Effects of direct transplantation of multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells into the demyelinated spinal cord.

The adult bone marrow contains a population of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), defined by plastic adherence, expression of stromal cell surface markers, and differentiation into mesenchymal lineages. There has been much interest in the possible therapeutic use of MSCs in the treatment of demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. One therapeutic possibility is that these cells may be able to remyelinate when directly injected into the demyelinated spinal cord. Here we examine the effects of direct transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled MSCs into a model of focal spinal cord demyelination induced by ethidium bromide. We demonstrate that direct intralesional injection of undifferentiated MSCs does not lead to remyelination. Furthermore, we report that transplanted MSCs migrate into areas of normal tissue, deposit collagen, and are associated with axonal damage. These findings support the need for further experimental evaluation of the safety and efficacy of direct parenchymal injection of MSCs into demyelinated lesions and highlight an important issue regarding potential clinical consequences of culture heterogeneity of MSCs between centers.

Derivation of neural precursor cells from human ES cells at 3% O(2) is efficient, enhances survival and presents no barrier to regional specification and functional differentiation.

In vitro stem cell systems traditionally employ oxygen levels that are far removed from the in vivo situation. This study investigates whether an ambient environment containing a physiological oxygen level of 3% (normoxia) enables the generation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and whether the resultant NPCs can undergo regional specification and functional maturation. We report robust and efficient neural conversion at 3% O(2), demonstration of tri-lineage potential of resultant NPCs and the subsequent electrophysiological maturation of neurons. We also show that NPCs derived under 3% O(2) can be differentiated long term in the absence of neurotrophins and can be readily specified into both spinal motor neurons and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Finally, modelling the oxygen stress that occurs during transplantation, we demonstrate that in vitro transfer of NPCs from a 20 to 3% O(2) environment results in significant cell death, while maintenance in 3% O(2) is protective. Together these findings support 3% O(2) as a physiologically relevant system to study stem cell-derived neuronal differentiation and function as well as to model neuronal injury.

Efficient derivation of NPCs, spinal motor neurons and midbrain dopaminergic neurons from hESCs at 3% oxygen.

This protocol has been designed to generate neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using a physiological oxygen (O(2)) level of 3% (previously termed hypoxia) and chemically defined conditions. The first stage involves suspension culture of hESC colonies at 3% O(2), where they acquire a neuroepithelial identity over a period of 2 weeks. This timescale is comparable to that observed at 20% O(2), but survival is enhanced. Sequential application of retinoic acid and purmorphamine (PM), from day 14 to day 28, directs differentiation toward spinal motor neurons. Alternatively, addition of fibroblast growth factor-8 and PM generates midbrain dopaminergic neurons. OLIG2 (encoding oligodendrocyte lineage transcription factor 2) induction in motor neuron precursors is twofold greater than that at 20% O(2), whereas EN1 (encoding engrailed homeobox 1) expression is enhanced fivefold. NPCs (at 3% O(2)) can be differentiated into all three neural lineages, and such cultures can be maintained long term in the absence of neurotrophins. The ability to generate defined cell types at 3% O(2) should represent a significant advancement for in vitro disease modeling and potentially for cell-based therapies.