Medical error analysis in dermatology according to the reports of the North Rhine Medical Association from 2004 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Assessment of complaints addressed to the Expert Committee for Medical Malpractice Claims of the North Rhine Medical Association helps to identify quality assurance problems in dermatology. METHODS: 333 dermatological reports (years 2004-2018) were allocated to three five-year intervals in order to show changes of total number of reports and with regard to indications, types of care, defined diagnosis categories, and therapeutic interventions. Statistical analysis was mainly descriptive (SPSS 27). Representative cases are explained in more detail. RESULTS: The number of dermatological reports fell from 119 in the first to 92 reports in the last five-year interval, along with a decline in treatment error rates (43 % and 29 %) despite an increasing number of procedures across disciplines. 104 reports dealt with (supposed) diagnostic errors, 156 with physical or pharmacological therapies, and 73 reports with surgery. The latter had a low treatment error rate (29 %). CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to the number of dermatological treatments in Germany, patient allegations are raised only rarely indicating greater patient satisfaction and/or a lower risk potential in dermatology. Incorrect dosages or device settings, diagnostic errors, and deficits in obtaining informed consent are relevant sources of error as underlined by the presented case reports.

Pediatric neurosurgery malpractice claims in Germany.

PURPOSE: There is limited data regarding malpractice claims in pediatric neurosurgery. Aim of this study was to analyze the rate, subject, and outcome of malpractice claims faced by pediatric neurosurgeons. METHODS: We analyzed malpractice claims in pediatric neurosurgical patients assigned to the review board of North Rhine Medical Council from 2012 to 2016. Claims were categorized as "medical error" or "adverse event, no medical error." Severity was graded from negligible (grade 1) to death (grade 6). RESULTS: Of 391 pediatric malpractice claims, seven (1.8%) concerned pediatric neurosurgery. Claims were related to cranial surgery (N = 5), spinal surgery (N = 1), and a neuro-interventional procedure (N = 1). Of operative cases, three were shunt operations, two were cranioplasty procedures, and one was a spinal fusion. Complications of medical care (adverse events) had occurred in all cases. A medical error was detected in only one case. Severity of damage was grade 2 (transient minor) in three, grade 3 (transient major) in one, and grade 5 (permanent major) in three cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric neurosurgery accounted for 1.8% of all pediatric malpractice claims. In 14% of these claims, a medical error was confirmed. Malpractice claim rate thus appears to be lower than expected for a high-risk specialty. , adverse events were confirmed in all cases, a negligent medical error was rare. Adverse event rate appears to be a predictor for malpractice claim burden, highlighting the importance of surgical checklists, standard operating procedures and morbidity and mortality surveillance.

Medical error analysis in dermatology according to the reports of the North Rhine Medical Association from 2004-2013.

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a central issue of health care provision. There are various approaches geared towards improving health care provision and patient safety. By conducting a systematic retrospective error analysis, the present article aims to identify the most common complaints brought forth within the field of dermatology over a period of ten years. METHODS: The reports of the Expert Committee for Medical Malpractice Claims of the North Rhine Medical Association (from 2004 to 2013) on dermatological procedures were analyzed (n =  247 reports in the field of dermatology). RESULTS: Expert medical assessments in the field of dermatology are most frequently commissioned for nonsurgical therapies (e.g. laser therapy, phototherapy). While suspected diagnostic errors constitute the second most common reason for complaints, presumed dermatosurgery-related errors represent the least common reason for commissioning expert medical assessments. CONCLUSIONS: The most common and easily avoidable sources of medical errors include failure to take a biopsy despite suspicious clinical findings, or incorrect clinicopathological correlations resulting in deleterious effects for the patient. Furthermore, given the potential for incorrect indications and the inadequate selection of devices to be used as well as their parameter settings, laser and phototherapies harbor an increased risk in the treatment of dermatological patients. The fourth major source of error leading to complaints relates to incorrect indications as well as incorrect dosage and administration of drugs. Analysis of expert medical assessment reports on treatment errors in dermatology as well as other medical specialties is helpful and provides an opportunity to identify common sources of error and error-prone structures.

Low Serum Levels of Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κ B Ligand (sRANKL) Are Associated with Metabolic Dysregulation and Predict Long-Term Mortality in Critically Ill Patients.

Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B ligand (sRANKL) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, and therefore, involved in various inflammatory processes. The role of sRANKL in the course of bone remodeling via activation of osteoclasts as well as chronic disease progression has been described extensively. However, the potential functional importance of sRANKL in critically ill or septic patients remained unknown. Therefore, we measured sRANKL serum concentrations in 303 critically ill patients, including 203 patients with sepsis and 100 with non-sepsis critical illness. Results were compared to 99 healthy controls. Strikingly, in critically ill patients sRANKL serum levels were significantly decreased at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (p = 0.011) without differences between sepsis and non-sepsis patients. Inline, sRANKL was correlated with markers of metabolic dysregulation, such as pre-existing diabetes and various adipokines (e.g., adiponectin, leptin receptor). Importantly, overall mortality of critically ill patients in a three-year follow-up was significantly associated with decreased sRANKL serum concentrations at ICU admission (p = 0.038). Therefore, our study suggests sRANKL as a biomarker in critically ill patients which is associated with poor prognosis and overall survival beyond ICU stay.

Malpractice claims in spine surgery in Germany: a 5-year analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of anonymized malpractice claims. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Spine surgery is considered a high-risk specialty with regards to malpractice claims. However, limited data is available for Germany. We analyzed the rate, subject, and legal outcome of malpractice claims faced by spine surgeons in one of the largest Medical Council coverage areas in Germany, representing 60,000 physicians and a population of 10 million. METHODS: Analysis of all malpractice claims regarding spinal surgeries completed by the Review Board of the North Rhine Medical Council (NRMC) from 2012 to 2016. Claim merit, content, and actual treatment errors were reviewed. Severity of damage was graded from negligible (1) to death (6). RESULTS: A total of 8,381 malpractice cases were reviewed by the NRMC from 2012 to 2016. Four percent (340 cases: 181 females, 159 males) pertained to patients undergoing spinal surgery with 94.7% of patients undergoing inhospital treatment and 5.3% as outpatients. Malpractice claims most frequently involved neurosurgery (48.5%) and orthopedic surgery (37.6%). Trauma surgery was involved in 9.1% and other specialties in 4.8%. Actual treatment errors were found in 89 of 340 cases (26.2%).Of those, 81 resulted in treatment-associated health impairment. Negligible and/or temporary impairment was found in 49.3%. Negligible to moderate but permanent damage was observed in 39.5%. Nine patients suffered severe permanent damage or death (11.1%). The treated diagnosis was degenerative disc disease in 34 patients (41.9%), spinal canal stenosis in 13 (16%), vertebral body fractures in 10 (12.3%), spondylolisthesis in 6 (7.4%), and other diagnoses accounting for the remaining 18 (22.2%). Errors involved actual surgical treatment in 40.7%, surgical indication and preoperative workup in 28.4%, postoperative treatment in 25.9%, and patient consent in 4.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Spinal surgery claims account for 4% of all claims reviewed by the NRMC in the 5-year period from 2012 to 2016. Eighty-nine (26.2%) were deemed justified. The majority of treatment errors (59.3%) occurred during workup, indication and consent, or during postoperative care. Errors during actual surgery were responsible for 40.7% of all treatment-associated damages. Understanding the distribution and content of claims is key to improving patient satisfaction not only by honing surgical skills, but also by improving pre- and postoperative communication and care.

Septic and aseptic complications of corticosteroid injections: an assessment of 278 cases reviewed by expert commissions and mediation boards from 2005 to 2009.

BACKGROUND: Local corticosteroid injections can have serious septic and aseptic complications. METHODS: From 2005 to 2009, medical expert committees and mediation boards reviewed 1528 cases of alleged treatment errors relating to injections. RESULTS: 278 cases were identified in which complications arose after local glucocorticosteroid injections. The injections were intra-articular, paravertebral, intramuscular, and at other sites. In 39.6% of cases, treatment errors or patient information errors of the following types were found: aseptic technique was not maintained, injections were performed in the absence of an indication, time intervals between injections were too short, excessive doses were administered, infections were not diagnosed, erroneous injections were performed, patients were not informed of the risks, and there were errors of organization and documentation. CONCLUSIONS: Injections of glucocorticosteroids must be performed in strict adherence to the manufacturer's instructions with respect to the composition of the solution to be injected, the quantity per injection, and the intervals between injections. Repeated injections with too little time between them raise the risk of infection. Physicians should pay more attention to this fact, particularly when deciding on the indication for paravertebral injections. Aseptic technique should be strictly maintained. The indication for the injection should be clearly documented. When glucocorticosteroids are injected into small joints and tendon spaces, the introduction of crystals into the subcutaneous tissue and adipose tissue should be avoided. The intramuscular administration of depot glucocorticosteroids should be avoided. Patients should be informed of the risk of infection and/or tissue atrophy, as well as of alternative forms of treatment.

Tropheryma whipplei in the environment: survey of sewage plant influxes and sewage plant workers.

We studied the prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in influxes to 46 sewage treatment plants and in stool, mouthwash fluids, and dental plaques of 64 healthy workers in those facilities and 146 disease control patients. T. whipplei was found in sewage water, in stool of healthy individuals, and significantly more often in stool of workers exposed to sewage water.

Expression of the phospho-beta-glycosidase ArbZ from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis in Lactobacillus helveticus: substrate induction and catabolite repression.

ArbZ from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis was previously shown to enable utilization of the beta-glucoside arbutin by Escherichia coli. The arbZ gene was cloned and expressed in the industrially used beta-glucoside-negative strain Lactobacillus helveticus 3036(62). The transformants were able to ferment not only arbutin, but also cellobiose, salicin and methyl-beta-glucoside (MbetaGlc). Cleavage of beta-glucosides by the transformants depended on the integrity of the cytoplasmic membrane, whereas in cell-free extracts only C(6)-phosphorylated substrates were hydrolysed. This suggested that ArbZ is a phospho-beta-glycosidase. ArbZ activity in transformants of Lb. helveticus was subject to substrate induction mediated by the beta-glucosides arbutin, salicin and MbetaGlc, whereas cellobiose or the beta-galactoside lactose had no inducing effect. Northern blot analysis proved that induction by MbetaGlc was due to enhanced transcription of arbZ. Catabolite repression of arbZ induction was observed with glucose, mannose, fructose and galactose. The induction kinetics observed in the presence of these sugars indicated that at least two different mechanisms are operative in catabolite repression of arbZ in Lb. helveticus.

PepR1, a CcpA-like transcription regulator of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis.

The PepR1 protein from Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis DSM 7290 shares extensive homology with catabolite-control proteins from various Gram-positive bacteria. Expression of the subcloned pepR1 gene allowed for partial complementation of a ccpA defect in Staphylococcus xylosus. The influence of PepR1 on transcription of the prolidase gene pepQ, which is located adjacent to pepR1, was examined by use of lacZ reporter gene fusions in Escherichia coli. PepR1 stimulated transcription initiation at the pepQ promoter about twofold, and this effect required the integrity of a 14 bp palindromic cre-like sequence located 74 nt upstream of pepQ. In gel-mobility-shift assays, PepR1 specifically interacted with the pepQ promoter region and also with DNA fragments covering the promoters of the pepX, pepl and brnQ genes of Lb. delbrueckii subsp. lactis, which encode two additional peptidases and a branched-chain amino acid transporter, respectively. cre-like elements were identified in each of these DNA fragments. Catabolite control of PepQ was demonstrated in Lb. delbrueckii subsp. lactis. During growth with lactose the enzyme activity was twofold higher than in the presence of glucose, and corresponding differences were also detected in the level of pepQ transcription.

Mosaic genes and mosaic chromosomes-genomic variation in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

The genome sequences of two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, one of the major human pathogens, are currently available: that of the nonencapsulated laboratory strain R6, the origin of which dates back to the early 20th century, and of the serotype 4 TIGR strain isolated recently. The two genomes are not only different in size (2 versus 2.16 Mb) but differ also by approximately 10% of their genes, many of which being organized in large clusters. Their strain-specific genes and gene clusters are described here. The R6 genome contains 69 kb organized in six large regions that are absent from the TIGR strain, which in turn contains an extra 157kb in twelve clusters compared to R6. In addition, the TIGR strain contains 13 clusters of 4 kb and larger that are not shared by a variety of genetically different S. pneumoniae strains. Many regions bear signs of gene transfer events such as the presence of insertion sequences, transposable elements, and putative site-specific integrases/recombinases. Three strain-specific regions are devoted to genes encoding proteins with the cell wall anchor motif LPXTG which are important for the interaction with host cells and appear to be highly variable, similar to cell wall-associated choline-binding proteins.