RESUMO
Estuaries around the world are in a state of decline following decades or more of overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Oysters (Ostreidae), ecosystem engineers in many estuaries, influence water quality, construct habitat, and provide food for humans and wildlife. In North America's Chesapeake Bay, once-thriving eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) populations have declined dramatically, making their restoration and conservation extremely challenging. Here we present data on oyster size and human harvest from Chesapeake Bay archaeological sites spanning â¼3,500 y of Native American, colonial, and historical occupation. We compare oysters from archaeological sites with Pleistocene oyster reefs that existed before human harvest, modern oyster reefs, and other records of human oyster harvest from around the world. Native American fisheries were focused on nearshore oysters and were likely harvested at a rate that was sustainable over centuries to millennia, despite changing Holocene climatic conditions and sea-level rise. These data document resilience in oyster populations under long-term Native American harvest, sea-level rise, and climate change; provide context for managing modern oyster fisheries in the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere around the world; and demonstrate an interdisciplinary approach that can be applied broadly to other fisheries.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Crassostrea , Pesqueiros/história , Animais , Baías , Crassostrea/anatomia & histologia , História do Século XV , História do Século XVI , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , História Medieval , Humanos , Indígenas Norte-AmericanosRESUMO
Telemedicine is the ability to provide remote health care to patients with the use of a consultant and 2-way interactive technology and telecommunication. Traumatic injuries occurring in rural areas frequently carry a greater risk of mortality than those same injuries occurring in the urban settings. The purpose of this article was to increase practitioner awareness of the potential for improved outcomes as a result of the use of telemedicine in rural trauma care. The use of trauma telemedicine will help decrease the overall mortality and morbidity, length of stay at the urban trauma centers, patient care cost, and transfer time.