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1.
Cell ; 174(2): 433-447.e19, 2018 07 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29909985

RESUMO

Nearly all prostate cancer deaths are from metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but there have been few whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies of this disease state. We performed linked-read WGS on 23 mCRPC biopsy specimens and analyzed cell-free DNA sequencing data from 86 patients with mCRPC. In addition to frequent rearrangements affecting known prostate cancer genes, we observed complex rearrangements of the AR locus in most cases. Unexpectedly, these rearrangements include highly recurrent tandem duplications involving an upstream enhancer of AR in 70%-87% of cases compared with <2% of primary prostate cancers. A subset of cases displayed AR or MYC enhancer duplication in the context of a genome-wide tandem duplicator phenotype associated with CDK12 inactivation. Our findings highlight the complex genomic structure of mCRPC, nominate alterations that may inform prostate cancer treatment, and suggest that additional recurrent events in the non-coding mCRPC genome remain to be discovered.


Assuntos
Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/patologia , Receptores Androgênicos/genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma , Idoso , Anilidas/uso terapêutico , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/genética , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos/genética , Duplicação Gênica , Rearranjo Gênico , Genes myc , Loci Gênicos , Haplótipos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Metástase Neoplásica , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Fenótipo , Antígeno Prostático Específico/sangue , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Próstata Resistentes à Castração/genética , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Piridinas/uso terapêutico
2.
Am J Hum Genet ; 110(9): 1454-1469, 2023 09 07.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37595579

RESUMO

Short-read genome sequencing (GS) holds the promise of becoming the primary diagnostic approach for the assessment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fetal structural anomalies (FSAs). However, few studies have comprehensively evaluated its performance against current standard-of-care diagnostic tests: karyotype, chromosomal microarray (CMA), and exome sequencing (ES). To assess the clinical utility of GS, we compared its diagnostic yield against these three tests in 1,612 quartet families including an individual with ASD and in 295 prenatal families. Our GS analytic framework identified a diagnostic variant in 7.8% of ASD probands, almost 2-fold more than CMA (4.3%) and 3-fold more than ES (2.7%). However, when we systematically captured copy-number variants (CNVs) from the exome data, the diagnostic yield of ES (7.4%) was brought much closer to, but did not surpass, GS. Similarly, we estimated that GS could achieve an overall diagnostic yield of 46.1% in unselected FSAs, representing a 17.2% increased yield over karyotype, 14.1% over CMA, and 4.1% over ES with CNV calling or 36.1% increase without CNV discovery. Overall, GS provided an added diagnostic yield of 0.4% and 0.8% beyond the combination of all three standard-of-care tests in ASD and FSAs, respectively. This corresponded to nine GS unique diagnostic variants, including sequence variants in exons not captured by ES, structural variants (SVs) inaccessible to existing standard-of-care tests, and SVs where the resolution of GS changed variant classification. Overall, this large-scale evaluation demonstrated that GS significantly outperforms each individual standard-of-care test while also outperforming the combination of all three tests, thus warranting consideration as the first-tier diagnostic approach for the assessment of ASD and FSAs.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Feminino , Gravidez , Humanos , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/diagnóstico , Transtorno do Espectro Autista/genética , Primeiro Trimestre da Gravidez , Ultrassonografia Pré-Natal , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Exoma
3.
Nature ; 582(7813): 577-581, 2020 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32499649

RESUMO

Many common illnesses, for reasons that have not been identified, differentially affect men and women. For instance, the autoimmune diseases systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome affect nine times more women than men1, whereas schizophrenia affects men with greater frequency and severity relative to women2. All three illnesses have their strongest common genetic associations in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus, an association that in SLE and Sjögren's syndrome has long been thought to arise from alleles of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes at that locus3-6. Here we show that variation of the complement component 4 (C4) genes C4A and C4B, which are also at the MHC locus and have been linked to increased risk for schizophrenia7, generates 7-fold variation in risk for SLE and 16-fold variation in risk for Sjögren's syndrome among individuals with common C4 genotypes, with C4A protecting more strongly than C4B in both illnesses. The same alleles that increase risk for schizophrenia greatly reduce risk for SLE and Sjögren's syndrome. In all three illnesses, C4 alleles act more strongly in men than in women: common combinations of C4A and C4B generated 14-fold variation in risk for SLE, 31-fold variation in risk for Sjögren's syndrome, and 1.7-fold variation in schizophrenia risk among men (versus 6-fold, 15-fold and 1.26-fold variation in risk among women, respectively). At a protein level, both C4 and its effector C3 were present at higher levels in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma8,9 in men than in women among adults aged between 20 and 50 years, corresponding to the ages of differential disease vulnerability. Sex differences in complement protein levels may help to explain the more potent effects of C4 alleles in men, women's greater risk of SLE and Sjögren's syndrome and men's greater vulnerability to schizophrenia. These results implicate the complement system as a source of sexual dimorphism in vulnerability to diverse illnesses.


Assuntos
Complemento C3/genética , Complemento C4/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Síndrome de Sjogren/genética , Adulto , Alelos , Complemento C3/análise , Complemento C3/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Complemento C4/análise , Complemento C4/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Antígenos HLA/genética , Haplótipos , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/sangue , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Síndrome de Sjogren/sangue , Síndrome de Sjogren/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Adulto Jovem
4.
Nature ; 581(7809): 444-451, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32461652

RESUMO

Structural variants (SVs) rearrange large segments of DNA1 and can have profound consequences in evolution and human disease2,3. As national biobanks, disease-association studies, and clinical genetic testing have grown increasingly reliant on genome sequencing, population references such as the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD)4 have become integral in the interpretation of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs)5. However, there are no reference maps of SVs from high-coverage genome sequencing comparable to those for SNVs. Here we present a reference of sequence-resolved SVs constructed from 14,891 genomes across diverse global populations (54% non-European) in gnomAD. We discovered a rich and complex landscape of 433,371 SVs, from which we estimate that SVs are responsible for 25-29% of all rare protein-truncating events per genome. We found strong correlations between natural selection against damaging SNVs and rare SVs that disrupt or duplicate protein-coding sequence, which suggests that genes that are highly intolerant to loss-of-function are also sensitive to increased dosage6. We also uncovered modest selection against noncoding SVs in cis-regulatory elements, although selection against protein-truncating SVs was stronger than all noncoding effects. Finally, we identified very large (over one megabase), rare SVs in 3.9% of samples, and estimate that 0.13% of individuals may carry an SV that meets the existing criteria for clinically important incidental findings7. This SV resource is freely distributed via the gnomAD browser8 and will have broad utility in population genetics, disease-association studies, and diagnostic screening.


Assuntos
Doença/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Médica/normas , Genética Populacional/normas , Genoma Humano/genética , Feminino , Testes Genéticos , Técnicas de Genotipagem , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Grupos Raciais/genética , Padrões de Referência , Seleção Genética , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma
7.
Bioinformatics ; 34(24): 4287-4289, 2018 12 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29982281

RESUMO

Summary: We present an updated version of our computational pipeline, PathSeq, for the discovery and identification of microbial sequences in genomic and transcriptomic libraries from eukaryotic hosts. This pipeline is available in the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) as a suite of configurable tools that can report the microbial composition of DNA or RNA short-read sequencing samples and identify unknown sequences for downstream assembly of novel organisms. GATK PathSeq enables sample analysis in minutes at low cost. In addition, these tools are built with the GATK engine and Apache Spark framework, providing robust, rapid parallelization of read quality filtering, host subtraction and microbial alignment in workstation, cluster and cloud environments. Availability and implementation: These tools are available as a part of the GATK at https://github.com/broadinstitute/gatk. Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.


Assuntos
Eucariotos , Genômica/métodos , Microbiota , Software , Genoma Bacteriano/genética , Microbiota/genética , Análise de Sequência de RNA
8.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 42(14): 9131-45, 2014 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25034695

RESUMO

The mechanism for generating double minutes chromosomes (dmin) and homogeneously staining regions (hsr) in cancer is still poorly understood. Through an integrated approach combining next-generation sequencing, single nucleotide polymorphism array, fluorescent in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction-based techniques, we inferred the fine structure of MYC-containing dmin/hsr amplicons harboring sequences from several different chromosomes in seven tumor cell lines, and characterized an unprecedented number of hsr insertion sites. Local chromosome shattering involving a single-step catastrophic event (chromothripsis) was recently proposed to explain clustered chromosomal rearrangements and genomic amplifications in cancer. Our bioinformatics analyses based on the listed criteria to define chromothripsis led us to exclude it as the driving force underlying amplicon genesis in our samples. Instead, the finding of coexisting heterogeneous amplicons, differing in their complexity and chromosome content, in cell lines derived from the same tumor indicated the occurrence of a multi-step evolutionary process in the genesis of dmin/hsr. Our integrated approach allowed us to gather a complete view of the complex chromosome rearrangements occurring within MYC amplicons, suggesting that more than one model may be invoked to explain the origin of dmin/hsr in cancer. Finally, we identified PVT1 as a target of fusion events, confirming its role as breakpoint hotspot in MYC amplification.


Assuntos
Cromossomos Humanos/química , Amplificação de Genes , Genes Neoplásicos , Genes myc , Neoplasias/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Evolução Molecular , Expressão Gênica , Fusão Gênica , Genoma Humano , Células HL-60 , Humanos
9.
Genes Chromosomes Cancer ; 54(3): 156-67, 2015 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25421174

RESUMO

Gene amplification is relatively common in tumors. In certain subtypes of sarcoma, it often occurs in the form of ring and/or giant rod-shaped marker (RGM) chromosomes whose mitotic stability is frequently rescued by ectopic novel centromeres (neocentromeres). Little is known about the origin and structure of these RGM chromosomes, including how they arise, their internal organization, and which sequences underlie the neocentromeres. To address these questions, 42 sarcomas with RGM chromosomes were investigated to detect regions prone to double strand breaks and possible functional or structural constraints driving the amplification process. We found nine breakpoint cluster regions potentially involved in the genesis of RGM chromosomes, which turned out to be significantly enriched in poly-pyrimidine traits. Some of the clusters were located close to genes already known to be relevant for sarcomas, thus indicating a potential functional constraint, while others mapped to transcriptionally inactive chromatin domains enriched in heterochromatic sites. Of note, five neocentromeres were identified after analyzing 13 of the cases by fluorescent in situ hybridization. ChIP-on-chip analysis with antibodies against the centromeric protein CENP-A showed that they were a patchwork of small genomic segments derived from different chromosomes, likely joint to form a contiguous sequence during the amplification process.


Assuntos
Pontos de Quebra do Cromossomo , Cromossomos em Anel , Sarcoma/genética , Centrômero/genética , Epigênese Genética , Amplificação de Genes/genética , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Sarcoma/ultraestrutura
10.
Genome Res ; 22(12): 2520-8, 2012 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22892276

RESUMO

Chromosome rearrangements in small apes are up to 20 times more frequent than in most mammals. Because of their complexity, the full extent of chromosome evolution in these hominoids is not yet fully documented. However, previous work with array painting, BAC-FISH, and selective sequencing in two of the four karyomorphs has shown that high-resolution methods can precisely define chromosome breakpoints and map the complex flow of evolutionary chromosome rearrangements. Here we use these tools to precisely define the rearrangements that have occurred in the remaining two karyomorphs, genera Symphalangus (2n = 50) and Hoolock (2n = 38). This research provides the most comprehensive insight into the evolutionary origins of chromosome rearrangements involved in transforming small apes genome. Bioinformatics analyses of the human-gibbon synteny breakpoints revealed association with transposable elements and segmental duplications, providing some insight into the mechanisms that might have promoted rearrangements in small apes. In the near future, the comparison of gibbon genome sequences will provide novel insights to test hypotheses concerning the mechanisms of chromosome evolution. The precise definition of synteny block boundaries and orientation, chromosomal fusions, and centromere repositioning events presented here will facilitate genome sequence assembly for these close relatives of humans.


Assuntos
Aberrações Cromossômicas , Cromossomos/genética , Análise Citogenética/métodos , Rearranjo Gênico , Hylobates/genética , Animais , Centrômero/química , Centrômero/genética , Elementos de DNA Transponíveis , Bases de Dados Genéticas , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariótipo , Mutação , Filogenia
11.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 12025, 2022 07 14.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35835769

RESUMO

Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) to detect fetal aneuploidy by sequencing the cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma is being broadly adopted. To detect fetal aneuploidies from maternal plasma, where fetal DNA is mixed with far-larger amounts of maternal DNA, NIPT requires a minimum fraction of the circulating cfDNA to be of placental origin, a level which is usually attained beginning at 10 weeks gestational age. We present an approach that leverages the arrangement of alleles along homologous chromosomes-also known as chromosomal phase-to make NIPT analyses more conclusive. We validate our approach with in silico simulations, then re-analyze data from a pregnant mother who, due to a fetal DNA fraction of 3.4%, received an inconclusive aneuploidy determination through NIPT. We find that the presence of a trisomy 18 fetus can be conclusively inferred from the patient's same molecular data when chromosomal phase is incorporated into the analysis. Key to the effectiveness of our approach is the ability of homologous chromosomes to act as natural controls for each other and the ability of chromosomal phase to integrate subtle quantitative signals across very many sequence variants. These results show that chromosomal phase increases the sensitivity of a common laboratory test, an idea that could also advance cfDNA analyses for cancer detection.


Assuntos
Ácidos Nucleicos Livres , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Aneuploidia , Ácidos Nucleicos Livres/genética , Cromossomos , DNA/genética , Feminino , Feto , Humanos , Placenta , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal/métodos , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Trissomia/genética
12.
Nat Neurosci ; 24(2): 214-224, 2021 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33353966

RESUMO

The complement component 4 (C4) gene is linked to schizophrenia and synaptic refinement. In humans, greater expression of C4A in the brain is associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. To investigate this genetic finding and address how C4A shapes brain circuits in vivo, here, we generated a mouse model with primate-lineage-specific isoforms of C4, human C4A and/or C4B. Human C4A bound synapses more efficiently than C4B. C4A (but not C4B) rescued the visual system synaptic refinement deficits of C4 knockout mice. Intriguingly, mice without C4 had normal numbers of cortical synapses, which suggests that complement is not required for normal developmental synaptic pruning. However, overexpressing C4A in mice reduced cortical synapse density, increased microglial engulfment of synapses and altered mouse behavior. These results suggest that increased C4A-mediated synaptic elimination results in abnormal brain circuits and behavior. Understanding pathological overpruning mechanisms has important therapeutic implications in disease conditions such as schizophrenia.


Assuntos
Comportamento Animal , Complemento C4/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Psicologia do Esquizofrênico , Sinapses/patologia , Animais , Complemento C4/biossíntese , Espinhas Dendríticas/patologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Dosagem de Genes , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microglia/patologia , Rede Nervosa/patologia , Desempenho Psicomotor , Esquizofrenia/patologia , Sinaptossomos/patologia
13.
Nat Commun ; 9(1): 1929, 2018 05 16.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29769526

RESUMO

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a rare autoimmune disease that affects the optic nerve and spinal cord. Most NMO patients ( > 70%) are seropositive for circulating autoantibodies against aquaporin 4 (NMO-IgG+). Here, we meta-analyze whole-genome sequences from 86 NMO cases and 460 controls with genome-wide SNP array from 129 NMO cases and 784 controls to test for association with SNPs and copy number variation (total N = 215 NMO cases, 1244 controls). We identify two independent signals in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region associated with NMO-IgG+, one of which may be explained by structural variation in the complement component 4 genes. Mendelian Randomization analysis reveals a significant causal effect of known systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but not multiple sclerosis (MS), risk variants in NMO-IgG+. Our results suggest that genetic variants in the MHC region contribute to the etiology of NMO-IgG+ and that NMO-IgG+ is genetically more similar to SLE than MS.


Assuntos
Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Neuromielite Óptica/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/métodos , Adulto , Aquaporina 4/imunologia , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Feminino , Haplótipos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Complexo Principal de Histocompatibilidade/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neuromielite Óptica/imunologia , Fatores de Risco
14.
Nat Neurosci ; 19(12): 1563-1565, 2016 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27694993

RESUMO

Disruptive, damaging ultra-rare variants in highly constrained genes are enriched in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. In the general population, this class of variants was associated with a decrease in years of education (YOE). This effect was stronger among highly brain-expressed genes and explained more YOE variance than pathogenic copy number variation but less than common variants. Disruptive, damaging ultra-rare variants in highly constrained genes influence the determinants of YOE in the general population.


Assuntos
Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Mutação/genética , Transtornos do Neurodesenvolvimento/genética , Educação , Humanos , Análise e Desempenho de Tarefas
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