators.

[Effect of alimentary protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the function of the immunocompetent system in rats]. / Vliianie alimentarnoi belkovoi nedostatochnosti v rannem postnatal'nom periode na sostoianie immunokompetentnoi sistemy krys.

The influence of protein deficiency in the early postnatal period on the functional and morphological characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 76 test and 60 control rats, 4 and 12 months after the experiment commencement. It was shown that protein deficiency in the early postnatal period induced shifts in the cellular parameters of the immunologic responsiveness, mainly, producing no significant changes in the nonspecific factors of body defence. The impairing effect of protein deficiency was more manifest at the early steps of the body development.

[Enhanced resistance of mice (CBA strain) to infection caused by S. typhimurium depending on the nature of the fat in the diet]. / Povyshenie rezistentnosti myshei (linii CBA) k infektsii, vyzvannoi S. typhimurium, v zavisimosti ot kharaktera zhira v ratsione.

Mice received rations containing a mixture of lard with sunflower oil, butter, cooking fat (hydrogenated), fish fat. Hydrogenated fat and fish fat induced a decrease in the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 6 in lipids of lymphocytes, Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes and the spleen. At the same time fish fat induced an increase of the portion of polyunsaturated fatty acid omega 3 in lipids studied. A relationship has been noted between the animal survival after intraperitoneal infection with S. Typhimurium and the fatty acid composition in lymphoid tissues. The highest survival rate has been recorded in the groups of animals that received cooking (hydrogenated) fat and fish fat.

[Enterochromaffin cells of the intestinal mucosa during long-term parenteral and intragastric feeding]. / Sostoianie enterokhromaffinnykh kletok slizistoi obolochki kishechnika pri dlitel'nom parenteral'nom i vnutrizheludochnom pitanii.

The authors studied the response of enterochromaffin cells (Ec-cells) of the duodenal mucosa of rats during parenteral and intragastric administration of food mixtures containing a fatty emulsion venolipid (Japan) and of food mixtures containing no fat. The food mixture was administered round the clock, uniformly throughout 15 days. The Ec-cells were detected by the argentaffinity method modified by Phontane . It was discovered that during parenteral and intragastric administration of the food mixture containing a fatty emulsion, the amount of the Ec-cells in the duodenal mucosa was 3 times greater as compared with control. There were cells with varying intensity of the argentaffinity response, which attests to an active release of hormones synthesized by the Ec-cells. During intragastric administration of the food mixture containing no fatty emulsion, the status of the Ec-cells was the most similar to that seen in control. This is suggestive of an important role of the diet fat for changes in the Ec-cells. The changes found should be taken into consideration in the assessment of the effects of parenteral and intragastric feeding on the body and intestine and in the choice of the most optimal methods of feeding.

[Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the ration on the structure of peripheral lymphoid organs, immunological parameters and nonspecific resistance of rats]. / Vliianie polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot ratsiona na strukturu perifericheskikh limfoidnykh organov, immunologicheskie pokazateli i nespetsificheskuiu rezistentnost' organizma krys.

It has been established that the fatty component of the ration, with the rest ingredients being unchanged, alters the immunologic status of the body. When fatty portion of the ration was substituted for sunflower oil (omega 6) active macrophage-plasmocytic reaction in the lymphoid organs, elevation of the humoral immunity parameters and suppression of the T-cell system were recorded. The reaction to immunization was less pronounced when equal ratios of sunflower and ichtyenic oils were used. When the fatty component of the ration was completely substituted for ichtyenic oil, a decrease in T-lymphocyte number and focal necrotic changes in the lymphoid organs were observed. The fatty component of the rations used produced no significant effect on the bactericidal activity of the blood serum.

[Changes in the vessels of the kidneys in rats on a choline- and protein-deficient diet]. / Izmenenie sosudov pochek krys pri kholinobelkovoi nedostatochnosti ratsiona.

Prolonged (from 4 to 10 months) keeping of rats on a cholinoprotein- and protein-deficient diets produces an associated moderate damage to the wall on renal blood vessels and glomerulopathy. There take place dystrophic alterations in the elastic skeleton of the interlobular arteries in the form of elasticity loss and impairment of the tinctorial properties on the internal elastic membrane combined with vacuolization of the smooth muscle cells of the media.

[Effect of dietary protein deficiency in female rats on the function of the immunocompetent system of their progeny]. / Vliianie alimentarnoi belkovoi nedostatochnosti u samok krys na sostoianie immunokompetentnoi sistemy potomstva.

The influence of alimentary protein deficiency, during early ontogenesis, on the morphofunctional characteristics of the immunocompetent system was studied in 115 experimental and 60 control female rats, 4 and 12 months after the commencement of the experiment. It was shown that protein deficiency in the period of prenatal ontogenesis induced significant changes in the humoral and cellular values, characterizing immunologic responsiveness and nonspecific resistance of the body, and leads to alteration of the morphological structure of the lymphoid organs. Such changes were also observed in the rats of the second generation, which received full-value food, thus evidencing grave and stable immunologic disorders as the result of protein deficiency during prenatal ontogenesis.

[Immune and metabolic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids omega 3 in anti-atherosclerotic diet in the treatment of patients with ischemic heart disease, familial hyperlipoproteinemia and hypertension]. / Izuchenie immunometabolicheskikh éffectov polinenasyshchennykh zhirnykh kislot semeistva w-3 v sostave protivoateroskleroticheskoi diety u bolnykh ishemicheskoi bolezníu serdtsa, semeinoi giperlipoproteidemiei i gipertonicheskoi bolezníu.

Effect of antiatherosclerotic diet of 112 patients with cardioishemic disease IIa, IIb, and IV types was observed. Positive dynamics of clinical picture of disease, values of lipid metabolism and T-cell cents immunity were shown, particularly for patients with hyperlipidemy, which developed as result of effect of medium cents and genetic cents factors. Including to antiatherosclerosis diet polyunsaturated fatty acids of family (w-3) intensified hypolipidemic effect.

[Effect of protein deficiency and antigenic stimulation on rat liver lysosomes]. / Vliianie belkovoi nedostatochnosti i antigennoi stimuliatsii na lizosomy pecheni krys.

The total and non-sedimentable activities of liver beta-galactosidase, beta-glucoronidase, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase, aryl sulfatases A and B were studied during antigenic stimulation of rats fed balanced and low-protein (5% of energy value) diets. Antigenic stimulation of rats fed a balanced diet was found to intensify the total activities of all lysosomal enzymes (up to 124-246% of control). Meanwhile protein deficiency did not cause any significant reduction in immune response and completely removed activation of lysosomal hydrolases.

[Evaluation of the action of a fat diet on the state of the liver poisoned by carbon tetrachloride]. / Otsenka deistviia zhirovogo ratsiona na sostoianie pecheni, porazhennoi chetyrekhkhloristym uglerodom (CCL4).

The effects of the diet containing different amounts of fat on the liver with CCl4 poisoning were studied in two series of experiments on 150 male Wistar rats. In the first series th priming was given in the presence of the laboratory diet for 1 1/2 months. In the second series, the 1 1/2-month priming was given in the presence of the diets tested. The control animals given no priming were kept on the laboratory diet in which the fat (sunflower oil) amount constituted 23% as regards the caloricity. The experimental animals were distributed into 2 groups kept on the diets containing 27 and 43% of fat as regards the caloricity (creamery butter and sunflower oil at a ratio of 2 : 1). All three diets were isocaloric, having the identical content of protein. Change in the fat amount was compensated for the respective change in the carbohydrate content. It was found that application of the diet with the increased content of milk and vegetable fat (43% as regards the caloricity) led to a marked improvement of the liver, while early application of the test diets in the presence of CCl4 brought about a significant decrease in the lethality of the experimental animals.