Reference-based analysis of lung single-cell sequencing reveals a transitional profibrotic macrophage.

Tissue fibrosis is a major cause of mortality that results from the deposition of matrix proteins by an activated mesenchyme. Macrophages accumulate in fibrosis, but the role of specific subgroups in supporting fibrogenesis has not been investigated in vivo. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the heterogeneity of macrophages in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice. A novel computational framework for the annotation of scRNA-seq by reference to bulk transcriptomes (SingleR) enabled the subclustering of macrophages and revealed a disease-associated subgroup with a transitional gene expression profile intermediate between monocyte-derived and alveolar macrophages. These CX3CR1+SiglecF+ transitional macrophages localized to the fibrotic niche and had a profibrotic effect in vivo. Human orthologs of genes expressed by the transitional macrophages were upregulated in samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, we have identified a pathological subgroup of transitional macrophages that are required for the fibrotic response to injury.

Data-driven electrolyte design for lithium metal anodes.

Improving Coulombic efficiency (CE) is key to the adoption of high energy density lithium metal batteries. Liquid electrolyte engineering has emerged as a promising strategy for improving the CE of lithium metal batteries, but its complexity renders the performance prediction and design of electrolytes challenging. Here, we develop machine learning (ML) models that assist and accelerate the design of high-performance electrolytes. Using the elemental composition of electrolytes as the features of our models, we apply linear regression, random forest, and bagging models to identify the critical features for predicting CE. Our models reveal that a reduction in the solvent oxygen content is critical for superior CE. We use the ML models to design electrolyte formulations with fluorine-free solvents that achieve a high CE of 99.70%. This work highlights the promise of data-driven approaches that can accelerate the design of high-performance electrolytes for lithium metal batteries.

A Medium-Term Comparison of Quality of Life and Pain After Robotic or Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

INTRODUCTION: We sought to compare medium-term outcomes between robotic-assisted cholecystectomy (RC) and laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) using validated quality of life (QoL) and pain assessments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent RC or LC between 2012 and 2017 at a single academic institution were examined. Cases converted to open were excluded. Patients were contacted by telephone in 2019 and completed two standardized surveys to rate their QoL and pain. RESULTS: Of those screened, 122 (35.8%) completed both surveys. Ninety three (76.2%) underwent RC and 29 (23.8%) underwent LC. The groups (RC versus LC) were similar based on mean age (47.9 versus 45.5 y, P = 0.48), gender (66.7% versus 72.4% female, P = 0.56), race (86.0% White/5.4% Black versus 72.4% White/13.8% Black, P = 0.2), insurance status (98.9% versus 100.0% insured, P = 0.58), median body mass index (31.8 versus 31.3, P = 0.43), and median Charlson Comorbidity Index (1 versus 0, P = 0.14). Fewer RC patients had a history of steroid use compared to LC (16.1% versus 34.5%, P = 0.03). No overall significant difference in QoL was demonstrated. LC group had higher severity of "tiring-exhausting pain" (P = 0.04), "electric-shock pain" (P = 0.003), and "shooting pain" (P = 0.05). The "overall intensity" of pain in the "gallbladder region" between the groups was similar at the time of follow-up (P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: QoL over 2-7 y following time of surgery is comparable for robotic-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomies. The laparoscopic approach may be associated with a higher severity of subset categories of pain, but overall pain between the two approaches is comparable.

The role of anticoagulation for superior sagittal sinus thrombosis following craniotomy for resection of parasagittal/parafalcine meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE: The safety and efficacy of anticoagulation in managing superior sagittal sinus (SSS) thrombosis remains unclear. The present study investigated the relationship between anticoagulation and cerebrovascular complications in parasagittal/parafalcine meningioma patients presenting with post-surgical SSS thrombosis. METHODS: We analyzed 266 patients treated at a single institution between 2005 and 2020. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test and Fisher's exact test. Multivariate analysis was conducted using a logistic regression model. Blood thinning medications investigated included aspirin, warfarin, heparin, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and other novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs). A symptomatic SSS thrombosis was defined as a radiographically apparent thrombosis with new headaches, seizures, altered sensorium, or neurological deficits. RESULTS: Our patient cohort was majority female (67.3%) with a mean age ([Formula: see text] SD) of 58.82 [Formula: see text] 13.04 years. A total of 15 (5.6%) patients developed postoperative SSS thrombosis and 5 (1.9%) were symptomatic; 2 (0.8%) symptomatic patients received anticoagulation. None of these 15 patients developed cerebrovascular complications following observation or anticoagulative treatment of asymptomatic SSS thrombosis. While incidence of any other postoperative complications was significantly associated with SSS thrombosis in bivariate analysis (p = 0.015), this association was no longer observed in multivariate analysis (OR = 2.15, p = 0.16) when controlling for patient age, sex, and anatomical location of the tumor along the SSS. CONCLUSIONS: Our single-institution study examining the incidence of SSS thrombosis and associated risk factors highlights the need for further research efforts better prognosticate this adverse outcome. Conservative management may represent a viable treatment strategy for patients with SSS thrombosis.

Cumulative summation analysis of learning curve for robotic-assisted hiatal hernia repairs.

BACKGROUND: Robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery (RALS) is evolving as an important surgical approach in the field of general surgery. We aimed to evaluate the learning curve for RALS procedures involving repair of hiatal hernias. METHODS: A series of robotic-assisted hiatal hernia (HH) repairs were performed between 2013 and 2017 by a surgeon at a single institution. Data were entered into a retrospective database. Patient demographics and intraoperative parameters including console time (CT), surgery time (ST), and total operative time (OT) were examined and abstracted for learning curve analysis using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method. Assessment of perioperative and post-operative outcomes were calculated using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 57.4 years, average BMI was 29.9 kg/m2, median American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification was 2, and average Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score was 2.8. The series had a mean CT of 132.6 min, mean ST of 145.1 min, and mean OT of 197.4 min. The CUSUM learning curve for CT was best approximated as a third-order polynomial consisting of three unique phases: the initial training phase (case 1-40), the improvement phase (case 41-85), and the mastery phase (case 86 onwards). There was no significant difference in perioperative complications between the phases. Short-term clinical outcomes were comparable with national standards and did not correlate significantly with operative experience. CONCLUSIONS: The three phases identified with CUSUM analysis represented characteristic stages of the learning curve for robotic hiatal hernia procedures. Our data suggest the training phase is achieved after 40 cases and a high level of mastery is achieved after approximately 85 cases. Thus, the CUSUM method serves as a useful tool for objectively evaluating practical skills for surgeons and can ultimately help establish milestones that assess surgical competency during robotic surgery training.

Overlapping attentional networks yield divergent behavioral predictions across tasks: Neuromarkers for diffuse and focused attention?

Attention is a critical cognitive function, allowing humans to select, enhance, and sustain focus on information of behavioral relevance. Attention contains dissociable neural and psychological components. Nevertheless, some brain networks support multiple attentional functions. In this study, we used the visual attentional blink (VAB) as a test of the functional generalizability of the brain's attentional networks. In a VAB task, attention devoted to a target often causes a subsequent item to be missed. Although frequently attributed to limitations in attentional capacity or selection, VAB deficits attenuate when participants are distracted or deploy attention diffusely. The VAB is also behaviorally and theoretically dissociable from other attention tasks. Here we used Connectome-based Predictive Models (CPMs), which associate individual differences in task performance with functional connectivity patterns, to test their ability to predict performance for multiple attentional tasks. We constructed visual attentional blink (VAB) CPMs, and then used them and a sustained attention network model (saCPM; Rosenberg et al., 2016a) to predict performance. The latter model had been previously shown to successfully predict performance across tasks involving selective attention, inhibitory control, and even reading recall. Participants (n â€‹= â€‹73; 24 males) underwent fMRI while performing the VAB task and while resting. Outside the scanner, they completed other cognitive tasks over several days. A vabCPM constructed from VAB task data (behavior and fMRI) successfully predicted VAB performance. Strikingly, the network edges that predicted better VAB performance (positive edges) predicted worse performance for selective and sustained attention tasks, and vice versa. Predictions from applying the saCPM to the data mirrored these results, with the network's negative edges predicting better VAB performance. The vabCPM's positive edges partially yet significantly overlapped with the saCPM's negative edges, and vice versa. Many positive edges from the vabCPM involved the default mode network, whereas many negative edges involved the salience/ventral attention network. We conclude that the vabCPM and saCPM networks reflect general attentional functions that influence performance on many tasks. The networks may indicate an individual's propensity to deploy attention in a more diffuse or a more focused manner.

Reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects alters microvascular tissue oxygenation during postocclusive reactive hyperaemia.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of the study? Are measures of reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects correlated with near-infrared spectroscopy-derived microvascular responsiveness [tissue oxygen saturation reperfusion rate (STO2 upslope)] during postocclusive reactive hyperaemia? What is the main finding and its importance? A sevenfold range of hepatic insulin sensitivity is significantly correlated (r = 0.44, P = 0.02) with STO2 upslope after transient tissue ischaemia. Near-infrared spectroscopy may be an important tool for determining altered microvascular function before onset of hyperglycaemia. Identification of pre-type 2 diabetes much earlier than with the present clinical criteria is important for pre-emptive measures against microvascular deterioration. ABSTRACT: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measurement of postocclusive reactive hyperaemia (PORH) tissue oxygen saturation reperfusion rate [STO2 upslope (as a percentage per minute)] has recently been correlated with the percentage of flow-mediated dilatation (%FMD). Cardiovascular disease is associated with impairments in %FMD. Reduced insulin sensitivity may negatively affect the vascular system for many years before prediabetes/type 2 diabetes states. The aim of this study was to determine whether static and dynamic STO2 parameters during PORH are correlated with reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic subjects. Glucose and insulin were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test in 18- to 26-year-old, healthy subjects (11 men and 11 women), and STO2 was measured during PORH of antebrachial muscle. Hepatic (ISIHOMA ) and whole-body (ISICOMP ) insulin sensitivities were calculated. The STO2 upslope was negatively correlated with minimal STO2 (r = -0.5, P = 0.01). The change of STO2 from minimum to baseline (ΔSTO2 ) was significantly negatively correlated with fasting insulin (r = -0.5, P = 0.01) and a positively correlated with ISIHOMA (r = 0.65, P = 0.001). The minimum STO2 was significantly negatively correlated with ISIHOMA , and STO2 upslope was significantly positively correlated with ISIHOMA (r = 0.44, P = 0.02). The minimum STO2 (a measure of O2 extraction while the cuff was inflated), ΔSTO2 (a measure of the amount of reperfusion) and STO2 upslope (a measure of responsiveness of the microcirculation to ischaemia) were all positively correlated with ISIHOMA , one of the longest-used measures of insulin sensitivity. The NIRS-derived STO2 might be a useful tool for assessing how levels of reduced insulin sensitivity in young, normoglycaemic adults affect the microvasculature.

ROBOtic Care Outcomes Project for acute gallbladder pathology.

BACKGROUND: Robotic cholecystectomy is being increasingly used for patients with acute gallbladder disease who present to the emergency department, but clinical evidence is limited. We aimed to compare the outcomes of emergent laparoscopic and robotic cholecystectomies in a large real-world database. METHODS: Patients who received emergent laparoscopic or robotic cholecystectomies from 2020 to 2022 were identified from the Intuitive Custom Hospital Analytics database, based on deidentified extraction of electronic health record data from US hospitals. Conversion to open or subtotal cholecystectomy and complications were defined using ICD10 and/or CPT codes. Multivariate logistic regression with inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) was performed to compare clinical outcomes of laparoscopic versus robotic approach after balancing covariates. Cost analysis was performed with activity-based costing and adjustment for inflation. RESULTS: Of 26,786 laparoscopic and 3,151 robotic emergent cholecystectomy patients being included, 64% were female, 60% were ≥45 years, and 24% were obese. Approximately 5.5% patients presented with pancreatitis, and 4% each presenting with sepsis and biliary obstruction. After IPTW, distributions of all baseline covariates were balanced. Robotic cholecystectomy decreased odds of conversion to open (odds ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.49-0.93; p = 0.035), but increased odds of subtotal cholecystectomy (odds ratio, 1.64; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.60; p = 0.037). Surgical site infection, readmission, length of stay, hospital acquired conditions, bile duct injury or leak, and hospital mortality were similar in both groups. There was no significant difference in hospital cost. CONCLUSION: Robotic cholecystectomy has reduced odds of conversion to open and comparable complications, but increased odds of subtotal cholecystectomy compared with laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute gallbladder diseases. Further work is required to assess the long-term implications of these differences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic/Care Management; Level IV.

Association of Residency Applicants' Hobbies and Subsequent Technical Proficiency Ratings as General Surgery Chief Residents: A Multi-Institutional Study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether participation in certain hobbies (e.g., participation in sports, playing musical instruments, or other hobbies requiring fine motor skills), preresidency, are associated with higher technical skills ratings at the time of residency graduation. DESIGN: Faculty members from 14 general surgery residency programs scored individual graduates from 2017 to 2020 on their technical skills using a 5-point Likert scale. Hobbies for these residents were collected from their Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) data. A single reviewer classified each ERAS hobby into predefined categories including musical instruments, sports requiring hand-eye coordination, team sports, and activities necessitating hand-eye coordination. Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated for the relationship between each category of hobby-as well as the total number of hobbies in each category-and the outcome of surgical faculty ratings of residents' technical surgical skills during their last year of residency. A proportional odds model including the above predictive variables was also fit to the data. SETTING: Fourteen general surgery residency programs. PARTICIPANTS: General surgery residency graduates from 14 different programs from 2017 to 2020. RESULTS: There were 296 residents across 14 institutions. The average ranking of residents' technical skills was 3.24 (SD 1.1). A total of 40% of residents played sports involving hand-eye coordination, 31% played team sports, 28% participated in nonsport hobbies that require eye-hand coordination, and 20% played musical instruments. Correlation coefficients were not statistically significant for any of the categories. In the proportional odds model, none of the variables were associated with statistically significant increased odds of a higher technical skills rating. CONCLUSIONS: There was no correlation between general surgery chief residents' technical skills as rated by faculty, and self-reported pre-residency hobbies on the ERAS application. These findings suggest such hobbies prior to residency are unlikely to predict future technical skills prowess.

Scanning the aged to minimize missed injury: An EAST multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the high incidence of blunt trauma in older adults, there is a lack of evidence-based guidance for computed tomography (CT) imaging in this population. We aimed to identify an algorithm to guide use of a Pan-Scan (Head/C-spine/Torso) or a Selective Scan (Head/C-spine ± Torso). We hypothesized that a patient's initial history and exam could be used to guide imaging. METHODS: We prospectively studied blunt trauma patients aged 65+ at 18 Level I/II trauma centers. Patients presenting >24 h after injury or who died upon arrival were excluded. We collected history and physical elements and final injury diagnoses. Injury diagnoses were categorized into CT body regions of Head/C-spine or Torso (chest, abdomen/pelvis, and T/L spine). Using machine learning and regression modeling as well as a priori clinical algorithms based, we tested various decision rules against our dataset. Our priority was to identify a simple rule which could be applied at the bedside, maximizing sensitivity (Sens) and negative predictive value (NPV) to minimize missed injuries. RESULTS: We enrolled 5,498 patients with 3,082 injuries. Nearly half (47.1%, n = 2,587) had an injury within the defined CT body regions. No rule to guide a Pan-Scan could be identified with suitable Sens/NPV for clinical use. A clinical algorithm to identify patients for Pan-Scan, using a combination of physical exam findings and specific high-risk criteria, was identified and had a Sens of 0.94 and NPV of 0.86 This rule would have identified injuries in all but 90 patients (1.6%) and would theoretically spare 11.9% (655) of blunt trauma patients a torso CT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings advocate for Head/Cspine CT in all geriatric patients with the addition of torso CT in the setting of positive clinical findings and high-risk criteria. Prospective validation of this rule could lead to streamlined diagnostic care of this growing trauma population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2, Diagnostic Tests or Criteria.

Parallel programming of saccades during natural scene viewing: evidence from eye movement positions.

Previous studies have shown that saccade plans during natural scene viewing can be programmed in parallel. This evidence comes mainly from temporal indicators, i.e., fixation durations and latencies. In the current study, we asked whether eye movement positions recorded during scene viewing also reflect parallel programming of saccades. As participants viewed scenes in preparation for a memory task, their inspection of the scene was suddenly disrupted by a transition to another scene. We examined whether saccades after the transition were invariably directed immediately toward the center or were contingent on saccade onset times relative to the transition. The results, which showed a dissociation in eye movement behavior between two groups of saccades after the scene transition, supported the parallel programming account. Saccades with relatively long onset times (>100 ms) after the transition were directed immediately toward the center of the scene, probably to restart scene exploration. Saccades with short onset times (<100 ms) moved to the center only one saccade later. Our data on eye movement positions provide novel evidence of parallel programming of saccades during scene viewing. Additionally, results from the analyses of intersaccadic intervals were also consistent with the parallel programming hypothesis.

Prospective Assessment of Social Determinants of Health and Length of Stay Among Emergency General Surgery and Trauma Patients.

BACKGROUND: Social determinants of health (SDOH) including insurance and substance use affect 50-90% of health outcomes, yet there remains no standard means to quantify or predict their impact. We prospectively evaluated the effects of SDOH on length of stay (LOS) and readmissions among emergency general surgery (EGS) and trauma patients. We compared these outcomes with Medicare Diagnosis Related Group (DRG) data to better quantify the impact of SDOH. METHODS: Adult (≥18 years old) EGS/trauma patients admitted July 7-28, 2020 at a Level 1 trauma center were prospectively enrolled. Primary outcomes were overall LOS, one-year readmissions, and excess LOS (eLOS), defined as days beyond DRG mean LOS. RESULTS: Assessment of SDOH among the 52 patients enrolled revealed that 5.8% of patients were homeless; 26.9% experienced substance abuse; 13.5% were uninsured on admission; and 7.7% on discharge. Mean LOS was 5 ± 4 days; 1-year readmission rate 25.0%; eLOS mean 1.75 ± 2.4 days. LOS was associated with substance use (OR 70.6 95% CI 11.7-160.4). eLOS was associated with substance use (OR 6.1, 95% CI 1.5-25.1) and public or no insurance (OR 26.0, 95% CI 4.9-138.1). No correlations were found between SDOH and readmission rates. DISCUSSION: EGS and trauma patients experience high rates of negative SDOH which affect clinical outcomes including LOS and readmissions. Medicare DRG determined eLOS is a fiscally relevant measure of the impact of SDOH and differs from LOS and readmissions. Further investigation is required to determine if eLOS can delineate the effects of other SDOH on admission outcomes for this patient population.

Predictors of surgical site infection in glioblastoma patients undergoing craniotomy for tumor resection.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical site infections (SSIs) burden patients and healthcare systems, often requiring additional intervention. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between preoperative predictors inclusive of scalp incision type and postoperative SSI following glioblastoma resection. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed cases of glioblastoma resection performed at their institution from December 2006 to December 2019 and noted preoperative demographic and clinical presentations, excluding patients missing these data. Preoperative nutritional indices were available for a subset of cases. Scalp incisions were categorized as linear/curvilinear, reverse question mark, trapdoor, or frontotemporal. Patients were dichotomized by SSI incidence. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine predictors of SSI. RESULTS: A total of 911 cases of glioblastoma resection were identified, 30 (3.3%) of which demonstrated postoperative SSI. There were no significant differences in preoperative malnutrition or number of surgeries between SSI and non-SSI cases. The SSI cases had a significantly lower preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) than the non-SSI cases (63.0 vs 75.1, p < 0.0001), were more likely to have prior radiation history (43.3% vs 26.4%, p = 0.042), and were more likely to have received steroids both preoperatively and postoperatively (83.3% vs 54.5%, p = 0.002). Linear/curvilinear incisions were more common in non-SSI than in SSI cases (56.9% vs 30.0%, p = 0.004). Trapdoor scalp incisions were more frequent in SSI than non-SSI cases (43.3% vs 24.2%, p = 0.012). On multivariable analysis, a lower preoperative KPS (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02-1.06), a trapdoor scalp incision (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.37-8.49), and combined preoperative and postoperative steroid administration (OR 3.52, 95% CI 1.41-10.7) were independently associated with an elevated risk of postoperative SSI. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings indicated that SSI risk following craniotomy for glioblastoma resection may be elevated in patients with a low preoperative KPS, a trapdoor scalp incision during surgery, and steroid treatment both preoperatively and postoperatively. These data may help guide future operative decision-making for these patients.

Predicting High-Value Care Outcomes After Surgery for Non-Skull Base Meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE: A need exists to better understand the prognostic factors that influence high-value care outcomes after meningioma surgery. The goal of the present study was to develop predictive models to determine the patients at risk of experiencing an extended hospital length of stay (LOS), nonroutine discharge disposition, and/or a 90-day hospital readmission after non-skull base meningioma resection. METHODS: In the present study, we analyzed the data from 396 patients who had undergone surgical resection of non-skull base meningiomas at a single institution between January 1, 2005 and December 31, 2020. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for bivariate analysis of the continuous variables and the Fisher exact test for bivariate analysis of the categorical variables. A multivariate analysis was conducted using logistic regression models. RESULTS: Most patients had had a falcine or parasagittal meningioma (66.2%), with the remainder having convexity (31.8%) or intraventricular (2.0%) tumors. Nonelective surgery (P < 0.0001) and an increased tumor volume (P = 0.0022) were significantly associated with a LOS >4 days on multivariate analysis. The independent predictors of a nonroutine discharge disposition included male sex (P = 0.0090), nonmarried status (P = 0.024), nonelective surgery (P = 0.0067), tumor location within the parasagittal or intraventricular region (P = 0.0084), and an increased modified frailty index score (P = 0.039). Hospital readmission within 90 days was independently associated with nonprivate insurance (P = 0.010) and nonmarried status (P = 0.0081). Three models predicting for a prolonged LOS, nonroutine discharge disposition, and 90-day readmission were implemented in the form of an open-access, online calculator (available at: https://neurooncsurgery3.shinyapps.io/non_skull_base_meningiomas/). CONCLUSIONS: After external validation, our open-access, online calculator could be useful for assessing the likelihood of adverse postoperative outcomes for patients undergoing surgery of non-skull base meningioma.

Characteristics Associated With Outstanding General Surgery Residency Graduate Performance, as Rated by Surgical Educators.

Importance: Characteristics of outstanding graduating surgical residents are currently undefined. Identifying these qualities may be important in guiding resident selection and resident education. Objective: To determine characteristics that are most strongly associated with being rated as an outstanding graduating surgical resident. Design, Setting, and Participants: The multi-institutional study had 3 phases. First, an expert panel developed a list of characteristics embodied by top graduating surgical residents. Second, groups of faculty from 14 US general-surgery residency programs ranked 2017 through 2020 graduates into quartiles of overall performance. Third, faculty evaluated their graduates on each characteristic using a 5-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using Spearman rank-order correlation to identify which individual characteristics were associated with overall graduate performance. A least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) ordinal regression was performed to select a parsimonious model to predict the outcome of overall performance rating from individual characteristic scores. Main Outcome and Measures: Surgical educators' rankings of general surgery residency graduates' overall performance. Results: Fifty faculty from 14 US residency programs with a median of 13 (range, 5-30) years of surgical education experience evaluated 297 general surgery residency graduates. Surgical educators identified 21 characteristics that they believed outstanding graduating surgical residents possessed. Two hundred ninety-seven surgical residency graduates were evaluated. Higher scores in every characteristic correlated with better overall performance. Characteristics most strongly associated with higher overall performance scores were surgical judgment (r = 0.728; P < .001), leadership (r = 0.726; P < .001), postoperative clinical skills (r = 0.715; P < .001), and preoperative clinical skills (r = 0.707; P < .001). The remainder of the characteristics were moderately associated with overall performance. The LASSO regression model identified 3 characteristics from which overall resident performance could be accurately predicted without measuring other qualities: surgical judgment (odds ratio [OR] per 1 level of 5-level Likert scale OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.03-1.51), leadership (OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06-1.48), and medical knowledge (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.33). Conclusions and Relevance: All individual characteristics identified by surgical educators as being qualities of outstanding graduating surgical residents were positively associated with overall graduate performance. Surgical judgment and leadership skills had the strongest individual associations. Assessment of only 3 qualities (surgical judgment, leadership, and medical knowledge) were required to predict overall resident performance ratings. These findings highlight the importance of developing specific surgical judgment and leadership skills curricula and assessments during surgical residency.

The National Student Neurosurgical Research Conference: A Research Conference for Medical Students.

OBJECTIVE: Medical students interested in neurosurgery are increasingly involved in research, and research conferences have proven valuable for developing medical research experience and exposure. A research conference was designed for medical students interested in neurosurgery to present research. METHODS: Our team designed an annual research conference at the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University in conjunction with the Neurosurgery and Neurology Departments. In February 2019, we hosted the first Student Neurosurgical and Neurological Research Conference (SNRC), the first national research conference, to our knowledge, designed for medical students to present neurosurgical research in the United States. The conference consisted of student poster/oral presentations, keynote speeches from clinical faculty, and surgical skills workstations. In February 2020, we hosted the second SNRC. After each conference, participants (n = 55) completed a survey to assess student perspectives of the conference. RESULTS: Fifty-five medical students from around the nation attended the conferences to present their research. One hundred percent of participants affirmed that the conference fulfilled their primary reason for attending, which for most (54.5%) was the opportunity to present research. Thematic analysis revealed that students especially appreciated the "lower stress environment" and "opportunity to get feedback on their research." Notably, 97.6% of students felt the conference strengthened or increased their interest in neurosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: Participants felt that the SNRC was a valuable opportunity to present research in an environment conducive for practice and improvement. Research conferences primarily for medical students may support the development of young researchers while increasing and strengthening interest in the field of neurosurgery.

A survey study examining the motivations, concerns, and perspectives of medical students engaging in neurosurgical research.

BACKGROUND: In a competitive landscape for neurosurgical residency admission, research productivity is increasingly important. Medical school applicants to neurosurgery report high numbers of "scholarly products" as published by the National Residency Match Program. Despite increased student involvement in research and productivity, to the best of our knowledge, no previous reported studies have examined student perspectives on their involvement in neurosurgical research. METHODS: For 2 consecutive years (February 2019 and February 2020), medical students (n = 55) from around the United States presented original research at the Student Neurosurgical Research Conference. Participants were administered a mixed-method survey designed to assess experiences and perspectives on engaging in neurosurgical research. Survey responses were analyzed independently by two researchers to assess for common themes and perspectives. RESULTS: Medical students engaged in all types of research work across nearly every neurosurgical subfield with "Basic/Bench Lab work" (38.5%) and "Chart Review" (23.1%) representing the majority of projects. Students commonly cited "curiosity/interest," and "residency application competitiveness" as main reasons for participation in research. About 66% of respondents reported experiencing anxiety/concern about research productivity "often" or "very often." Thematic analysis revealed that sources of research-related stress were (1) having enough publications to match into residency, and (2) having enough time in medical school to engage in research. CONCLUSION: Medical students engaging in neurosurgical research are highly motivated students driven by scientific curiosity and pressure to prepare for competitive residency applications. Students experience anxiety due to time constraints in medical curricula and increasing demands for scholarly productivity.

Observational study on wearable biosensors and machine learning-based remote monitoring of COVID-19 patients.

Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 may deteriorate rapidly and therefore continuous monitoring is necessary. We conducted an observational study involving patients with mild COVID-19 to explore the potentials of wearable biosensors and machine learning-based analysis of physiology parameters to detect clinical deterioration. Thirty-four patients (median age: 32 years; male: 52.9%) with mild COVID-19 from Queen Mary Hospital were recruited. The mean National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) were 0.59 ± 0.7. 1231 manual measurement of physiology parameters were performed during hospital stay (median 15 days). Physiology parameters obtained from wearable biosensors correlated well with manual measurement including pulse rate (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001) and oxygen saturation (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001). A machine learning-derived index reflecting overall health status, Biovitals Index (BI), was generated by autonomous analysis of physiology parameters, symptoms, and other medical data. Daily BI was linearly associated with respiratory tract viral load (p < 0.0001) and NEWS2 (r = 0.75, p < 0.001). BI was superior to NEWS2 in predicting clinical worsening events (sensitivity 94.1% and specificity 88.9%) and prolonged hospitalization (sensitivity 66.7% and specificity 72.7%). Wearable biosensors coupled with machine learning-derived health index allowed automated detection of clinical deterioration.

Predictors of Mortality in Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage: A National Trauma Data Bank Study.

Background/Objective: Traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (tICH) accounts for significant trauma morbidity and mortality. Several studies have developed prognostic models for tICH outcomes, but previous models face limitations, including poor generalizability and limited accuracy. The objective was to develop a prognostic model and determine predictors of mortality using the largest trauma database in the U.S., applying rigorous analytical methodology with true hold-out-set model validation. Methods: We identified 248,536 patients in the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) from 2012 to 2016 with a diagnosis code associated with tICH. For each admission, we collected demographic information, systolic blood pressure, blood alcohol level (BAL), Glasgow Coma Score (GCS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), presence of epidural/subdural/subarachnoid/intraparenchymal hemorrhage, comorbidities, complications, trauma center level, and trauma center region. Our final study population was 212,666 patients following exclusion of records with missing data. The dependent variable was patient death. Linear support vector machine (SVM) classification was carried out with recursive feature selection. Model performance was assessed using holdout 10-fold cross-validation. Results: Cross-validation demonstrated a mean accuracy of 0.792 (95% CI 0.783-0.799). Accuracy, precision, recall, and AUC were 0.827, 0.309, 0.750, and 0.791, respectively. In the final model, high ISS, advanced age, subdural hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage were associated with increased mortality, while high GCS verbal and motor subscores, current smoker, BAL beyond the legal limit, and level 1 trauma center were associated with decreased mortality. Conclusions: A linear SVM model was developed for tICH, with nine features selected as predictors of mortality. These findings are applicable to multiple hemorrhage subtypes and may benefit the triage of high risk patients upon admission. While many studies have attempted to create models to predict mortality in TBI, we sought to confirm those predictors using modern modeling approaches, machine learning, and true hold-out test sets, using the largest available TBI database in the U.S. We find that while the predictors we identify are consistent with prior reports, overall prediction accuracy is somewhat lower than prior reports when assessed more rigorously.

Air-Filtering Masks for Respiratory Protection from PM2.5 and Pandemic Pathogens.

Air-filtering masks, also known as respirators, protect wearers from inhaling fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in polluted air, as well as airborne pathogens during a pandemic, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Fibrous medium, used as the filtration layer, is the most essential component of an air-filtering mask. This article presents an overview of the development of fibrous media for air filtration. We first synthesize the literature on several key factors that affect the filtration performance of fibrous media. We then concentrate on two major techniques for fabricating fibrous media, namely, meltblown and electrospinning. In addition, we underscore the importance of electret filters by reviewing various methods for imparting electrostatic charge on fibrous media. Finally, this article concludes with a perspective on the emerging research opportunities amid the COVID-19 crisis.