Enhanced osteogenic differentiation in 3D hydrogel scaffold via macrophage mitochondrial transfer.

To assess the efficacy of a novel 3D biomimetic hydrogel scaffold with immunomodulatory properties in promoting fracture healing. Immunomodulatory scaffolds were used in cell experiments, osteotomy mice treatment, and single-cell transcriptomic sequencing. In vitro, fluorescence tracing examined macrophage mitochondrial transfer and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Scaffold efficacy was assessed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining, and in vivo experiments. The scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and antioxidant-immune regulation. Single-cell sequencing revealed a shift in macrophage distribution towards the M2 phenotype. In vitro experiments showed that macrophage mitochondria promoted BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation. In vivo experiments confirmed accelerated fracture healing. The GAD/Ag-pIO scaffold enhances osteogenic differentiation and fracture healing through immunomodulation and promotion of macrophage mitochondrial transfer.

[A review on the current state of ball-on-socket type artificial lumbar disc prosthesis].

Total lumbar disc replacement is an alternative to interbody fusion for the effective treatment of symptomatic degenerative disc disease. This paper reviewed the history of ball-on-socket type artificial lumbar disc (ALD) prosthesis, which is a typical ALD prosthesis and summarized the ALD prosthesis research progress, according to different materials such as metal-on-metal, metal-on-polymer, and polymer-on-polymer prosthesis. The structural design factors of ball-on-socket type ALD prosthesis were analyzed and its prospect of development was also presented. The purpose of this paper is to provide a theoretical reference for the design of the ball-on-socket ALD prosthesis by reviewing the current state of ball-on-socket type ALD prosthesis.

Effect of Interbody Implants on the Biomechanical Behavior of Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion: A Finite Element Study.

Porous titanium interbody scaffolds are growing in popularity due to their appealing advantages for bone ingrowth. This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical effects of scaffold materials in both normal and osteoporotic lumbar spines using a finite element (FE) model. Four scaffold materials were compared: Ti6Al4V (Ti), PEEK, porous titanium of 65% porosity (P65), and porous titanium of 80% porosity (P80). In addition, the range of motion (ROM), endplate stress, scaffold stress, and pedicle screw stress were calculated and compared. The results showed that the ROM decreased by more than 96% after surgery, and the solid Ti scaffold provided the lowest ROM (1.2-3.4% of the intact case) at the surgical segment among all models. Compared to solid Ti, PEEK decreased the scaffold stress by 53-66 and the endplate stress by 0-33%, while porous Ti decreased the scaffold stress by 20-32% and the endplate stress by 0-32%. Further, compared with P65, P80 slightly increased the ROM (<0.03°) and pedicle screw stress (<4%) and decreased the endplate stress by 0-13% and scaffold stress by approximately 18%. Moreover, the osteoporotic lumbar spine provided higher ROMs, endplate stresses, scaffold stresses, and pedicle screw stresses in all motion modes. The porous Ti scaffolds may offer an alternative for lateral lumbar interbody fusion.

The Radial Bulging and Axial Strains of Intervertebral Discs during Creep Obtained with the 3D-DIC System.

Creep-associated changes in disc bulging and axial strains are essential for the research and development of mechano-bionic biomaterials and have been assessed in various ways in ex vivo creep studies. Nonetheless, the reported methods for measurement were limited by location inaccuracy, a lack of synchronousness, and destructiveness. To this end, this study focuses on the accurate, synchronous, and noninvasive assessment of bugling and strains using the 3D digital image correlation (3D-DIC) system and the impact of creep on them. After a preload of 30 min, the porcine cervical discs were loaded with different loads for 4 h of creep. Axial strains and lateral bulging of three locations on the discs were synchronously measured. The three-parameter solid model and the newly proposed horizontal asymptote model were used to fit the acquired data. The results showed that the load application reduced disc strains by 6.39% under 300 N, 11.28% under 400 N, and 12.59% under 500 N. Meanwhile, the largest protrusion occurred in the middle of discs with a bugling of 1.50 mm, 1.67 mm, and 1.87 mm. Comparison of the peer results showed that the 3D-DIC system could be used in ex vivo biomechanical studies with reliability and had potential in the assessment of the mechanical behavior of novel biomaterials. The phenomenon of the largest middle protrusion enlightened further the strength of spinal implants in this area. The mathematical characterizations of bulging and strains under different loads yielded various model parameters, which are prerequisites for developing implanted biomaterials.

In Vitro Studies for Investigating Creep of Intervertebral Discs under Axial Compression: A Review of Testing Environment and Results.

Creep responses of intervertebral discs (IVDs) are essential for spinal biomechanics clarification. Yet, there still lacks a well-recognized investigation protocol for this phenomenon. Current work aims at providing researchers with an overview of the in vitro creep tests reported by previous studies, specifically specimen species, testing environment, loading regimes and major results, based on which a preliminary consensus that may guide future creep studies is proposed. Specimens used in creep studies can be simplified as a "bone-disc-bone" structure where three mathematical models can be adopted for describing IVDs' responses. The preload of 10-50 N for 30 min or three cycles followed by 4 h-creep under constant compression is recommended for ex vivo simulation of physiological condition of long-time sitting or lying. It is worth noticing that species of specimens, environment temperature and humidity all have influences on biomechanical behaviors, and thus are summarized and compared through the literature review. All factors should be carefully set according to a guideline before tests are conducted to urge comparable results across studies. To this end, this review also provides a guideline, as mentioned before, and specific steps that might facilitate the community of biomechanics to obtain more repeatable and comparable results from both natural specimens and novel biomaterials.

Incremental Element Deletion-Based Finite Element Analysis of the Effects of Impact Speeds, Fall Postures, and Cortical Thicknesses on Femur Fracture.

The proximal femur's numerical simulation could give an effective method for predicting the risk of femoral fracture. However, the majority of existing numerical simulations is static, which does not correctly capture the dynamic properties of bone fractures. On the basis of femoral fracture analysis, a dynamic simulation using incremental element deletion (IED)-based finite element analysis (FEA) was developed and compared to XFEM in this study. Mechanical tests were also used to assess it. Different impact speeds, fall postures, and cortical thicknesses were also studied for their implications on fracture types and mechanical responses. The time it took for the crack to shatter was shorter when the speed was higher, and the crack line slid down significantly. The fracture load fell by 27.37% when the angle was altered from 15° to 135°, indicating that falling forward was less likely to cause proximal femoral fracture than falling backward. Furthermore, the model with scant cortical bone was susceptible to fracture. This study established a theoretical foundation and mechanism for forecasting the risk of proximal femoral fracture in the elderly.

Study on swelling, compression property and degradation stability of PVA composite hydrogels for artificial nucleus pulposus.

Artificial nucleus pulposus (ANP) replacement as an alternative to the treatment of cervical spondylosis aims to relieve pain and restore the normal cervical motion. In this study, the PVA/PVP and PVA/Pectin composite hydrogels (CH)s with different concentrations were prepared by the freezing-thawing process, and their performances were tested. The effect of different concentrations on both kinds of PVA CHs were evaluated and analysed. The results demonstrated that both kinds of CHs had good swelling property (¿190%), compressive stress-strain characteristic response and stable performance, and they were not easy to degrade (¡9%). The elastic modulus of the PVA/PVP CH was close to that of nucleus pulposus prosthesis, and the weight loss ratio of the PVA/PVP CH was lower than that of PVA/Pectin CH under load condition. Further, the experimental results showed that the PVA/PVP CH with 15 wt% solute and 1 wt% PVP content had the best comprehensive performance, which may provide significant advantages for use in future clinical application in replacing nucleus pulposus.

Effect of central screw taper angles on the loosening performance and fatigue characteristics of dental implants.

Biomechanical performance plays an important role in the long-term service of dental implants. Loosening and fatigue damage of the central screw are the most common problems. This research investigated the effect of the central screw taper angle on the loosening performance and fatigue characteristics of dental implants. Central screws with four taper angles, 30°, 60°, 90° and 180°, were processed and tested. The loosening performance of the screws under initial and postload conditions was compared. Then, the fatigue characteristics of dental implants was measured. Finally, the wear and fracture modes of the screws were observed. The damage locations were verified by finite element analysis (FEA). The results showed that the central screws with 30° taper had substantially better anti-loosening performance and less fretting wear. The central screws with 180° taper had a higher preload, resulting in a longer fatigue life. Furthermore, the fatigue fracture of the central screw occurred at the level of the first thread position, consistent with the FEA results. In the future clinical applications, central screws with a 30° taper angle may improve anti-loosening performance and prolong fatigue life by increasing the tightening torque.

An Artificial PVA-BC Composite That Mimics the Biomechanical Properties and Structure of a Natural Intervertebral Disc.

Disc herniation is one of the most ubiquitous healthcare problems in modern cities-severe patients eventually require surgical intervention. However, the existing operations-spinal fusion and artificial disc replacement-alter the biomechanics of the spine, leaving much room for improvement. The appropriateness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for biomedical applications has been recognised due to its high water content, excellent biocompatibility, and versatile mechanical properties in the area of artificial cartilage and knee meniscus. In this study, a newly-designed PVA-bacterial cellulose (PVA-BC) composite was assembled to mimic both the biomechanics and annular structure of natural intervertebral discs (IVDs). PVA-BC composites of various concentrations were fabricated and tested under unconfined compression and compressive creep in order to acquire the values of the normalised compressive stiffness and whole normalised deformation. The normalised compressive stiffness increased considerably with an increasing PVA concentration, spanning from 1.82 (±0.18) to 3.50 (±0.14) MPa, and the whole normalised deformation decreased from 0.25 to 0.13. Formulations of 40% PVA provided the most accurate mimicry of natural human IVDs in normalised whole deformation, and demonstrated higher dimensional stability. The biocompatible results further confirmed that the materials had excellent biocompatibility. The novel bionic structure and formulations of the PVA-BC materials mimicked the biomechanics and structure of natural IVDs, and ensured dimensional stability under prolonged compression, reducing the risk of impingement on the surrounding tissue. The PVA-BC composite is a promising material for third-generation artificial IVDs with integrated construction.

Finite element model predicts the biomechanical performance of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion with various porous additive manufactured cages.

In lumbar interbody fusion, a porous additive manufactured (AM) cage can provide more desirable stiffness, and may be beneficial to bone ingrowth. The biomechanical influence of porous cages on stability, subsidence, and facet contact force has not been fully described. The aim of this study was to verify biomechanical effects of porous cages. A surgical finite element (FE) model of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) was constructed. Partially porous (PP) cages and fully porous (FP) cages were applied. Mechanical tests were performed to obtain the mechanical parameters of porous materials. The porous cages were compared to solid titanium (TI) cage and solid PEEK cage. Four motion modes were simulated. Range of motion (ROM), cage stress, endplate stress, and facet joint force (FJF) were compared. After interbody fusion, ROM decreased by more than 90% in flexion, bending and rotation. Compared with TI and PP cages, PEEK and FP cages substantially reduced the maximum stresses in cage and endplate in all motion modes. Compared with PEEK cages, the stresses in cage and endplate for FP cages decreased, whereas the ROM increased. Compared among three FP cages, the stresses in cage and endplate decreased with increasing porosity, whereas ROM increased with increasing porosity. FJF for various cages was substantially reduced compared to the intact model in all motion modes except for flexion. In summary, fully porous cages with a porosity of between 65% and 80% may offer an alternative to solid PEEK cages in TLIF.

Blood Compatibility of ZrO2 Particle Reinforced PEEK Coatings on Ti6Al4V Substrates.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are widely used in biomedical devices. As biomaterials, the blood compatibility of Ti and its alloys is important and needs to be further improved to provide better functionality. In this work, we studied the suitability of zirconia (ZrO2) particle reinforced poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates for blood-contacting implants. The wettability, surface roughness and elastic modulus of the coatings were examined. Blood compatibility tests were conducted by erythrocytes observation, hemolysis assay and clotting time of recalcified human plasma, to find out correlations between the microstructure of the ZrO2-filled PEEK composite coatings and their blood compatibilities. The results suggested that adding ZrO2 nanoparticles increased the surface roughness and improved the wettability and Derjaguin-Muller-Toporov (DMT) elastic modulus of PEEK coating. The PEEK composite matrix coated Ti6Al4V specimens did not cause any aggregation of erythrocytes, showing morphological normal shapes. The hemolysis rate (HR) values of the tested specimens were much less than 5% according to ISO 10993-4 standard. The values of plasma recalcification time (PRT) of the tested specimens varied with the increasing amount of ZrO2 nanoparticles. Based on the results obtained, 10 wt % ZrO2 particle reinforced PEEK coating has demonstrated an optimum blood compatibility, and can be considered as a candidate to improve the performance of existing PEEK based coatings on titanium substrates.