[Progress in clinical diagnosis and treatment of gallbladder cancer].

Due to the lack of effective early diagnosis and treatment, gallbladder cancer(GBC) remains a malignant tumor with extremely high malignancy and poor prognosis. Therefore, high quality studies are required to break through the bottleneck in GBC diagnosis and treatment. This article reviewed the domestic and foreign GBC research published in 2021, presenting a comprehensive summary of the important advances in the field of clinical diagnosis and treatment. Latest epidemiological data and risk factors, emerging diagnostic methods of peripheral blood laboratory tests and imaging, new pathologic classification system, hot topics and controversies of surgical treatment as well as the dynamics of systemic treatment of GBC are reviewed in the article. The present findings may contribute to a more efficient means of diagnosis and treatment for GBC and hold the promise of improved outcomes for patients with GBC.

[Regulatory effect of miR-30b on migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer stem cells].

Objective: To detect the expression of micro RNA(miRNA, miR)-30bin pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSCs) and to observe the regulatory effect of miR-30b on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) process, migration and invasion of PCSCs. Methods: CD24, CD44 and EpCAM triple-positive PCSCs in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma(PDAC) cell line PANC-1 were sorted out by flow cytometry and the expression of Nanog and Oct4 were evaluated. The expression profile of miR-30 family in PCSCs and common cancer cells was analyzed, and the memberwith the most obvious differential expression was selected.miR-30b mimic was transfected into PCSCs and then RT-qPCR or Western Blot were performed to investigate the expression of EMT markers. The effect of miR-30b on the migration and invasion ability of PCSCs was detected by Transwell assay. Then, miR-30b agomir was transfected into PCSCs and inoculated in nude mice to study the effect of mir-30b on the tumorigenic ability. Results: PCSCs accounted for 4.52-8.09% of the total. The mRNA and protein levels of Oct4 and Nanog of PCSCswere significantly higher than those of PANC-1(P<0.001). The expression levels of miR-30b, c and d were significantly down-regulated, among which miR-30b was the most significant. After miR-30b overexpression in PCSCs, E-cadherin was significantly up-regulated (P<0.001), N-cadherin (P<0.001) and transcription factor Snail (P<0.001) were significantly down-regulated, while vimentin expression was not significantly changed. Transwell assay showed that both migration and invasiveness of PCSCs were significantly decreased after transfection (P<0.001). In vivo experiments, the tumor volume and weight of the nude mice injected with PCSCs overexpressing miR-30b were also significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.01). Conclusions: CD24, CD44 and EpCAMtriple positive PCSCs in pancreatic cancer cells showed obvious stemness characteristics. miR-30b can reverse the EMT process of PCSCs, reduce their migration and invasion, and inhibit the tumorigenicity of PCSCs.

First co-infection case of melioidosis and Japanese encephalitis in China.

BACKGROUND: Melioidosis is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Infection usually follows percutaneous inoculation or inhalation or ingestion of the causative bacterium, Burkholderia pseudomallei, which is present in soil and surface water in endemic regions. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral zoonosis caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), leading to epidemic encephalitis in Southeast Asia. Both B. pseudomallei and JEV have spread dominantly in the Hainan and Guangdong provinces in China. Here we reported the first case of co-infection of B. pseudomallei and JEV, which was discovered in Huizhou in the Guangdong province in June 2016. CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with acute febrile illness and headache, diagnosed as respiratory infection, central nervous system (CNS) infection, septicemia, and hepatic dysfunction. Based on B. pseudomallei-positive blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures, the patient was diagnosed with melioidosis and treated aggressively with antibiotics. However, the patient failed to make a full recovery. Further laboratory tests focused on CNS infection were conducted. The co-infection of B. pseudomallei and JEV was confirmed after the positive IgM antibodies of JEV were detected in both CSF and blood. After diagnosis of co-infection with B. pseudomallei and JEV, the patient was provided supportive care in hospital and recovered after approximately 3 weeks. CONCLUSION: Given the possibility of co-infection of B. pseudomallei and JEV, as well as variable case presentations, it is critical to enhance the awareness, detection, and treatment of co-infection in regard to melioidosis.

Redox Imbalance in the Peripheral Mechanism Underlying the Mirror-Image Neuropathic Pain Due to Chronic Compression of Dorsal Root Ganglion.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, but few studies have examined the role of oxidative stress in the mirror-image neuropathic pain (MINP). The present study was to investigate the role of ROS in MINP caused by chronic compression of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) (CCD) in a rat model. SD rats were randomly divided into sham group and CCD group. CCD was conducted to induce MINP. CCD rats were intraperitoneally injected with α-Phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN) at 7 days after surgery. Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) was measured at -1, 1, 3, 5 and 7 days after surgery in sham group and CCD group, and at 8 time points after PBN injection. Rats were sacrificed at 3 and 7 days after surgery in sham group and CCD group and at 0.5 and 2 h after PBN injection, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities, as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malonaldehyde (MDA) contents were determined in the contralateral DRGs. Results showed bilateral PWMT reduced significantly in sham group and CCD group, but it returned to nearly normal level in sham group. MDA content, H2O2 content and SOD activity increased significantly, while catalase activity remained unchanged in CCD rats. PBN at 100 mg/kg significantly attenuated bilateral mechanical hyperalgesia accompanied by the improvement of oxidative stress in the contralateral DRGs. Our results demonstrate that ROS produced in the contralateral DRG are involved in the pathogenesis of CCD induced MINP, and ROS scavenger may be a promising drug for the therapy of MINP.

An evaluation of the TruView EVO2 laryngoscope.

The TruView EVO2 laryngoscope was compared with the traditional Macintosh laryngoscope in 200 patients who required tracheal intubation for elective surgery. Mallampati score determined prior to laryngoscopy was significantly related to the view of the glottis during laryngoscopy for both laryngoscopes. The view of the larynx was better with the TruView EVO2 laryngoscope than with the Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with a Cormack and Lehane grade greater than 1 (p < 0.01). The mean time to intubate was significantly shorter with the Macintosh laryngoscope (34 s) than with the TruView laryngoscope (51 s) (p < 0.01).