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Prenatal iron supplementation improves children's health and cognitive performance, but few studies explore behavioural development. This study assessed the effects of adjusting prenatal iron supplementation to maternal iron stores during early pregnancy on children's behavioural problems. Randomized controlled trial conducted in Tarragona (Spain) involving 230 nonanaemic pregnant women and their children after a 4-year follow-up. Based on haemoglobin (Hb) levels before gestational week (GW) 12, women receive different iron doses: those with Hb = 110-130 g/L were randomized to receive 80 or 40 mg/day and those with Hb > 130 g/L were randomized to receive 20 or 40 mg/day. Maternal iron stores at GW12 were classified using serum ferritin (SF) as low (SF < 15 µg/L), normal (SF = 15-65 µg/L), and normal-high (SF > 65 µg/L). Children's behaviour was assessed by parents using the Child Behaviour Checklist for ages 1.5-5 years and the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool Version, and by teachers using the Teacher's Report Form for ages 1.5-5 years. Multivariable regression models were performed. Taking 80 mg/day of iron improved child behaviour when women had low iron stores but worsened it when mothers had normal-high iron stores, except for depressive and attention/hyperactivity problems. Taking 20 mg/day of iron improved behaviour only in those children whose mothers had SF > 65 µg/L in early pregnancy. Additionally, executive functioning improved at high doses of prenatal iron when maternal baseline SF < 15 µg/L. Adjusting prenatal iron supplementation to both maternal baseline Hb levels and iron stores reduces behavioural problems in 4-year-old children.
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Anemia Ferropriva , Comportamento Problema , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Pré-Escolar , Ferro , Anemia Ferropriva/tratamento farmacológico , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , VitaminasRESUMO
Prenatal exposure to air pollution, even at low levels, has been associated with negative effects on a child's neuropsychological functioning. The present work aimed to investigate the associations between prenatal exposure to air pollution on a child's cognitive, language, and motor function at 40 days of age in a highly exposed area of Spain. From the ECLIPSES study population, the present work counted 473 mother-child pairs. Traffic-related air pollution levels at home addresses during the whole pregnancy were estimated including particulate matter (PM) with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5), <10 µm (PM10) and 2.5-10 µm (PMcoarse), PM2.5absorbance, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), other nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3) using land-use regression models developed within ESCAPE and ELAPSE projects. Children's cognitive, language, and motor functions were assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd edition (BSID-III) at around 40 days of age. Linear regression models were adjusted for maternal biological, sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics, area deprivation index, and amount of greenness around the home's address. All air pollutants assessed, except PM2.5 absorbance, were associated with lower motor function in children, while no association was observed between prenatal exposure to air pollution and cognitive and language functions. This finding highlights the need to continue raising awareness of the population-level impact that maternal exposure to air pollution even at low levels can have on the neuropsychological functions of children.
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Poluentes Atmosféricos , Poluição do Ar , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal , Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluentes Atmosféricos/toxicidade , Poluição do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar/análise , Cognição , Exposição Ambiental/análise , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Idioma , Exposição Materna/efeitos adversos , Dióxido de Nitrogênio/análise , Material Particulado/análise , Material Particulado/toxicidade , Gravidez , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/induzido quimicamente , Efeitos Tardios da Exposição Pré-Natal/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prenatal prescription of standard iron supplements to prevent iron deficiency appears not to be appropriate for all women and their children, as some women may be at risk of iron deficiency and others at risk of iron excess early in pregnancy. The present study aimed to assess whether prenatal iron supplementation adapted to the needs of each pregnant woman affects their child's neurodevelopment. METHODS: Follow-up of a community-based RCT involving 503 mother-child pairs. Non-anaemic pregnant women recruited in Tarragona (Spain) early in pregnancy were prescribed a daily iron dose based on their initial haemoglobin levels: Stratum 1 (Hb = 110-130 g/L, 80 or 40 mg/d of iron) and Stratum 2 (Hb > 130 g/L, 40 or 20 mg/d of iron). Women receiving 40 mg/d were considered the control group in each Strata. The child's neurodevelopment was assessed at 40 days of age using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (BSID-III). Adjusted multiple regression models were used. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses showed no association between the intervention and control group within each Strata on the BSID-III scores on any of the developmental scales in children, including cognitive, language, and motor development: Stratum 1 (ß 1.46, 95%CI -2.15, 5.07; ß 1.30, 95%CI -1.99, 4.59; and ß 2.04, 95%CI -3.88, 7.96, respectively) and Stratum 2 (ß -4.04, 95%CI -7.27, 0.80; ß -0.36, 95%CI -3.47, 2.75; and ß -3.76, 95%CI -9.30, 1.78, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In non-anaemic women in early pregnancy, no differences were found in the cognitive, language and motor development of children at 40 days of age between the dose of iron tested in each case -adjusted to initial Hb levels- compared to the dose of the control group. Further studies are guaranteed to confirm our findings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The ECLIPSES study was registered at www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu as EudraCT number 2012-005,480-28.
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Anemia Ferropriva , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Anemia Ferropriva/prevenção & controle , Suplementos Nutricionais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Hemoglobinas/análise , Humanos , Ferro , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez/prevenção & controle , VitaminasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: During pregnancy a high amount of fatty acids (FA) is necessary to meet foetus demands, which vary during gestation. The present study describes the changes in maternal fatty acid concentrations during pregnancy in a sample of pregnant women. METHODS: This is a longitudinal study of 479 pregnant women who were monitored from the first trimester to third trimester of pregnancy. Data on maternal characteristics were recorded and a serum sample was collected in each trimester. The fatty acid profile (saturated (SFA: total, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid), monounsaturated (MUFA: total, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA: total omega-6 (n-6), linoleic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid (AA), total omega-3 (n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) was analysed with a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combination. RESULTS: From the first trimester to third trimester of pregnancy, a significant increase in total SFA, total MUFA and total n-6 PUFA was found. (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the serum concentration of arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and total n-3 PUFA decreased during gestation (p < 0.001). A statistically non-significant result was observed for the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) serum concentration between the first and third trimesters of pregnancy. Significant correlations were observed between each total fatty acid concentrations of the first and third trimesters. CONCLUSION: The circulating serum concentration of SFA, MUFA and n-6 PUFA increases during pregnancy, whereas essential fatty acids such as AA and EPA decrease, and DHA remains unchanged. Further research is necessary to understand the role played by FA throughout gestation.
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Ácidos Graxos Essenciais/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Ômega-6/sangue , Ácidos Graxos Insaturados/sangue , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Gravidez/sangue , Adulto , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados Aleatórios como AssuntoRESUMO
The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between pre- and perinatal factors and ADHD in a sample of scholars exploring differences between ADHD presentations and spectrum of severity. A total of 6720 scholars (aged 3-4 and 10-11) participated in a double-phase epidemiologic cross-sectional study (Epidemiological Study of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, EPINED), and a sample of 646 scholars (ADHD risk, ASD risk and controls without risk) were individually assessed in the second phase of the study. The ADHD diagnosis, based on DSM-5 criteria, was performed with the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders & Schizophrenia, Present & Lifetime Version. Associations for the different ADHD presentations between prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors and ADHD (n = 168), subclinical ADHD (n = 88) and non-ADHD (n = 310) were analysed. Logistic regression models showed that gestational diabetes (p = 0.012), instrumental delivery (p = 0.011), family history of psychopathology (p = 0.033) and maternal ADHD phenotype (p = 0.023) were associated with ADHD. These factors were related to the hyperactive-impulsive and combined presentations, but they were not related to the inattentive presentation. Maternal weight gain was associated with subclinical ADHD. In conclusion, metabolic disorder in the pregnancy, difficulties in childbirth and specific family phenotype were related to ADHD, specifically with hyperactive-impulsive presentation, but not in subclinical ADHD.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Assistência Perinatal/métodos , Cuidado Pré-Natal/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Experiencing negative emotional states during pregnancy has been linked to adverse outcomes for mother and offspring. Our study aims were to compare the perinatal emotional states and obstetrical variables between pregnant women recruited in Spain (n = 202) and Italy (n = 103), and to investigate prenatal anxiety related factors. The study had two phases. In the 1st phase (3rd trimester of pregnancy), prenatal anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI); other prenatal and sociodemographic variables were also collected. In the 2nd phase (40 days postpartum), the STAI and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were administered. Compared to the Spanish sample, the Italian sample presented higher STAI state and STAI factor 1 mean scores (22.5 vs. 18.6 and 10.0 vs. 7.2), shorter gestations (mean gestation weeks: 39.1 vs. 39.8), more unplanned pregnancies (31.1% vs. 16.4%), and more cesareans deliveries (42.5% vs. 16.0%). Low socioeconomic levels, younger ages, previous miscarriages and unplanned pregnancies were related to prenatal anxiety. Postpartum depression rates was 31.3% and there were no differences between countries. Our results suggested that it may be interesting in both countries to create a prenatal monitoring protocol that attaches more importance to emotional wellbeing both during pregnancy and in the long term.
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Depressão Pós-Parto , Complicações na Gravidez , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Depressão/diagnóstico , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Parto , Gravidez , Complicações na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Since iron plays an important role in several physiological processes, its deficiency but also overload may harm the development of children. The aim was to assess the effect of iron-fortified milk on the iron biochemical status and the neurodevelopment of children at 12 months of age. METHODS: Randomized controlled trial conducted in 133 Spanish children, allocated in two groups to receive formula milk fortified with 1.2 or 0.4 mg/100 mL of iron between 6 and 12 months of age. Psychomotor (PDI) and Mental (MDI) Development Index were assessed by the Bayley Scales before and after the intervention. Maternal obstetrical and psychosocial variables were recorded. The biochemical iron status of children was measured and data about breastfeeding, anthropometry and infections during the first year of life were registered. RESULTS: Children fortified with 1.2 mg/100 mL of iron, compared with 0.4 mg/100 mL, showed higher serum ferritin (21.5 vs 19.1 µg/L) and lower percentage of both iron deficiency (1.1 to 5.9% vs 3.8 to 16.7%, respectively, from 6 to 12 months) and iron deficiency anemia (4.3 to 1.1% vs 0 to 4.2%, respectively, from 6 to 12 months) at the end of the intervention. No significant differences were found on neurodevelopment from 6 to 12 months between children who received high dose of Fe compared with those who received low dose. CONCLUSION: Despite differences on the iron status were observed, there were no effects on neurodevelopment of well-nourished children in a developed country after iron supplementation with doses within dietary recommendations. Follow-up studies are needed to test for long-term neurodevelopmental improvement. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered in ClinicalTrials.gov with the ID: NCT02690675.
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Desenvolvimento Infantil , Alimentos Fortificados , Ferro da Dieta/administração & dosagem , Ferro/sangue , Leite/química , Adulto , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Animais , Aleitamento Materno/estatística & dados numéricos , Ferritinas/sangue , Humanos , Lactente , Ferro/administração & dosagem , Deficiências de Ferro , Modelos Lineares , EspanhaRESUMO
Anxiety Disorders (AD) are the most prevalent mental disorders in children and adolescents and a relevant public health problem. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of ADs, the comorbidity, the sociodemographic correlates, and the functional impairment in Spanish school children. The initial sample included 1514 subjects (720 boys; mean age = 10.2), who filled out the Screen for Children's Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED). In a second phase, 562 subjects at risk and not-at-risk of anxiety were assessed with the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents to obtain DSM-5 diagnoses. Two years later (third phase; mean age 13.5), the SCARED was re-administered. The weighted prevalence of any AD was 11.8%. The most prevalent subtypes were specific phobia (16.2%) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (6.9%). Girls showed higher rates of social anxiety (5.5%) than boys. Apart from being female, low socioeconomic status was also a risk factor for AD. The heterotypic comorbidity of any AD was 40.7%, and the homotypic comorbidity was 35.6%. After controlling for age and other ADs, we found that subjects with GAD had the highest risk of having other depressive disorders and ADs. Only 33.3% of the subjects with any AD had sought professional help. 52.9% of the subjects diagnosed with any of the ADs still had anxiety symptoms after a 2-year follow-up. These findings highlight that in Spain, ADs in early adolescence are an important public health problem and that detection and access to treatment need to be improved.
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Transtornos de Ansiedade/psicologia , Criança , Comorbidade , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , EspanhaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The Mediterranean diet (MD) pattern has important health benefits; however, it seems that Spanish school-aged children have been abandoning this healthy pattern recently. We aimed to identify psychopathological, anthropometric and sociodemographic factors that may influence the risk of low MD adherence. DESIGN: Longitudinal study in three phases. MD adherence was assessed using the Krece Plus food questionnaire and psychopathological symptoms using the Screen for Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, Children's Depression Inventory, Youth's Inventory-4 and Eating Disorder Inventory-2. Anthropometric data were collected in the first and third phases. Settings All five representative areas in Reus, Spain. SUBJECTS: Adolescents (n 241). RESULTS: Regardless of past and current BMI, socio-economic status was a protective factor for low MD adherence (OR=0·805, P=0·003) and a risk factor for high BMI (OR=0·718, P=0·002; OR=0·707, P=0·001). Regardless of socio-economic status, depression was involved with risk of low adherence (OR=1·069, P=0·021). Girls with lower MD adherence presented significantly higher scores for eating disorders measured using the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (low adherence, mean 18·9 (sd 13·5); high adherence, mean 8·9 (sd 9·0), P=0·020) and the Youth Inventory-4 (low adherence, mean 5·2 (sd 4·3); medium adherence, mean 3·6 (sd 3·2), P=0·044). They also presented higher depression symptoms (low adherence, mean 17·7 (sd 9·6); medium adherence, mean 12·3 (sd 7·2), P=0·01) than girls with high adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the influence of psychosocial factors on levels of MD adherence. These factors need to be taken into account when developing prevention and health promotion initiatives.
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Dieta Mediterrânea , Cooperação do Paciente , Adolescente , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Depressão/epidemiologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Classe Social , Espanha , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
The obsessive-compulsive manifestations course was assessed with the Leyton obsessional inventory-child version survey (LOI-CV) in a 3-year prospective study, using a non-clinical sample. From an initial sample of 1,514 school-age children who underwent symptoms screening for obsessive-compulsive, anxiety and depression, 562 subjects (risk group/without risk group) were re-assessed in the 2nd phase and 242 subjects were monitored after 3 years. LOI-CV scores significantly decreased over time independently of age and gender. The prevalence, persistence and incidence for two levels of severity of obsessivecompulsive manifestations ranged between 4.8-30.4%, 9.3-28.4% and 1.1-14.4%, respectively. 34.6-64.5% of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology was predicted by anxiety, depressive and obsessive-compulsive symptoms. For the obsessiveness (less severe form of obsessive-compulsive manifestations), the depressive symptoms were not predictors. Gender and socioeconomic status were not related with obsessive-compulsive manifestations. These data support a substantial continuity of the obsessive-compulsive manifestations and the existence of different levels of severity within the obsessive-compulsive spectrum.
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Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Depressão/diagnóstico , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Fatores Etários , Ansiedade/epidemiologia , Criança , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Masculino , Transtorno Obsessivo-Compulsivo/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Fatores Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Espanha , Avaliação de SintomasRESUMO
LAY ABSTRACT: Autistic individuals face a higher risk of various forms of victimization throughout their lives, with bullying being especially prevalent during their school years. Previous studies indicate that autistic children are 2.4 times more likely to be bullied than their typically developing peers and twice as vulnerable as those with other disabilities. However, the extent of this issue among Spanish schoolchildren with autism remains unexplored. In addition, there is no information regarding the presence of bullying victimization in children with marked but undiagnosed autistic traits (i.e. subthreshold autistic traits). This study examines the self-reported prevalence of bullying victimization in autistic pre-adolescents and those with subthreshold autistic traits, comparing them with peers without neurodevelopmental conditions. The study involved 323 participants (11 and 12 years old; 45 with autism or subthreshold autistic traits) from Spanish general education schools. The results revealed a higher rate of bullying victimization among autistic participants (58%; 3.1 times higher risk) and those with subthreshold autistic traits (27%; 1.5 times higher risk) compared with their peers without neurodevelopmental conditions (18.3%). Victimization was linked to more intense restrictive behaviours and increased behavioural and emotional problems. No significant associations were found with other individual or family factors. Our findings underscore the heightened risk of bullying faced by autistic pre-adolescents and those with subthreshold autistic traits at school, emphasizing the need to identify and implement preventive measures to mitigate bullying and its detrimental impact on their mental well-being and overall quality of life.
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Autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity in the school population have been understudied. This study estimates its prevalence considering both parents' and teachers' reports and clinical diagnosis. Sociodemographic, clinical, and cognitive data were compared by diagnostic groups: autism, ADHD, autism and ADHD, subthreshold autism spectrum disorder (ASD), subthreshold ADHD, and children without neurodevelopmental conditions. Following a two-phase design, 3727 parents and teachers (1802 preschoolers, 1925 school-age children) participated in the first phase. Subsequently, 781 participants underwent individual assessment for DSM-5 diagnoses. The estimated prevalence of the comorbid diagnosis was 0.51% (0.28%-0.74%), with significant sex differences (0.16% girls, 0.89% boys). The cooccurrence of symptoms of autism and ADHD reported by parents or teachers was 3.2% and 2.6%, respectively. ADHD comorbidity was observed in 32.8% of autistic children and 31.4% of those with subthreshold ASD. ASD comorbidity was observed in 9.8% of children with ADHD and 5.7% of those with subthreshold ADHD. Comorbidity was reported by at least one informant in 95% of children. Only 15.8% of children with autism and ADHD had been previously diagnosed with both conditions. Early detection and accurate comorbidity diagnosis are crucial to address the clinical and socio-educational needs of these children.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Comorbidade , Instituições Acadêmicas , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Prevalência , Pré-Escolar , Instituições Acadêmicas/estatística & dados numéricos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/epidemiologia , Pais , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Professores Escolares/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
An early detection of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (NDDs) is crucial for their prognosis; however, the clinical heterogeneity of some disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an obstacle to accurate diagnoses in children. In order to facilitate the screening process, the current study aimed to identify symptom-based clusters among a community-based sample of preschool and school-aged children, using behavioral characteristics reported by teachers. A total of 6894 children were assessed on four key variables: social communication differences, restricted behavior patterns, restless-impulsiveness, and emotional lability (pre-schoolers) or inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity (school-aged). From these behavioral profiles, four clusters were identified for each age group. A cluster of ASD + ADHD and others including children with no pathology was clearly identified, whereas two other clusters were characterized by subthreshold ASD and/or ADHD symptoms. In the school-age children, the presence of ADHD was consistently observed with ASD patterns. In pre-schoolers, teachers were more proficient at identifying children who received a diagnosis for either ASD and/or ADHD from an early stage. Considering the significance of early detection and intervention of NDDs, teachers' insights are important. Therefore, promptly identifying subthreshold symptoms in children can help to minimize consequences in social and academic functioning.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Professores Escolares , Humanos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Análise por Conglomerados , Pré-Escolar , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-3 LCPUFAs) play a key role in early neurodevelopment, but evidence from observational and clinical studies remains inconsistent. This study investigates the association between maternal n-3 LCPUFA, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentrations during pregnancy and infant development functioning at 40 days. This study includes 348 mother-infant pairs. Maternal serum concentrations were assessed in the first and third trimesters alongside sociodemographic, clinical, nutritional, psychological, and obstetrical data. At 40 days, the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III) was administered. An adjusted analysis revealed that lower first-trimester n-3 LCPUFA and DHA concentrations are associated with better infant motor development. These results underscore the potential significance of the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status in early pregnancy for influencing fetal neurodevelopment. However, the complexity of these associations necessitates further investigation, emphasizing the urgent need for additional studies to comprehensively elucidate the nuanced interplay between the maternal n-3 LCPUFA status and infant neurodevelopment.
Assuntos
Ácidos Graxos Ômega-3 , Lactente , Gravidez , Feminino , Humanos , Ácidos Docosa-Hexaenoicos , Terceiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Ácido Eicosapentaenoico , MãesRESUMO
Based on data from a three-year longitudinal study, we assess the effect, according to gender, of emotional psychopathology in preadolescence on anthropometric and body composition parameters in adolescence (N = 229). Psychopathology was assessed using the Screen for Childhood Anxiety and Related Emotional Disorders, the Children's Depression Inventory and the MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Kids. Body fat percentage (%BF), waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) were also determined. Following analysis with adjusted multiple regression models, the results indicated that symptoms of depression and separation anxiety were significantly associated with increased WC and BMI in boys, and that somatic symptoms were associated with increased WC and %BF in girls. Diagnosis of social phobia, panic disorder or dysthymia led to significantly increased WC and/or BMI in boys and dysthymia increased WC in girls. These findings suggest that emotional psychopathology in preadolescence is associated with increased weight gain and abdominal fat in adolescence.
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Adiposidade , Transtornos de Ansiedade , Depressão , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Adolescente , Antropometria/métodos , Composição Corporal , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Espanha , Inquéritos e Questionários , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bullying is highly prevalent among children and adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This study investigates self-perceived bullying victimization and related sociodemographic, psychopathological, cognitive, and academic characteristics in pre-adolescents with ADHD compared to controls. METHOD: The participants were 424 pre-adolescents, 138 of whom had ADHD. Self-perceived bullying victimization was assessed with the Bullying and School Violence questionnaire. This study is part of a larger double-phase epidemiologic cross-sectional study. RESULTS: A total of 35% of the ADHD pre-adolescents self-reported bullying victimization. ADHD-combined presentation showed the highest prevalence of co-occurring self-perceived bullying victimization. After the effects of socioeconomic level, gender, place of birth, intelligence quotient and autism had been controlled, we observed that presenting ADHD increased the likelihood of self-perceived bullying victimization almost 3-fold. Having ADHD and self-perceived bullying victimization were significantly associated with higher rates of the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing psychological problems. Comorbidity with ASD was higher in ADHD + bullying cases. Pre-adolescents with ADHD had lower cognitive scores and worse academic outcomes regardless of whether they were being bullied or not. CONCLUSIONS: In bullying prevention and intervention, special attention should be paid to ADHD as a vulnerability factor for self-perceived victimization, with negative consequences for emotional well-being and behavior.
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Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade , Bullying , Vítimas de Crime , Criança , Humanos , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/epidemiologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Comorbidade , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Bullying/psicologiaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The effectiveness of prenatal iron supplementation improves maternal hematological outcomes, but little research has focused on child outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess whether prenatal iron supplementation adjusted to maternal needs improves children's cognitive functioning. METHODS: The analyses included a subsample of nonanemic pregnant women recruited in early pregnancy and their children aged 4 years (n=295). Data were collected between 2013 and 2017 in Tarragona (Spain). On the basis of hemoglobin levels before the 12th gestational week, women receive different iron doses: 80 vs 40 mg/d if hemoglobin is 110-130 g/L and 20 vs 40 mg/d if hemoglobin >130 g/L. Children's cognitive functioning was assessed using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV and Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment-II tests. The analyses were carried out in 2022 after the completion of the study. Multivariate regression models were performed for assessing the association between different doses of prenatal iron supplementation and children's cognitive functioning. RESULTS: Taking 80 mg/d of iron was positively associated with all the scales of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV and Neuropsychological Assessment-II when mothers had initial serum ferritin <15 µg/L, but it was negatively associated with Verbal Comprehension Index, Working Memory Index, Processing Speed Index, and Vocabulary Acquisition Index from Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV and verbal fluency index from Neuropsychological Assessment-II when mothers showed initial serum ferritin >65 µg/L. In the other group, taking 20 mg/d of iron was positively associated with Working Memory Index, Intelligence Quotient, verbal fluency, and emotion recognition indices when women had initial serum ferritin >65 µg/L. CONCLUSIONS: Prenatal iron supplementation adjusted to the maternal hemoglobin levels and baseline iron stores improves cognitive functioning in children aged 4 years.
Assuntos
Hemoglobinas , Ferro , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Gravidez , Hemoglobinas/análise , Cognição , Ferritinas , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Mental health problems are highly prevalent in childhood and adolescence and may be associated with nutritional intake. It has recently been shown that a high percentage of infants and children consume large amounts of free sugars. In this paper, we analyse the relationship between free sugar consumption at 12 and 30 months and the risk of developing psychological problems at 30 months in a community sample of 86 children evaluated longitudinally. Socio-family and anthropometric data, and the amount of free sugars consumed were collected at both ages. At 30 months, the Child Behavior Checklist 1.5-5 was administered to parents and an interview was conducted to identify psychological disorders in accordance with DC: 0-3's classification. We report a relationship between high free sugar consumption at 30 months and the concurrent presence of sleeping problems, ADHD and anxiety symptoms. However, no significant association was observed between free sugar consumption at 12 months and the subsequent development of psychological problems. Early detection of emotional and behavioural manifestations and high sugar consumption in children may help to prevent the persistence of psychological problems.
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BACKGROUND: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) play a key role in the gut microbiota-brain crosstalk regulating the main neurodevelopmental processes during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to investigate the longitudinal relationship between prenatal levels of the main SCFAs in maternal serum and infant cognitive development and temperament on day 40 postpartum after adjusting for several pre-, peri- and post-natal confounders. METHODS: A sample of 357 healthy mother-infant pairs were followed from the beginning of pregnancy to 40 days after birth. Serum SCFA concentrations were assessed in the first and third trimester of pregnancy by LC-MS/MS; and socio-demographic, nutritional, and psychological variables were collected. At 40 days, the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III and the Early Infancy Temperament Questionnaire were administered. RESULTS: Lower serum levels of acetic, butyric and isobutyric acid, mainly during the first trimester, were related to better language and psychomotor development and, in the case of butyric acid, better intensity behavior in infants. Medium levels of propionic acid were related to better scores for development, mood and temperament. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that in a community sample of healthy pregnant women from a Mediterranean region of northern Spain, lower serum levels of SCFAs, especially in the first trimester of pregnancy, seem to be related to better infant neurodevelopment.
Assuntos
Isobutiratos , Propionatos , Criança , Cromatografia Líquida , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Parto , Gravidez , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
The aim of the study was to collect data on suicidal ideation and suicidal risk prevalence in a three-phase epidemiological study. In the first phase, 1,514 participants (720 boys; mean-age = 10.2) filled out the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and other psychopathological tests. 562 individuals (mean-age = 11.3) were selected to participate in the second phase as at-risk individuals of emotional disorders or as controls, and the CDI and the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (M.I.N.I.-Kid) were administered. In the third phase the participants (245; mean-age = 13.5) filled out the Youth's Inventory-4. The results of the CDI indicated that 15.9% of the participants showed suicidal ideation in the first phase, and 18.2% and 18.0% in the second and third phases, respectively. 33.0% of the participants persisted at 1 year of follow-up with suicidal ideation. The M.I.N.I.-Kid showed 12.2% past suicidal risk and a current risk of 2.4%. The current suicidal risk was mainly related to depressive disorders (OR 30.3). Predictors of current suicidal risk for boys included having previous depressive symptoms. For girls predictors included having previous anxiety and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, suicidal ideation and lower socioeconomic status. Spanish early adolescents had relevant rates of suicidal behavior; thus, it is important to create and apply prevention programs that consider the risk factors.