Venous Thromboembolism Following Abdominal Cancer Surgery in the Korean Population: Incidence and Validation of a Risk Assessment Model.

BACKGROUND: A cancer patient slated for abdominal surgery is considered to be at moderate to high risk for developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), but the incidence is quite low in Korean patients. Most risk assessment models and recommendations for VTE management are from Western reports, however they possibly overestimate the risk of VTE in the Korean population. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 1966 patients who were diagnosed with abdominal organ cancer and required surgical treatment. RESULTS: Each patient was rated using the Caprini risk scoring model. The mean score was 7.5 ± 0.7 points; 98.4% of patients were classified as high risk for VTE. Symptomatic VTE occurred in eight patients, and the overall incidence was 0.4%. The mean Caprini score for VTE patients was 8.8 ± 1.9 points. In the group with scores between 5 and 9 points, the incidence was 0.3-0.5%, while in patients with scores > 10 points, the incidence of VTE was found to be 1.12%. CONCLUSIONS: The risk stratification system in the Caprini scoring model needs to be modified based on the actual incidence in the Korean population.

Differences in C-type lectin receptors and their adaptor molecules in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis and gynecologic cancers.

Endometriosis, although not malignant, has clinically demonstrated properties of invasiveness and metastasis. The pathogenesis of endometriosis, however, has not yet been elucidated. The immunological differences between endometriosis and malignant gynecologic tumors were analyzed by assessing C-type lectin receptors, which are associated with innate immunity, and immunoglobulin secretion, which is associated with B cell adaptive immunity, in the peritoneal fluid of these patients. Peritoneal fluid samples were obtained from 42 patients with benign masses (control group), 38 with endometriosis, and 43 with gynecologic (ovarian, uterine, and cervical) cancers. The levels of expression in these samples of mRNAs encoding the C-type lectin receptors Dectin-1, MR1, MR2, DC-SIGN, Syk, Card 9, Bcl 10, Malt 1, src, Dec 205, Galectin, Tim 3, Trem 1, and DAP 12, were measured by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and the concentrations of IgG, IgA and IgM were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Findings in the three groups were compared. The level of galectin mRNA was significantly lower, and the levels of MR2 and DAP 12 mRNAs significantly higher, in the endometriosis than in the control group (p<0.05 each). Compared with the gynecologic cancer group, the level of Bcl 10 mRNA was significantly lower, and the levels of MR1, MR2, Syk, Card 9, Malt 1, Dec 205, Tim 3, and DAP 12 mRNAs significantly higher, in the endometriosis group (p<0.05 each). The levels of MR2 and DAP 12 mRNAs were significantly higher in the endometriosis than in the control group (p<0.05 each), whereas the level of galectin mRNA was similar in the endometriosis and gynecologic cancer groups. IgA and IgG concentrations in peritoneal fluid were significantly lower in the gynecologic cancer than in the control group (p<0.05 each). However, concentrations of all three immunoglobulins in the endometriosis group did not differ from those in the other two groups (p>0.05). C-type lectin receptors and immunoglobulins act cooperatively and are closely associated in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The decreased expression of galectin mRNA in the peritoneal fluid of the endometriosis group suggests that endometriosis and gynecologic cancers have similar immunologic characteristics.

Efficacy of Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filter Placement in the Prevention of Pulmonary Embolism during Catheter-Directed Thrombectomy for Proximal Lower-Extremity Deep Vein Thrombosis.

BACKGROUND: Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement is not indicated for thrombolytic interventional treatment for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). We analyzed the efficacy and feasibility of retrievable IVC filter placement for the preventive management of embolic shedding during catheter-directed thrombectomy (CDT) for DVT of lower extremity. METHODS: Seventy patients (35 males and 35 females) who underwent retrievable IVC filter placement to prevent thrombus dislodgement during CDT in all symptomatic DVT with thrombus age suspected within 4 weeks of the lower extremity between March 2008 and January 2014 were included in this study. All patients underwent laboratory blood study, duplex ultrasound and/or computed tomography for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in accordance with treatment policy of our Uijeongbu St. Mary's hospital. Two types of retrievable IVC filters (OptEase Filter, Cordis, Roden, The Netherlands; Gunther Tulip Filter, Cook, Bloomington, IN) were used to prevent thromboembolic events during CDT. After filter placement, subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin and overlapped to warfarin or new oral anticoagulant tried to achieve a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0-3.0 in warfarin patients. RESULTS: The thrombus was dislodged through the IVC filter during catheter-directed thrombolytic therapy in 22 patients (31.4%). In 22 cases, the thromboses were trapped by the retrievable IVC filter, and follow-up images showed thrombus capture. Thirty-four patients (48.6%) received percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). Additional stents were inserted in 23 patients (32.8%). Pulmonary embolism (PE) was not observed in patients implanted with retrievable IVC filters. CONCLUSIONS: Our study findings suggest that retrieval IVC filter placement during interventional treatments of DVT of lower extremity such as thrombectomy of vein thrombus with or without stent insertion at compressed deep vein is favorable and effective for protecting against PE or lethal complications. We recommend carefully that before the management of DVT thrombus of lower extremity, retrieval IVC filter placement should be considered for preventing morbidity related with the PE.

Prevalence of the Factor XIII Val34Leu Polymorphism in Korean Patients with Deep Vein Thrombosis.

OBJECTIVE: According to recent reports, a common polymorphism resulting in Val to Leu substitution, located 3 amino acids (Val34Leu) upstream of the thrombin cleavage site of FXIII A, has been related to a lower incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). And, a different expression pattern has been shown across nations and races. However, the frequency of FXIII polymorphism expression in Koreans has not been reported in normal individuals or DVT-patient groups. DESIGN: Case-control study in Korean population. METHODS: We investigated the distribution of factor XIII Val34Leu polymorphisms in Korean patients of DVT (50 cases) and Korean healthy controls (100 cases), using real-time polymerase chain reaction for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping. RESULTS: With regard to the frequency of the FXIII polymorphism in DVT patients and in the general control group, all 50 cases in the patient group and 100 cases in the control group were found to be Val34 homozygotes. CONCLUSIONS: The Val34Leu polymorphism of FXIII was not found in Korean people, and compared with Caucasians, a noticeably low incidence of DVT was shown. Thus, the preventive effect of the Val34 allele of FXIII on the formation of thrombi was shown.

Increased expression of pattern recognition receptors and nitric oxide synthase in patients with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: Endometriosis is characterized by repeated inflammatory changes and serious adhesions, inducing innate and adaptive immune responses within the abdominal cavity. To assess these immune responses, we evaluated the levels of expression of Toll-like receptors (TLR)-1, -2, -4, -5, and -9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains (NOD)-1 and -2; interleukins-1ß, -6, -8, -10, and -12; interferon-γ; tumor necrosis factor-α; inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS); and immunoglobulins (Igs) in patients with endometriosis. METHODS: The levels of TLRs, NODs, cytokines, and NOS mRNAs in peritoneal effusions were assessed by real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction; and IgG, IgA and IgM concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in 40 patients with and 40 without endometriosis. Findings from the two groups were compared. RESULTS: We observed expression of all pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), cytokines, and NOS mRNAs and Igs in the effusion fluid of patients with and without endometriosis. The levels of TLR-2 and -9; NOD-1 and -2; iNOS and eNOS mRNAs and CA 125 were significantly higher in the endometriosis than in the non-endometriosis group (p<0.05 each). Moreover, PRR, cytokine, and NOS expression showed significant correlations (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PRRs, cytokines, and NOS, which act cooperatively in the innate immune response, are closely associated with endometriosis. Increased expression of TLR-2, TLR -9, NOD-1, NOD-2, and NOS mRNA in peritoneal fluid may be associated with endometriosis.

Effects of female sex hormones on clusterin expression and paclitaxel resistance in endometrial cancer cell lines.

OBJECTIVE: We have analyzed the association between clusterin expression in endometrial cancer cells and their resistance to paclitaxel. We also analyzed whether the effects of female sex hormones on clusterin expression by these cell lines affect their resistance to paclitaxel. METHODS: The expression of estrogen receptors α and ß, progesterone receptors AB and B, and clusterin mRNA and protein was assayed in the ECC-1 and KLE endometrial cancer cell lines by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The IC(50) of paclitaxel was measured in each cell line by XTT assay. Using clusterin siRNA, we analyzed the association between clusterin expression and paclitaxel IC(50) in each cell line. We also examined the effects of hormone treatment on cellular resistance to paclitaxel. RESULTS: Paclitaxel IC(50) was significantly higher in KLE cells, which expressed higher levels of clusterin, than in ECC-1 cells, which expressed lower levels of clusterin. Conversely, incubation with clusterin siRNA significantly decreased the viability of KLE cells (P<0.001), but did not alter the viability of ECC-1 cells. Incubation with estrogen tended to increase the level of clusterin expression in these endometrial cancer cell lines, although the level of clusterin expression did not correlate with that of estrogen receptors. Incubation with progesterone did not alter the levels of expression of clusterin and clusterin receptor. Incubation with estrogen and paclitaxel significantly increased the viability of ECC-1 (P<0.001) but not KLE cells. CONCLUSION: Estrogen increases the paclitaxel resistance of endometrial cancer cell lines, by increasing clusterin expression.

Aortic transection and diverting bypass as treatment of repetitive recurrent abdominal aortic false aneurysm rupture in a patient with Behcet's disease.

Abdominal aortic false aneurysms in patients with Behcet's disease have been reported frequently and repaired successfully by various procedures; however, anastomotic false aneurysms have often been reported to occur after the operation. In this article, we report a case of four-time repetitive, recurrent suprarenal abdominal aortic false aneurysm ruptures that lasted for 7 years. The location of this aneurysm was not easy to repair not only by open surgical procedures but by endovascular stent because the aortic defect was too close to the visceral arterial branches. The last operation consisted of primary repair of aortic defect, transection of abdominal aorta at the level of supraceliac aorta with end closure, and a thoracic aorta to abdominal aorta bypass with Dacron graft. An 8-year follow-up revealed no more abdominal aortic aneurysm recurrence.

Efficacy of volumetric analysis of aorta as surveillance tool after EVAR.

OBJECTIVE: Compared to the diameter measurement, volume measurement of the aneurysm can be an alternative option for accurate evaluation. This study was undertaken to analyze the relationship between the diameter and the volume measurement of the aorta after EVAR. METHODS: From January 2012 to December 2016, 82 patients underwent EVAR in our institution. The infrarenal aorta after EVAR was evaluated with regard to maximal aortic diameter (DMAX) and aortic volume. The relationship between the DMAX and the aortic volume measurement after EVAR were analyzed. RESULTS: The rate of enlargement of aortic volume with endoleak over time was 0.02 cm3/month. The rate of enlargement of DMAX with endoleak over time was 0.007 mm/month. The mean rate of enlargement of aortic volume was significantly different from the mean enlargement rate of DMAX (p = 0.02). A ≥12% of increase rate of aortic volume was equivalent to an increase of ≥5 mm in the DMAX after EVAR. Significantly more endoleak occurred in the DMAX-enlargement group than no-enlargement group (100% vs. 26.76%, p < 0.001). Significantly more patients need secondary intervention and treatment of endoleak in the DMAX-enlargement group (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively). Significantly more endoleak occurred in the aortic volume-enlargement group than no-enlargement group (90.91% vs. 16.67%, p < 0.001). Significantly more patients needed secondary intervention and treatment for endoleak in the aortic volume-enlargement group (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Volumetric analysis can predict successful EVAR more accurate than diameter measurement. A ≥12% increase in aortic volume was equivalent to a ≥5 mm increase in aortic diameter.

Five-Year Single Center Experience for Retroperitoneoscopic Ureterolithotomy.

INTRODUCTION: Narrow working space is a major problem to overcome during retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy. We evaluated initial 5 years experience of retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy for large impacted upper ureteral calculi. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 2011 and December 2015, a total of 37 consecutive patients were evaluated. A 12-mm camera port at middle of midaxillary line and two 5-mm working ports in posterior axillary line were created. The stone was extracted through the site of camera trocar. A Double-J catheter (DJC) was placed antegradely by four steps (elevating of the proximal shaft, introducing the end of curl, advancing, and twisting) during retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy. A knotless unidirectional barbed suture was applied to the incision site of the ureter in all cases. All patients were followed up at 2 weeks after discharge to remove a DJC and at 6 weeks after discharge to evaluate urinary drainage with intravenous urography. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation for age (years), body mass index (kg/m2), stone size (mm), and postoperative hospital days were 57.9 ± 13.3, 24.6 ± 4.5, 15.5 ± 4.0, and 3.2 ± 1.2, respectively. Stones were successively removed without critical complications such as ureteral stricture in all cases. Total operation time, the time for placing a DJC, and ureteral suturing time at initial three trials were more than 150 minutes, more than 30 minutes, and about 15 minutes, respectively; however, they were about 60 minutes, less than 10 minutes, and about 5 minutes, respectively, in 25 case experiences. CONCLUSIONS: Retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy is a safe and excellent alternative for large impacted upper ureter stone. When performing retroperitoneoscopic ureterolithotomy in the narrow space, our step by step methods, including working port creation, DJC placement, and suturing, will be helpful for surgeons to learn the procedure easily.

Usefulness of assisted procedures for arteriovenous fistula maturation without compromising access patency.

INTRODUCTION: To increase the rate of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) use, assisted procedures for immature AVF have been strenuously performed. However, this is controversial in that an AVF matured by these assisted procedures may require more frequent intervention to maintain its patency, and have decreased long-term patency. METHODS: Eighty four AVFs that were matured with assisted maturation procedures and 266 AVFs that matured spontaneously without intervention, created between November 2009 and March 2013 from the hemodialysis (HD) vascular access (VA) cohort, were compared retrospectively and we also investigated the factors that may influence AVF long-term patency. Median follow-up was 26.8 months (interquartile range, 6.6-45.0 months). FINDINGS: Access survival did not differ between AVFs matured by assisted procedures and spontaneously mature AVFs (P = 0.29). In multivariate Cox regression analysis of AVF survival, age (HR, 1.029; 95% CI, 1.004-1.056; P = 0.024), maturation without assisted procedures 4-6 weeks after AVF creation (HR, 0.233; 95% CI, 0.107-0.506; P < 0.001), and AVF thrombosis (HR, 26.511; 95% CI, 10.986-63.978; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with AVF survival. Performance of assisted procedures to induce AVF maturation did not influence AVF survival (HR, 0.437; 95% CI, 0.191-1.002; P = 0.05). DISCUSSION: Our results support that idea that assisted maturation procedures can ensure the success of immature AVF without compromising long-term patency. These procedures can be considered more positively for increasing AVF use for VA placement in HD patients.

Radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins improves venous clinical severity score despite failure of complete closure of the saphenous vein after 1 year.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endovenous treatment is increasingly supplanting open surgery for the treatment of varicose veins. Among emerging endovenous techniques, radiofrequency ablation (RFA) with a ClosureFast catheter is popular in Korea. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the efficacy and patient-reported outcomes of RFA of varicose veins. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of a prospectively registered database of patients who underwent RFA for varicose veins from 2012 to 2013 in St. Mary's Hospital in Seoul. Korea. Efficient ClosureFast RFA catheters (Medtronic, San Jose, CA, USA) were used. The techniques used for RFA of varicose veins were performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Duplex scans and venous clinical severity scores (VCSSs) were used to document treatment outcome and patient symptoms before and after the procedures. Treatment outcomes were estimated before the procedure and 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the procedure. Outcomes were analyzed by paired t test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test as well as by logistical regression. RESULTS: A total of 117 patients were evaluated for 183 consecutive RFA procedures (183 limbs). The initial technical success was 97.3% (178/183). The estimated mean VCSS changed over time from 4.0 ± 1.67 at preprocedure to 0.6 ± 1.05, 0.5 ± 1.02, and 0.6 ± 1.14 at 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after the procedure, respectively. The improved VCSS was maintained 1 year after the procedure (p < 0.001). Recanalization of the saphenous vein was detected in 20 limbs at the 1-year follow up. The treatment failure group also exhibited a significant decline in the VCSS between preprocedure and 12 months (4.8 ± 1.76 vs. 1.8 ± 2.04, p < 0.001). Specifically, in the treatment failure group, 65% of limbs with episodic recanalization (13/20) were reoccluded or recanalized without venous reflux at the 1-year follow up. CONCLUSION: In this study, RFA of varicose veins had an initial success rate of 97.7% and a significantly improved patient VCSS at 1 year. Patients with episodic recanalization of the saphenous vein also exhibited an improved VCSS with favorable duplex findings at 1 year.

Inhibitory effects of tilianin on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency mice.

We investigated the effect of tilianin upon inducible nitric oxide synthesis in the plasma of low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (Ldlr-/-) mice fed with high cholesterol diet and in primary peritoneal macrophages of Ldlr-/- mice. High cholesterol diet induced nitric oxide production in the plasma of Ldlr-/- mice. Tilianin reduced the level of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma from Ldlr-/- mice induced by the high cholesterol diet. Tilianin also inhibited the NO production from the primary culture of peritoneal macrophages treated with lipopolysaccharide. The inhibition of NO production was caused by the suppression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression in peritoneal macrophages isolated from Ldlr-/- mice. Moreover, tilianin inhibited the transcriptional activation of iNOS promoter that has NF-kappaB binding element. Thus, these results provide the first evidence that tilianin inhibit iNOS expression and production of NO and may act as a potential anti-inflammatory agent.

Current trends of major arterial diseases in Korea: based on data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service.

PURPOSE: This study aims to figure out the changes of the prevalence and management of carotid arterial occlusive diseases (CAOD), abdominal aortic diseases (AAA), and arterial diseases of the lower extremities (LAOD) in Korea over the past 5 years. METHODS: Data were extracted from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service during the period from 2008 to 2012. RESULTS: The number of patients with CAOD increased by about 30% every year. From the year 2008, the number of open surgeries (OS) and endovascular treatments (ET) increased by more than 20% during each of the first 2 years and by 10% every year for 3 years thereafter for CAOD. ET was preferred to OS and occupied 77%-79% of the total number of procedures. The number of patients with AAA increased by 11%-17% every year. ET for AAA occupied 52% of the total number of procedures in 2008 and gradually increased to 70% in 2012. The number of patients who were diagnosed with LAOD fluctuated over the five years. The total number of procedures to treat LAOD increased each year by 20%-25%. ET for LAOD constantly increased by 18%-24% each year and occupied 80%-95% of the total number of procedures. CONCLUSION: It is evident that the incidence of vascular diseases will be increasing as our society ages, not to mention its care costs. The need for long-range plans and guidelines are urgent.

Ruptured aneurysm of the external iliac vein.

Primary iliac venous aneurysm is an extremely rare vascular abnormality that is associated with the likelihood of rupture, embolism, and thrombosis. In this report, we describe the case of a ruptured aneurysm of the external iliac vein in a 63-year-old woman who was admitted to the emergency department and diagnosed by computed tomography. Computed tomography indicated a 4 × 5-cm ruptured aneurysm in the right external iliac vein that was surrounded by hematoma in the right side of the pelvis. The aneurysm was successfully treated by tangential aneurysmectomy and lateral venorrhaphy.

Relationship between obesity and hearing loss.

CONCLUSION: Underweight and severe obesity were associated with an increased prevalence of hearing loss in a Korean population. OBJECTIVE: The relationship between weight and hearing loss is unclear. This study, therefore, analyzed the relationship between hearing loss and body mass index (BMI) in a Korean population. METHODS: The prevalence and severity of hearing loss were assessed in 61 052 subjects who underwent health screening examinations, including hearing tests. Subjects were divided into five groups according to BMI (underweight, normal, overweight, obese, and severely obese). The relationships between the prevalence and severity of hearing loss and BMI were analyzed, after adjusting for the effects of age. RESULTS: The rates of mild or greater hearing loss in the underweight, normal, overweight, obese, and severely obese groups were 24.9%, 20.4%, 21.8%, 21.2%, and 24.1%, respectively. Mild severity of hearing loss was the most common in all five groups, followed by moderate, moderately severe, and severe hearing loss, in that order. Multivariate analysis, showed that the odds ratios of hearing loss in the severely obese, and underweight groups, compared with the normal group, were 1.312 and 1.282, respectively.

Comparison between operative versus non-operative management of traumatic liver injury.

BACKGROUNDS/AIMS: The aim of this study was to compare operative versus non-operative management of patients with liver injury and to ascertain the differences of the clinical features. METHODS: From April 2000 to July 2012, 191 patients were admitted to Seoul St. Mary's Hospital and St. Vincent's Hospital for liver injuries. Of these, 148 patients were included in this study. All patients were diagnosed using computed tomography (CT). The liver injury was graded in accordance with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma liver injury scoring scale. Patients were divided into two groups: those who underwent surgery and those treated with non-operative management (NOM). There was a comparison between these two groups concerning the clinical characteristics, grade of liver injury, hemodynamic stability, laboratory findings, and mortality. RESULTS: According to the 148 patient records evaluated, 108 (72.9%) patients were treated with NOM, and 40 (27.1%) underwent surgery. Patients treated with NOM had significantly fewer severe injuries as rated using the Revised Traumatic Injury Scale, Injury Severity Score, and Glasgow Coma Scale. Grade of liver injury and number of patients with extravasation of contrast dye on CT and hemoperitoneum were higher in the operative group than in the NOM group. There were significant differences between the two groups for: heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, and mean hemoglobin levels at admission and after 4 hours. The operative group experienced a significantly higher mortality than the NOM group. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggest that hemodynamic stability and the following should be considered for deciding the treatment for liver injuries: grade of liver injury, amount of blood loss, and injury scales scores.

Occurrence and Prognosis of Symptomatic Venous Thromboembolism in Colorectal Cancer Surgery Patients.

PURPOSE: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high risk for postoperative thromboembolic complications such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) compared to other surgical diseases, but the relationship between VTE and CRC in Asian patients remains poorly understood. The present study examined the incidence of symptomatic VTE in Korean patients who underwent surgery for CRC. We also identified risk factors, incidence and survival rate for VTE in these patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients were identified from the CRC database treated from January 2011 to December 2012 in a single institution. These patients were classified into VTE and non-VTE groups, their demographic features were compared, and the factors which had significant effects on VTE and mortality between the two groups were analyzed. RESULTS: We analyzed retrospectively a total of 840 patients and the incidence of VTE was 3.7% (31 patients) during the follow-up period (mean, 17.2 months). Histologic subtype (mucinous adenocarcinoma) and previous history of VTE affected the incidence of VTE on multivariate analysis. There was a statistically significant difference in survival rate between the VTE and non-VTE group, but VTE wasn't the factor affecting survival rate on multivariate analysis. Comparing differences in survival rate for each pathologic stage, there was only a significant difference in stage II patients. CONCLUSION: Among CRC patients after surgery, the incidence of VTE was approximately 3% within 1 year and development of VTE wasn't a significant risk factor for death in our study but these findings are not conclusive due to our small sample size.

Significance of CD133 as a cancer stem cell markers focusing on the tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cell lines.

PURPOSE: The cancer stem cell hypothesis states that the capacity of a cancer to grow and propagate is dependent on a small subset of cells. To determine the significances of the cancer stem cell markers CD133, CD44, and CD24 using a comparative analysis with a focus on tumorigenicity. METHODS: Four pancreatic cancer cell lines, Capan-1, Mia-PACA-2, Panc-1, and SNU-410 were analyzed for the expressions of CD133, CD44, and CD24 by flow cytometry. The tumorigenicity was compared using tumor volumes and numbers of tumors formed/numbers of injection in nonobese diabetic severe combined deficiency mice. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis was used to confirm that xenograft explants originated from human pancreatic cancer cells. RESULTS: CD133 was positive in only Capan-1, CD44 positive in all, CD24 partially positive in Panc-1. After injecting 2 × 10(6) cells, all mice administered Capan-1 or Mia-Paca-2 developed tumors, 3 of 5 administered Panc-1 developed tumors, but no mouse administered SNU-410 developed any tumors. The volumes of Capan-1 tumors were seven times larger than those of Mia-Paca-2 tumors. When 2 × 10(5) or 2 × 10(4) of Capan-1 or Mia-Paca-2 was injected, tumors developed in all Capan-1 treated mice, but not in Mia-Paca-2 treated mice. Furthermore, xenograft explants of Capan-1 expressed CD133+CD44+ and Capan-1 injected mice developed lung metastasis. FACS analysis showed that xenograft explants originated from human pancreatic cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION: CD133 positive cells have higher tumorigenic and metastatic potential than CD44 and CD24 positive cells, which suggests that CD133 might be a meaningful cell surface marker of pancreatic cancer stem cells.

Solid pseudopapillary tumor with hepatic metastasis.

Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas is a rare tumor that affects young females with low malignant potential and good prognosis with more than 90% survival at 5 years. Metastasis is very rare. We report the case of a 74-year-old female who had pancreatic solid-pseudopapillary tumor and synchronous hepatic metastasis.

Prognostic significance of HER2 gene amplification according to stage of breast cancer.

It is well known that the amplification of the HER2 gene is closely associated with poor prognosis of breast cancer. However, there is controversy about the clinical significance of HER2 according to lymph node status in breast cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the differences in the prognostic significance of HER2 gene amplification according to the stages of breast cancer. We prepared a tissue array for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with breast cancer specimens from the surgery in 1994 to 1999. Total 338 cases of breast cancer were enrolled and the median follow-up period was 6.3 yr. The detection rates of HER2 gene amplification were as follows: 10.3% in stage I, 22.3% in stage II, and 43.8% in stage III. On survival analyses HER2-positive groups showed worse prognosis in stage III of breast cancer, but not in stage I or II. Multivariate analyses with a Cox-regression model also revealed that HER2 amplification was an independent prognostic factor only in stage III breast cancer. Regarding HER2 gene amplification as a prognostic factor of breast cancer, the clinical significance of the gene was found to be confined to advanced breast cancer.