A Report on the Use and Safety of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs among 22,553 Children from Sample Hospitals in Shanghai.

Context: The safety of medication for pediatric patients has always been a concern, and non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the essential and commonly used drugs in children. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on the efficacy and safety of NSAIDs in pediatric patients. Objective: To study the use and safety of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) among 22 553 pediatric patients from 14 hospitals in Shanghai. Methods: We collected the clinical data of 22 553 pediatric patients who received NSAIDs during their stay in 14 hospitals in Shanghai from January 2005 to May 2011, which were then retrospectively analyzed. The use of nimesulide, paracetamol, and ibuprofen was observed among these children. The age and gender distribution, discharge status, length of hospital stay, and types of diseases treated with NSAIDs were analyzed. The relationship between death and length of hospital stay was assessed. The safety of NSAIDs in these children was discussed. Results: The response rate of nimesulide and ibuprofen was 71.23% and 73.12%, respectively. There was no significant difference in response rate between the two drugs (P > .05). The response rate of paracetamol was the lowest among the three drugs (59.67%, P < .05). The average length of hospital stay was significantly longer in children receiving paracetamol than in those receiving nimesulide. The average length of hospital stay was significantly longer in children receiving nimesulide than in those receiving ibuprofen (P < .05). The diseases treated with nimesulide were less diverse than those treated with ibuprofen and paracetamol. To be specific, bronchopneumonia was predominant among all the diseases treated with nimesulide. Although bronchopneumonia was also the most common among all the diseases treated with ibuprofen and paracetamol, the diseases treated with these two drugs were more diverse. The incidence of abnormal liver function among children receiving nimesulide was significantly lower than in those receiving ibuprofen and paracetamol (P < .05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of abnormal liver function caused by paracetamol and ibuprofen (P > .05). Conclusion: Nimesulide and ibuprofen achieved a generally higher response rate than paracetamol among the surveyed children from Shanghai. Although bronchopneumonia was the most common diagnosis among all children treated with NSAIDs, the diagnoses were less diverse in those treated with nimesulide. The length of hospital stay was the shortest among children receiving ibuprofen, while the response rate of paracetamol was the lowest. The incidence of abnormal liver function was the lowest in children receiving nimesulide. All of the three NSAIDs might induce liver function impairment, but the risk was not significantly different between them. This study also has some limitations, such as limited drug types and regional limitations. In summary, Nimesulide is a highly effective and safe non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that can meet the clinical medication needs of pediatric patients. Future research is contemplating the clinical benefits of Nimesulide in treating more diagnostic types besides pediatric bronchopneumonia, in order to investigate its greater medicinal value.

Microbial lipid synthesis based on visible light-driven oxygen doped-graphitic carbon nitride /oleaginous yeast hybrid system.

The use of solar energy and heterotrophic microbes to synthesize microbial lipids is a promising strategy to solve energy crisis and reduce CO2 emissions. In this study, a photocatalyst, oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride (O-g-C3N4), was synthesized and combined with an oleaginous yeast strain, Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis ZZ-46, to construct a photocatalyst-microbe hybrid (PMH) system. Under illumination, the lipid yield of the PMH system reached 1.61 g/L after 96 h (87 % higher than that of control). NADPH/NADP+ ratio of ZZ-46 cells in the PMH system increased. Metabolomics results revealed that glutathione generation was increased, and the fatty acid decomposition pathway in ZZ-46 cells was inhibited in the PMH system. This study provides a new approach for the synthesis of microbial lipids based on solar energy and heterotrophic microbes.

CDs-g-C3N4-oleaginous yeast hybrid system: Microbial lipid synthesis and fermentation residual reutilization.

The utilization of solar energy and fast-growing heterotrophic microbes for biofuel production has been recognized as a promising approach to achieve carbon neutrality and address energy crisis. In this work, we synthesized different kinds of photocatalysts based on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). We found that carbon dots modified-graphitic carbon nitride (CDs-g-C3N4) showed the highest photocatalytic activity. Subsequently, we developed a photocatalyst-microbe hybrid (PMH) system by combining CDs-g-C3N4 with an oleaginous yeast strain, Cutaneotrichosporon dermatis ZZ-46. Under visible light irradiation, the lipid yield of this PMH system reached 1.70 g/L at 120 h, representing a 36 % increase compared to the control. The photocatalytic reaction-induced ROS and the reductive photogenerated electrons facilitated ZZ-46 cells to synthesize more lipids. Furthermore, the fermentation residual of this PMH system was reutilized to prepare biochar via pyrolysis. The biochar generated at 550 °C (BC-550) demonstrated exceptional adsorption capabilities, particularly with a 57 % adsorption rate for methylene blue (MB), and maintained its perfect adsorption efficacy even after five regeneration cycles. These results offer promising avenues for addressing energy shortages and environmental contamination.

The complete mitochondrial genome analysis of Locastra muscosalis (Walker, 1866) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and phylogenetic implications.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Locastra muscosalis (Walker, 1866) was sequenced and characterized in this study, which was the first reported complete mitogenome of the genus Locastra. The mitogenome of L. muscosalis has a total length of 15,177 bp, encompassing 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and an A-T rich region. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that L. muscosalis is closely associated with Orthaga euadrusalis. These data will serve as a valuable foundation for future investigations into the Epipaschiinae and Pyralidae evolutionary history.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular engineering for the production of FAME biodiesel.

The unsustainable and widespread utilization of fossil fuels continues to drive the rapid depletion of global supplies. Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to conventional diesel, leading to growing research interest in its production. Microbes can facilitate the de novo synthesis of a type of biodiesel in the form of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). In this study, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolic activity was engineered to facilitate enhanced FAME production. Initially, free fatty acid concentrations were increased by deleting two acetyl-CoA synthetase genes (FAA1, FAA4) and an acyl-CoA oxidase gene (POX1). Intracellular S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) levels were then enhanced via the deletion of an adenosine kinase gene (ADO1) and the overexpression of a SAM synthetase gene (SAM2). Lastly, the S. cerevisiae strain overproducing free fatty acids and SAM were manipulated to express a plasmid encoding the Drosophila melanogaster Juvenile Hormone Acid O-Methyltransferase (DmJHAMT). Using this combination of engineering approaches, a FAME concentration of 5.79 ± 0.56 mg/L was achieved using these cells in the context of shaking flask fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of FAME production in S. cerevisiae. These results will provide a valuable basis for future efforts to engineer S. cerevisiae strains for highly efficient production of biodiesel.