Robot Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery in Gynaecology: An Evolving Assistive Technology.

Laparoscopic surgery is extensively utilized to treat a range of gynaecological conditions and pathologies. The advantages of laparoscopic surgery include the minimalization of blood loss and scarring, improved recovery times, and shorter hospital admissions. However, robotic technologies have had an increasing presence within gynaecological laparoscopic surgery in recent decades. This literature review therefore aims to discuss laparoscopy from 3 perspectives. First, the evolution of laparoscopy is reviewed with a focus on its origins, its transition from a diagnostic to an operative tool, and its role in present-day gynaecology. Second, interventions for benign gynaecological conditions (including excision of benign ovarian tumours, total laparoscopic hysterectomy, and laparoscopic myomectomy) are reviewed. The laparoscopic management of malignant gynaecology (including ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer) is also discussed. Finally, whilst robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery is experiencing rapid technological advancement, it is pertinent to consider the extent of its benefits when compared to open or conventional laparoscopic approaches in gynaecological surgery.

Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty: a single-centre experience.

BACKGROUND: Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is characterised by an obstruction compromising the passage of urine from the renal pelvis into the ureter, and can be corrected by Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty (RALP). We aimed to evaluate the surgical outcomes of RALP, and examine the rates of true pain resolution following the procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively explored the records of all patients who underwent RALP between April 2005 and January 2017. Measures of success were defined as the prevention of deterioration in split renal function and resolution of obstruction, and the resolution or improvement in subjective pain levels. RESULTS: 83 patients were included in this series. Mean patient age was 40.8 years. 38 patients had a left sided RALP, whilst 45 underwent RALP on the right. Crossing vessels were identified in 53.0% of patients. Mean operative time was 148.0 min. 68 patients had pain as their presenting feature. Following RALP, the pain resolved in 69.2% (n = 47), improved in 26.5% (n = 18), and remained the same in 4.4% (n = 3). 11.8% (n = 8) of patients required referral to other specialities for pain management. Success from a radiological perspective of cleared obstruction and arrest of deteriorating renal function was 97.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Our individual outcomes demonstrate a high success rate regarding resolution of obstruction and preventing deterioration in renal function. We also report that a number of patients, who despite meeting the radiological criteria to undergo RALP, had alternate underlying causes for their pain symptoms. For this reason, we propose that the primary measure of success for RALP should be based on renal function and radiological outcomes, rather than the outcomes relating to pain. Both surgeons and patients should be aware that whilst RALP is a highly successful procedure, persistence of pain may be due to overlapping clinical conditions which can be managed by a multidisciplinary approach.

Correction to: Robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty: a single-centre experience.

In the original version of this article, Oussama Elhage's name was spelled incorrectly. It is correct as displayed above.

The importance of non-technical skills in robot-assisted surgery in gynaecology.

Robot-assisted surgery (RAS) in gynaecology has undergone exponential growth in recent decades, with utility in treating both benign and malignant gynaecological conditions. The technological complexities and amended theatre dynamics that RAS demands mean that effective non-technical skills (NTS) are vitally important to overcome these unique challenges. However, NTS have been neglected in RAS-training programmes with focus placed instead on the exclusive acquisition of technical skills (TS). NTS include teamwork, communication, leadership, situational awareness, decision-making and stress management. Communication is the most frequently cited NTS impacted during RAS, as the physical limitations imposed by the robotic hardware make communication exchange difficult. The full immersion that RAS enables can contribute to situational awareness deficits. However, RAS can complement communication and teamwork when multidisciplinary (MDT) surgeries (such as complex endometriosis excisions) are undertaken; dual-console capabilities facilitate the involvement of specialties such as general surgery and urology. The development of NTS in RAS cannot be achieved with in-situ experience alone, and current training is poorly standardised. RAS-training programmes and curricula for gynaecology do exist, however the integration of NTS remain limited. Simulation is a viable tool to facilitate enhanced-NTS integration, yet cost implications form a barrier to its wider implementation. However, given that RAS will continue to occupy a greater proportion of the gynaecological caseload, integration of NTS within gynaecological RAS training curricula is necessary. Patients undergoing gynaecological RAS would benefit from the improved safety standards and enhanced surgical outcomes that would result.

Simulation-based training for intraoperative posterior capsule rupture management: an analysis of nontechnical skills development and the relationship between technical and nontechnical skills.

OBJECTIVES: To analyse development of individual nontechnical skills (NTS) domains after undertaking a previously developed simulation-based training model and analyse the relationship between technical skills (TS) and NTS in ophthalmic surgery. METHODS: The simulation-based training model involved a cataract surgery case complicated by intraoperative posterior capsule rupture. Cataract surgeons underwent the simulation twice, separated by a training intervention. Two blinded independent experts assessed participants' NTS using HUFOES, NOn-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS), and the OSATS global rating scale for TS. Paired t-tests assessed differences in individual NTS domains, with p < 0.05 indicating significance. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to assess the correlation between scores from each scoring system. RESULTS: All NTS domains within HUFOES and NOTSS demonstrated statistically significant improvements secondary to the training intervention. Positive correlations were demonstrated between HUFOES and OSATS scores in the pre- and post-training simulations, r = 0.870 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.861 (p < 0.001), respectively. Positive correlations were also demonstrated between NOTSS and OSATS scores in pre- and post-training simulations, r = 0.849 (p < 0.001) and r = 0.757 (p = 0.001), respectively. Positive correlations were demonstrated between HUFOES and NOTSS scores; r = 0.979 (p < 0.001) (n = 17) and r = 0.959 (p < 0.001) for pre- and post-training simulations, respectively. CONCLUSION: All NTS domains contained within HUFOES and NOTSS demonstrated significant increases following the completion of the simulation-based training model. Positive correlations exist between an ophthalmic surgeon's TS and NTS. This is the first study to report these findings within ophthalmic surgery.

Non-technical skills simulation-based training model for managing intraoperative posterior capsule rupture during cataract surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To develop and implement a simulation-based training model for the management of posterior capsule rupture (PCR) from a non-technical skills (NTS) perspective, and analyse changes in participant's NTS and technical skills (TS). METHODS: The simulation-based training model consisted of two identical PCR simulations with NTS stressors applied, separated by a predominantly NTS focussed training intervention. Participants' TS and NTS were evaluated by two blinded assessors using the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill (OSATS) global rating scale and the HUman Factors in intraoperative Ophthalmic Emergencies Scoring System (HUFOES) respectively. Paired t-tests were used to establish the difference in mean HUFOES and OSATS scores between initial and repeat simulations; p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. McGaghie's model of translational outcomes for simulation-based learning was used to establish the simulation model's educational status. RESULTS: Seventeen cataract surgeons of varying training grades participated in the simulation-based training model. NTS improved with statistical significance; mean HUFOES scores increased from 48.7 ± 16.6 to 59.2 ± 14.8 (p < 0.001). Mean OSATS scores increased without statistical significance from 16.0 ± 7.3 to 17.9 ± 8.3 (p = 0.07). This simulation model achieved Level 1 (internal acceptability) and Level 2 (contained effects) according to McGaghie's model. CONCLUSIONS: This novel simulation-based training model was designed to improve the NTS required for managing intraoperative PCR, through the provision of an interactive training session. Statistically significant improvements in participants' NTS in combination with statistically insignificant improvements in TS demonstrate that the simulation-based training model has specificity within the NTS domain.

Validity of scoring systems for the assessment of technical and non-technical skills in ophthalmic surgery-a systematic review.

Evaluation and recommendation of the scoring systems for technical skills (TS) and non-technical skills (NTS) assessments in ophthalmic surgery. A literature search was performed between December 2019 and May 2020. Studies describing the development or validation of TS or NTS scoring systems in ophthalmic surgery were included. Only scoring systems for completion by hand were included. The primary outcome was the validity and reliability status for each scoring system. The secondary outcome was recommendation based on modified Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine guidelines. Nineteen and five scoring systems were identified for TS and NTS respectively. TS scoring systems exist for cataract surgery (including the steps of phacoemulsification and paediatric cataract surgery) ptosis, strabismus, lateral tarsal strip, vitrectomy, and intraocular surgery in general. NTS scoring systems apply to cataract surgery or ophthalmic surgery in general. No single scoring system satisfied all validity and reliability measures. The recommended TS scoring systems are 'International Council of Ophthalmology's Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubrics' (ICO-OSCAR) for phacoemulsification, strabismus and paediatric cataract surgery, and 'Objective Structured Assessment of Cataract Surgical Skill' (OSACSS). Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS), Observational Teamwork Assessment for Surgery (OTAS) and Anaesthetists Non-Technical Skills (ANTS) are recommended for NTS. There is a paucity of NTS scoring systems. Further research is required to validate all scoring systems to consistent standards. Limitations of the assessment tools included infrequent quantification of face and content validity, and inconsistency in terminology and statistical methods between studies.

Development of the HUman Factors in intraoperative Ophthalmic Emergencies Scoring System (HUFOES) for non-technical skills in cataract surgery.

BACKGROUND: Nontechnical skills (NTS) are fundamental for successfully managing intraoperative complications. We aimed to develop the HUman Factors in intraoperative Ophthalmic Emergencies Scoring System (HUFOES); an NTS assessment system for posterior capsule rupture (PCR) during cataract surgery. METHODS: A literature review and a focus group consisting of three cataract surgeons and one NTS researcher elicited the important NTS for the management of intraoperative cataract surgery complications. A novel taxonomy of NTS specific for PCR management was generated. Questionnaires were distributed to ophthalmologists in one UK training region. Delphi methodology was used to develop a final HUFOES draft. One further questionnaire was used to gain feasibility, educational impact and validity data. RESULTS: All HUFOES components achieved a mean importance rating of >8/10 and achieved high interrater agreement ratings (α = 0.953). Interrater agreement scores for HUFOES categories were: teamwork and communication (α = 0.819), leadership (α = 0.859), decision making (α = 0.753), situational awareness (α = 0.840) and professionalism (α = 0.890). In all, 92.8% (n = 13) rated HUFOES as specific for use, 85.7% (n = 12) agreed it contains appropriate assessment measures, 92.8% (n = 13) agreed that training with HUFOES would enhance preparation for PCR management and 78.6% (n = 11) declared HUFOES as the preferable training system for NTS in intraoperative ophthalmic emergencies when compared with the current gold standard. CONCLUSIONS: HUFOES has been developed and validated as a tool for the training and assessment of NTS in PCR. An NTS training programme integrated with HUFOES should be considered in order to enhance surgical NTS for managing intraoperative complications, and improve performance and outcomes following PCR.

Training Tools for Nontechnical Skills for Surgeons-A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Development of nontechnical skills for surgeons has been recognized as an important factor in surgical care. Training tools for this specific domain are being created and validated to maximize the surgeon's nontechnical ability. This systematic review aims to outline, address, and recommend these training tools. DESIGN: A full and comprehensive literature search, using a systematic format, was performed on ScienceDirect and PubMed, with data extraction occurring in line with specified inclusion criteria. SETTING: Systematic review was performed fully at King's College London. RESULTS: A total of 84 heterogeneous articles were used in this review. Further, 23 training tools including scoring systems, training programs, and mixtures of the two for a range of specialities were identified in the literature. Most can be applied to surgery overall, although some tools target specific specialities (such as neurosurgery). Interrater reliability, construct, content, and face validation statuses were variable according to the specific tool in question. CONCLUSIONS: Study results pertaining to nontechnical skill training tools have thus far been universally positive, but further studies are required for those more recently developed and less extensively used tools. Recommendations can be made for individual training tools based on their level of validation and for their target audience. Based on the number of studies performed and their status of validity, NOTSS and Oxford NOTECHS II can be considered the gold standard for individual- and team-based nontechnical skills training, respectively, especially when used in conjunction with a training program.