RESUMO
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells have complementary roles in tumor immunity, and dual T cell and NK cell attack thus offers opportunities to deepen the impact of immunotherapy. Recent work has also shown that NK cells play an important role in recruiting dendritic cells to tumors and thus enhance induction of CD8 T cell responses, while IL-2 secreted by T cells activates NK cells. Targeting of immune evasion mechanisms from the activating NKG2D receptor and its MICA and MICB ligands on tumor cells offers opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Interestingly, T cells and NK cells share several important inhibitory and activating receptors that can be targeted to enhance T cell- and NK cell-mediated immunity. These inhibitory receptor-ligand systems include CD161-CLEC2D, TIGIT-CD155, and NKG2A/CD94-HLA-E. We also discuss emerging therapeutic strategies based on inhibitory and activating cytokines that profoundly impact the function of both lymphocyte populations within tumors.
Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais , Neoplasias , Humanos , Animais , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Imunoterapia , Imunidade CelularRESUMO
Interest in harnessing natural killer (NK) cells for cancer immunotherapy is rapidly growing. However, efficacy of NK cell-based immunotherapy remains limited in most trials. Strategies to augment the killing efficacy of NK cells are thus much needed. In the current study, we found that mitochondrial apoptosis (mtApoptosis) pathway is essential for efficient NK killing, especially at physiologically relevant effector-to-target ratios. Furthermore, NK cells can prime cancer cells for mtApoptosis and mitochondrial priming status affects cancer-cell susceptibility to NK-mediated killing. Interestingly, pre-activating NK cells confers on them resistance to BH3 mimetics. Combining BH3 mimetics with NK cells synergistically kills cancer cells in vitro and suppresses tumor growth in vivo. The ideal BH3 mimetic to use in such an approach can be predicted by BH3 profiling. We herein report a rational and precision strategy to augment NK-based immunotherapy, which may be adaptable to T cell-based immunotherapies as well.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia , Células Matadoras Naturais , Neoplasias/terapia , Apoptose , Neoplasias/patologiaRESUMO
Immunotherapy is a promising treatment for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), but patients relapse, highlighting the need to understand the mechanisms of resistance. We discovered that in primary breast cancer, tumor cells that resist T cell attack are quiescent. Quiescent cancer cells (QCCs) form clusters with reduced immune infiltration. They also display superior tumorigenic capacity and higher expression of chemotherapy resistance and stemness genes. We adapted single-cell RNA-sequencing with precise spatial resolution to profile infiltrating cells inside and outside the QCC niche. This transcriptomic analysis revealed hypoxia-induced programs and identified more exhausted T cells, tumor-protective fibroblasts, and dysfunctional dendritic cells inside clusters of QCCs. This uncovered differential phenotypes in infiltrating cells based on their intra-tumor location. Thus, QCCs constitute immunotherapy-resistant reservoirs by orchestrating a local hypoxic immune-suppressive milieu that blocks T cell function. Eliminating QCCs holds the promise to counteract immunotherapy resistance and prevent disease recurrence in TNBC.
Assuntos
Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Humanos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Imunoterapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Linfócitos T/patologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Neoadjuvant immune checkpoint blockade has shown promising clinical activity. Here, we characterized early kinetics in tumor-infiltrating and circulating immune cells in oral cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-1/CTLA-4 in a clinical trial (NCT02919683). Tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells that clonally expanded during immunotherapy expressed elevated tissue-resident memory and cytotoxicity programs, which were already active prior to therapy, supporting the capacity for rapid response. Systematic target discovery revealed that treatment-expanded tumor T cell clones in responding patients recognized several self-antigens, including the cancer-specific antigen MAGEA1. Treatment also induced a systemic immune response characterized by expansion of activated T cells enriched for tumor-infiltrating T cell clonotypes, including both pre-existing and emergent clonotypes undetectable prior to therapy. The frequency of activated blood CD8 T cells, notably pre-treatment PD-1-positive KLRG1-negative T cells, was strongly associated with intra-tumoral pathological response. These results demonstrate how neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade induces local and systemic tumor immunity.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Humanos , Imunoterapia , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Neoplasias/terapia , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
During the past decade, immunotherapies have made a major impact on the treatment of diverse types of cancer. Inflammatory toxicities are not only a major concern for Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, but also limit the development and use of combination therapies. Fundamentally, these adverse events highlight the intricate balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways that regulate protective immune responses. Here, we discuss the cellular and molecular mechanisms of inflammatory adverse events, current approaches to treatment, as well as opportunities for the design of immunotherapies that limit such inflammatory toxicities while preserving anti-tumor efficacy.
Assuntos
Imunoterapia/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/etiologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Animais , Citocinas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/imunologiaRESUMO
T cells are critical effectors of cancer immunotherapies, but little is known about their gene expression programs in diffuse gliomas. Here, we leverage single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to chart the gene expression and clonal landscape of tumor-infiltrating T cells across 31 patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) wild-type glioblastoma and IDH mutant glioma. We identify potential effectors of anti-tumor immunity in subsets of T cells that co-express cytotoxic programs and several natural killer (NK) cell genes. Analysis of clonally expanded tumor-infiltrating T cells further identifies the NK gene KLRB1 (encoding CD161) as a candidate inhibitory receptor. Accordingly, genetic inactivation of KLRB1 or antibody-mediated CD161 blockade enhances T cell-mediated killing of glioma cells in vitro and their anti-tumor function in vivo. KLRB1 and its associated transcriptional program are also expressed by substantial T cell populations in other human cancers. Our work provides an atlas of T cells in gliomas and highlights CD161 and other NK cell receptors as immunotherapy targets.
Assuntos
Glioma/imunologia , Subfamília B de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/genética , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Glioma/genética , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Linfócitos do Interstício Tumoral/imunologia , Camundongos , Receptores de Superfície Celular/genética , Análise de Célula Única , Subpopulações de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/citologia , Evasão TumoralRESUMO
Checkpoint blockade with antibodies specific for the PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitory receptors can induce durable responses in a wide range of human cancers. However, the immunological mechanisms responsible for severe inflammatory side effects remain poorly understood. Here we report a comprehensive single-cell analysis of immune cell populations in colitis, a common and severe side effect of checkpoint blockade. We observed a striking accumulation of CD8 T cells with highly cytotoxic and proliferative states and no evidence of regulatory T cell depletion. T cell receptor (TCR) sequence analysis demonstrated that a substantial fraction of colitis-associated CD8 T cells originated from tissue-resident populations, explaining the frequently early onset of colitis symptoms following treatment initiation. Our analysis also identified cytokines, chemokines, and surface receptors that could serve as therapeutic targets for colitis and potentially other inflammatory side effects of checkpoint blockade.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/citologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/imunologia , Colite/metabolismo , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Imunoterapia/efeitos adversos , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/citologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/patologia , Antígeno CTLA-4/metabolismo , Quimiocinas/metabolismo , Colite/tratamento farmacológico , Colite/genética , Colite/imunologia , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/imunologia , Humanos , Inflamação/tratamento farmacológico , Inflamação/genética , Inflamação/metabolismo , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/imunologia , Melanoma/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Células Mieloides/citologia , RNA-Seq , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR3/genética , Receptores CXCR3/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR6/genética , Receptores CXCR6/metabolismo , Receptores de Quimiocinas/genética , Análise de Célula Única , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/metabolismoRESUMO
T cell recognition of specific antigens mediates protection from pathogens and controls neoplasias, but can also cause autoimmunity. Our knowledge of T cell antigens and their implications for human health is limited by the technical limitations of T cell profiling technologies. Here, we present T-Scan, a high-throughput platform for identification of antigens productively recognized by T cells. T-Scan uses lentiviral delivery of antigen libraries into cells for endogenous processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Target cells functionally recognized by T cells are isolated using a reporter for granzyme B activity, and the antigens mediating recognition are identified by next-generation sequencing. We show T-Scan correctly identifies cognate antigens of T cell receptors (TCRs) from viral and human genome-wide libraries. We apply T-Scan to discover new viral antigens, perform high-resolution mapping of TCR specificity, and characterize the reactivity of a tumor-derived TCR. T-Scan is a powerful approach for studying T cell responses.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Epitopos de Linfócito T/imunologia , Genes MHC Classe I/imunologia , Antígenos HLA/imunologia , Proteínas de Neoplasias/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Apresentação de Antígeno/imunologia , Antígenos de Neoplasias/genética , Doadores de Sangue , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/metabolismo , Feminino , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , Genes MHC Classe I/genética , Granzimas/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Antígenos HLA/genética , Humanos , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Transdução Genética , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) produce durable responses in some melanoma patients, but many patients derive no clinical benefit, and the molecular underpinnings of such resistance remain elusive. Here, we leveraged single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) from 33 melanoma tumors and computational analyses to interrogate malignant cell states that promote immune evasion. We identified a resistance program expressed by malignant cells that is associated with T cell exclusion and immune evasion. The program is expressed prior to immunotherapy, characterizes cold niches in situ, and predicts clinical responses to anti-PD-1 therapy in an independent cohort of 112 melanoma patients. CDK4/6-inhibition represses this program in individual malignant cells, induces senescence, and reduces melanoma tumor outgrowth in mouse models in vivo when given in combination with immunotherapy. Our study provides a high-resolution landscape of ICI-resistant cell states, identifies clinically predictive signatures, and suggests new therapeutic strategies to overcome immunotherapy resistance.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Quinase 6 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Melanoma/imunologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Evasão Tumoral , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Feminino , Humanos , Imunoterapia/métodos , Masculino , Melanoma/tratamento farmacológico , Melanoma/terapia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologiaRESUMO
During infection, antigen-specific T cells undergo tightly regulated developmental transitions controlled by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. We found that the microRNA miR-31 was strongly induced by activation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) in a pathway involving calcium and activation of the transcription factor NFAT. During chronic infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13, miR-31-deficent mice recovered from clinical disease, while wild-type mice continued to show signs of disease. This disease phenotype was explained by the presence of larger numbers of cytokine-secreting LCMV-specific CD8+ T cells in miR-31-deficent mice than in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, miR-31 increased the sensitivity of T cells to type I interferons, which interfered with effector T cell function and increased the expression of several proteins related to T cell dysfunction during chronic infection. These studies identify miR-31 as an important regulator of T cell exhaustion in chronic infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por Arenaviridae/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Citocinas/imunologia , MicroRNAs/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Infecções por Arenaviridae/genética , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Imunoprecipitação da Cromatina , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Citometria de Fluxo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Immunoblotting , Interferon Tipo I/farmacologia , Vírus da Coriomeningite Linfocítica/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , MicroRNAs/genética , Fatores de Transcrição NFATC/metabolismo , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
In order to survey a universe of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented peptide antigens whose numbers greatly exceed the diversity of the T cell repertoire, T cell receptors (TCRs) are thought to be cross-reactive. However, the nature and extent of TCR cross-reactivity has not been conclusively measured experimentally. We developed a system to identify MHC-presented peptide ligands by combining TCR selection of highly diverse yeast-displayed peptide-MHC libraries with deep sequencing. Although we identified hundreds of peptides reactive with each of five different mouse and human TCRs, the selected peptides possessed TCR recognition motifs that bore a close resemblance to their known antigens. This structural conservation of the TCR interaction surface allowed us to exploit deep-sequencing information to computationally identify activating microbial and self-ligands for human autoimmune TCRs. The mechanistic basis of TCR cross-reactivity described here enables effective surveillance of diverse self and foreign antigens without necessitating degenerate recognition of nonhomologous peptides.
Assuntos
Peptídeos/química , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/química , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Algoritmos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Reações Cruzadas , Antígenos HLA/imunologia , Antígenos HLA/metabolismo , Sequenciamento de Nucleotídeos em Larga Escala , Humanos , Ligantes , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Biblioteca de Peptídeos , Peptídeos/imunologia , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/imunologia , Linfócitos T/químicaRESUMO
Most cancer vaccines target peptide antigens, necessitating personalization owing to the vast inter-individual diversity in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules that present peptides to T cells. Furthermore, tumours frequently escape T cell-mediated immunity through mechanisms that interfere with peptide presentation1. Here we report a cancer vaccine that induces a coordinated attack by diverse T cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations. The vaccine targets the MICA and MICB (MICA/B) stress proteins expressed by many human cancers as a result of DNA damage2. MICA/B serve as ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor on T cells and NK cells, but tumours evade immune recognition by proteolytic MICA/B cleavage3,4. Vaccine-induced antibodies increase the density of MICA/B proteins on the surface of tumour cells by inhibiting proteolytic shedding, enhance presentation of tumour antigens by dendritic cells to T cells and augment the cytotoxic function of NK cells. Notably, this vaccine maintains efficacy against MHC class I-deficient tumours resistant to cytotoxic T cells through the coordinated action of NK cells and CD4+ T cells. The vaccine is also efficacious in a clinically important setting: immunization following surgical removal of primary, highly metastatic tumours inhibits the later outgrowth of metastases. This vaccine design enables protective immunity even against tumours with common escape mutations.
Assuntos
Síndromes Mielodisplásicas , Neoplasias , Dermatopatias Genéticas , Vacinas , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I , Humanos , Células Matadoras Naturais , Subfamília K de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/metabolismo , Neoplasias/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) places H3K27me3 at developmental genes and is causally implicated in keeping bivalent genes silent. It is unclear if that silence requires minimum H3K27me3 levels and how the mark transmits faithfully across mammalian somatic cell generations. Mouse intestinal cells lacking EZH2 methyltransferase reduce H3K27me3 proportionately at all PRC2 target sites, but â¼40% uniform residual levels keep target genes inactive. These genes, derepressed in PRC2-null villus cells, remain silent in intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation and computational modeling indicate that because unmodified histones dilute H3K27me3 by 50% each time DNA replicates, PRC2-deficient ISCs initially retain sufficient H3K27me3 to avoid gene derepression. EZH2 mutant human lymphoma cells also require multiple divisions before H3K27me3 dilution relieves gene silencing. In both cell types, promoters with high basal H3K4me2/3 activate in spite of some residual H3K27me3, compared to less-poised promoters. These findings have implications for PRC2 inhibition in cancer therapy.
Assuntos
Replicação do DNA , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/fisiologia , Inativação Gênica , Código das Histonas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteína Potenciadora do Homólogo 2 de Zeste/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Intestinos/citologia , Camundongos , Complexo Repressor Polycomb 2/metabolismo , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Ativação TranscricionalRESUMO
BET bromodomain inhibitors (BBDIs) are candidate therapeutic agents for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and other cancer types, but inherent and acquired resistance to BBDIs limits their potential clinical use. Using CRISPR and small-molecule inhibitor screens combined with comprehensive molecular profiling of BBDI response and resistance, we identified synthetic lethal interactions with BBDIs and genes that, when deleted, confer resistance. We observed synergy with regulators of cell cycle progression, YAP, AXL, and SRC signaling, and chemotherapeutic agents. We also uncovered functional similarities and differences among BRD2, BRD4, and BRD7. Although deletion of BRD2 enhances sensitivity to BBDIs, BRD7 loss leads to gain of TEAD-YAP chromatin binding and luminal features associated with BBDI resistance. Single-cell RNA-seq, ATAC-seq, and cellular barcoding analysis of BBDI responses in sensitive and resistant cell lines highlight significant heterogeneity among samples and demonstrate that BBDI resistance can be pre-existing or acquired.
Assuntos
Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/genética , Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Azepinas/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Feminino , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , Triazóis/farmacologia , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/genética , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/metabolismoRESUMO
HLA-DR molecules bind microbial peptides in an endosomal compartment and present them on the cell surface for CD4 T cell surveillance. HLA-DM plays a critical role in the endosomal peptide selection process. The structure of the HLA-DM-HLA-DR complex shows major rearrangements of the HLA-DR peptide-binding groove. Flipping of a tryptophan away from the HLA-DR1 P1 pocket enables major conformational changes that position hydrophobic HLA-DR residues into the P1 pocket. These conformational changes accelerate peptide dissociation and stabilize the empty HLA-DR peptide-binding groove. Initially, incoming peptides have access to only part of the HLA-DR groove and need to compete with HLA-DR residues for access to the P2 site and the hydrophobic P1 pocket. This energetic barrier creates a rapid and stringent selection process for the highest-affinity binders. Insertion of peptide residues into the P2 and P1 sites reverses the conformational changes, terminating selection through DM dissociation.
Assuntos
Antígenos HLA-D/química , Antígenos HLA-D/metabolismo , Antígeno HLA-DR1/química , Antígeno HLA-DR1/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cristalografia por Raios X , Humanos , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Modelos Moleculares , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Conformação Proteica , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
Tumour-associated antigens (TAAs) comprise a large set of non-mutated cellular antigens recognized by T cells in human and murine cancers. Their potential as targets for immunotherapy has been explored for more than two decades1, yet the origins of TAA-specific T cells remain unclear. While tumour cells may be an important source of TAAs for T cell priming2, several recent studies suggest that infection with some viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus and influenza virus can elicit T cell responses against abnormally expressed cellular antigens that function as TAAs3,4. However, the cellular and molecular basis of such responses remains undefined. Here we show that expression of the Epstein-Barr virus signalling protein LMP1 in B cells provokes T cell responses to multiple TAAs. LMP1 signalling leads to overexpression of many cellular antigens previously shown to be TAAs, their presentation on major histocompatibility complex classes I (MHC-I) and II (MHC-II) (mainly through the endogenous pathway) and the upregulation of costimulatory ligands CD70 and OX40L, thereby inducing potent cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. These findings delineate a mechanism of infection-induced anti-tumour immunity. Furthermore, by ectopically expressing LMP1 in tumour B cells from patients with cancer and thereby enabling them to prime T cells, we develop a general approach for rapid production of autologous cytotoxic CD4+ T cells against a wide range of endogenous tumour antigens, such as TAAs and neoantigens, for treating B cell malignancies. This work stresses the need to revisit classical concepts concerning viral and tumour immunity, which will be critical to fully understand the impact of common infections on human health and to improve the rational design of immune approaches to treatment of cancers.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Linfócitos B/virologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Herpesvirus Humano 4/imunologia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/terapia , Linfócitos T Citotóxicos/imunologia , Proteínas da Matriz Viral/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Neoplasias/imunologia , Ligante CD27/imunologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Feminino , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Ligante OX40/imunologiaRESUMO
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are known to inhabit T cell-rich areas of lymphoid organs, where they function to facilitate interactions between T cells and dendritic cells. However, in vivo manipulation of FRCs has been limited by a dearth of genetic tools that target this lineage. Here, using a mouse model to conditionally ablate FRCs, we demonstrated their indispensable role in antiviral T cell responses. Unexpectedly, loss of FRCs also attenuated humoral immunity due to impaired B cell viability and follicular organization. Follicle-resident FRCs established a favorable niche for B lymphocytes via production of the cytokine BAFF. Thus, our study indicates that adaptive immunity requires an intact FRC network and identifies a subset of FRCs that control B cell homeostasis and follicle identity.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Fibroblastos/imunologia , Homeostase/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Fator Ativador de Células B/imunologia , Fator Ativador de Células B/metabolismo , Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Movimento Celular/imunologia , Sobrevivência Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Citometria de Fluxo , Imunidade Humoral/imunologia , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Proteínas Luminescentes/metabolismo , Linfonodos/imunologia , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microscopia Confocal , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
ABSTRACT: The CD161 inhibitory receptor is highly upregulated by tumor-infiltrating T cells in multiple human solid tumor types, and its ligand, CLEC2D, is expressed by both tumor cells and infiltrating myeloid cells. Here, we assessed the role of the CD161 receptor in hematological malignancies. Systematic analysis of CLEC2D expression using the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia revealed that CLEC2D messenger RNA was most abundant in hematological malignancies, including B-cell and T-cell lymphomas as well as lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemias. CLEC2D protein was detected by flow cytometry on a panel of cell lines representing a diverse set of hematological malignancies. We, therefore, used yeast display to generate a panel of high-affinity, fully human CD161 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that blocked CLEC2D binding. These mAbs were specific for CD161 and had a similar affinity for human and nonhuman primate CD161, a property relevant for clinical translation. A high-affinity CD161 mAb enhanced key aspects of T-cell function, including cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and proliferation, against B-cell lines originating from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. In humanized mouse models, this CD161 mAb enhanced T-cell-mediated immunity, resulting in a significant survival benefit. Single cell RNA-seq data demonstrated that CD161 mAb treatment enhanced expression of cytotoxicity genes by CD4 T cells as well as a tissue-residency program by CD4 and CD8 T cells that is associated with favorable survival outcomes in multiple human cancer types. These fully human mAbs, thus, represent potential immunotherapy agents for hematological malignancies.
Assuntos
Neoplasias Hematológicas , Neoplasias , Animais , Camundongos , Humanos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos , Imunidade Celular , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Anticorpos Monoclonais/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/genética , Neoplasias Hematológicas/terapia , Subfamília B de Receptores Semelhantes a Lectina de Células NK/genéticaRESUMO
Adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies suffer from a number of limitations (e.g., poor control of solid tumors), and while combining ACT with cytokine therapy can enhance effectiveness, this also results in significant side effects. Here, we describe a nanotechnology approach to improve the efficacy of ACT therapies by metabolically labeling T cells with unnatural sugar nanoparticles, allowing direct conjugation of antitumor cytokines onto the T cell surface during the manufacturing process. This allows local, concentrated activity of otherwise toxic cytokines. This approach increases T cell infiltration into solid tumors, activates the host immune system toward a Type 1 response, encourages antigen spreading, and improves control of aggressive solid tumors and achieves complete blood cancer regression with otherwise noncurative doses of CAR-T cells. Overall, this method provides an effective and easily integrated approach to the current ACT manufacturing process to increase efficacy in various settings.
Assuntos
Citocinas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T , Linfócitos T , Neoplasias/patologia , Terapia Baseada em Transplante de Células e TecidosRESUMO
The ability of the immune system to eliminate and shape the immunogenicity of tumours defines the process of cancer immunoediting1. Immunotherapies such as those that target immune checkpoint molecules can be used to augment immune-mediated elimination of tumours and have resulted in durable responses in patients with cancer that did not respond to previous treatments. However, only a subset of patients benefit from immunotherapy and more knowledge about what is required for successful treatment is needed2-4. Although the role of tumour neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in tumour rejection is well established5-9, the roles of other subsets of T cells have received less attention. Here we show that spontaneous and immunotherapy-induced anti-tumour responses require the activity of both tumour-antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, even in tumours that do not express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. In addition, the expression of MHC class II-restricted antigens by tumour cells is required at the site of successful rejection, indicating that activation of CD4+ T cells must also occur in the tumour microenvironment. These findings suggest that MHC class II-restricted neoantigens have a key function in the anti-tumour response that is nonoverlapping with that of MHC class I-restricted neoantigens and therefore needs to be considered when identifying patients who will most benefit from immunotherapy.