Robust and Flexible Rubber Composite with High Photothermal Properties Achieved by In Situ ZDMA Assisted Dispersion of Eumelanin and its Hydrophobic Photothermal Application.

Eumelanin, a natural, biocompatible, and biodegradable photothermal agent derived from biomass, has attracted increasingly considerable attention due to its outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency. Unfortunately, its tendency to aggregate in flexible non-polar polymers, owing to its abundant polar groups on the surface, severely restricted the application of eumelanin in photothermal composite field. Herein, a feasible strategy is proposed to disperse eumelanin in non-polar rubber matrix via in situ generation of Zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA). The graft-polymerization of ZDMA promotes the interfacial compatibility between styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and eumelanin, achieving a uniform dispersion of eumelanin in SBR. The rubber composite exhibits a considerable tensile strength of 11.4 MPa, acceptable elongation at break of 146%, and outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 75.2% with only 1 wt% of eumelanin. Furthermore, based on the easy-processing of SBR matrix, the composite is treated with a sandpaper template technique and sprayed with trimethoxy(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl)silane (PFDTMS) to endow the material with near superhydrophobicity (water contact angle of 147.9°) capacity. Hydrophobicity provides excellent icing resistance, with droplet surfaces extending more than twice as long to freeze. Moreover, this hydrophobic photothermal material exhibits remarkable anti-frosting, de-frosting, and de-icing capabilities.

ChatGPT4's proficiency in addressing patients' questions on systemic lupus erythematosus: a blinded comparative study with specialists.

OBJECTIVES: The efficacy of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven chatbots like ChatGPT4 in specialized medical consultations, particularly in rheumatology, remains underexplored. This study compares the proficiency of ChatGPT4' responses with practicing rheumatologists to inquiries from patients with SLE. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we curated 95 frequently asked questions (FAQs), including 55 in Chinese and 40 in English. Responses for FAQs from ChatGPT4 and five rheumatologists were scored separately by a panel of rheumatologists and a group of patients with SLE across six domains (scientific validity, logical consistency, comprehensibility, completeness, satisfaction level and empathy) on a 0-10 scale (a score of 0 indicates entirely incorrect responses, while 10 indicates accurate and comprehensive answers). RESULTS: Rheumatologists' scoring revealed that ChatGPT4-generated responses outperformed those from rheumatologists in satisfaction level and empathy, with mean differences of 0.537 (95% CI, 0.252-0.823; P < 0.01) and 0.460 (95% CI, 0.227-0.693; P < 0.01), respectively. From the SLE patients' perspective, ChatGPT4-generated responses were comparable to the rheumatologist-provided answers in all six domains. Subgroup analysis revealed ChatGPT4 responses were more logically consistent and complete regardless of language and exhibited greater comprehensibility, satisfaction and empathy in Chinese. However, ChatGPT4 responses were inferior in comprehensibility for English FAQs. CONCLUSION: ChatGPT4 demonstrated comparable, possibly better in certain domains, to address FAQs from patients with SLE, when compared with the answers provided by specialists. This study showed the potential of applying ChatGPT4 to improve consultation in SLE patients.

Coriaceumins A-D, the First Nitrogen-Containing Crenulide Diterpenoids from the Brown Alga Dictyota coriacea Collected in the East China Sea.

A phytochemical investigation of an East China Sea collection of the brown alga Dictyota coriacea has led to the isolation of four novel nitrogen-containing crenulide diterpenoids, named coriaceumins A-D (1-4), two rare nitrogenous xenicane diterpenoids, dictyolactams C (5) and D (6), and one known crenulide diterpenoid, hydroxycrenulide (7). The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic data analyses, including HRESIMS and 1D/2D NMR. The absolute configurations were determined by a comparison of the experimental ECD spectra with the spectra computed by DFT-based quantum chemical calculations. Coriaceumins A-D (1-4) represent the first examples of nitrogen-containing crenulide diterpenoids. In a bioassay, compounds 2, 3, 5, and 7 were found to exhibit different levels of inhibitory effects against protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) with IC50 values ranging from 7.3 to 19 µM. In addition, the primary structure-activity relationships of all the isolates were summarized.

Multifunctional Starch-Based Sensor with Non-Covalent Network to Achieve "3R" Circulation.

With the consumption of disposable electronic devices increasing, it is meaningful but also a big challenge to develop reusable and sustainable materials to replace traditional single-use sensors. Herein, a clever strategy for constructing a multifunctional sensor with 3R circulation (renewable, reusable, pollution-reducing biodegradable) is presented, in which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with multiple interactions are introduced into a reversible non-covalent cross-linking network composed of biocompatible and degradable carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to simultaneously obtain high mechanical conductivity and long-term antibacterial properties by a one-pot method. Surprisingly, the assembled sensor shows high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 4.02), high conductivity (0.1753 S m-1 ), low detection limit (0.5%), long-term antibacterial ability (more than 7 days), and stable sensing performance. Thus, the CMS/PVA/AgNPs sensor can not only accurately monitor a series of human behavior, but also identify handwriting recognition from different people. More importantly, the abandoned starch-based sensor can form a 3R circulation. Especially, the fully renewable film still shows excellent mechanical performance, achieving reusable without sacrificing its original function. Therefore, this work provides a new horizon for multifunctional starch-based materials as sustainable substrates for replacing traditional single-use sensors.

Post-mRNA vaccine flares in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: Results from the COronavirus National Vaccine registry for ImmuNe diseases SINGapore (CONVIN-SING).

BACKGROUND: Studies of flares of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) after COVID-19 mRNA vaccination are limited by small sample size, short follow up or at risk of selection bias. METHODS: A national retrospective cohort study of consecutive AIIRD patients ≥12 years old, across 8 hospitals who received at least one dose of a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Patients were included from the date of 1st vaccine dose and censored at the time of flare or on the date of the clinic visit at least 3 months from cohort entry, whichever came first. Predictors of flare were determined by Cox proportional hazards analysis. FINDINGS: 4627 patients (73% Chinese, 71% female) of median (IQR) age 61 (48, 70) years were included; 42% Rheumatoid arthritis, 14% Systemic lupus erythematosus and 11% Psoriatic arthritis. 47% were in remission, 41% low disease activity, 10% moderate disease activity and 1% in high disease activity. 18% patients flared, of which 11.7% were within the 3-month period of interest. 11.8% patients improved. Median (IQR) time-to-flare was 60 (30, 114) days. 25% flares were self-limiting, 61% mild-moderate and 14% severe. Older patients (53-65 years and >66 years) had a lower risk of flare [HR 0.6 (95% CI 0.5-0.8) and 0.7 (0.6-0.8) respectively]. Patients with inflammatory arthritis and with active disease had a higher risk of flare [HR 1.5 (1.2-2.0) and 1.4 (1.2-1.6), respectively]. Treatment with conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), immunosuppression and prednisolone was also associated with an increased risk of flare [HR 1.5 (1.1-2), 1.2 (1.1-1.4) and 1.5 (1.2-1.8) for prednisolone ≤7.5 mg respectively]. INTERPRETATION: There was a moderately high rate of AIIRD flares after mRNA vaccination but also improvement in several patients. Severe flares and hospitalisation were rare. Thus, vaccination remains safe and highly recommended.

Association of plaque enhancement on vessel wall MRI and the phosphodiesterase 4D variant with stroke recurrence in patients with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis.

PURPOSE: Vessel wall MRI (VW-MRI) can be used to evaluate the nature of intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) plaque in vivo. Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) participates in stroke development. This study aims to explore the value of VW-MRI findings and the PDE4D gene variant in predicting stroke recurrence in patients with ICAS. METHODS: We prospectively recruited 324 symptomatic ICAS patients. VW-MRI was performed to determine luminal and wall changes. PDE4D gene single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)-namely, SNP32, SNP83, and SNP87-were determined by direct sequencing. The risk factors of stroke recurrence were analyzed using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Of the 324 subjects, 97 (29.9%) experienced recurrent ischemic stroke during the follow-up period. A total of 254 patients (78.4%) showed plaque enhancement; 87 of these patients experienced stroke recurrence. The CT/CC genotype frequencies of PDE4D83 were significantly higher in participants with recurrent stroke than in patients without stroke recurrence (p = 0.019 and p < 0.001, respectively). However, the PDE4D32 and PDE4D87 variants were not correlated with recurrent stroke. Multivariate analysis showed that plaque enhancement from VW-MRI (HR 4.52, 95% CI 2.35-8.73, p < 0.001) and the PDE4D83 variant (HR 7.43, 95% CI 1.75-31.87, p = 0.005) were independently correlated with stroke recurrence. Kaplan-Meier curves showed significant differences in stroke recurrence rates between the plaque-enhanced group and the non-enhanced group (p < 0.001) and between the PDE4D83 variant carriers and noncarriers (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Plaque enhancement on VW-MRI and the presence of the PDE4D83 variant are associated with ischemic stroke recurrence in subjects with symptomatic ICAS.

The Effect of Functional Fiber on Microbiota Composition in Different Intestinal Segments of Obese Mice.

The gastrointestinal tract is a heterogeneous ecosystem with distinct, stratified environments, which leads to different microbial composition in different intestinal segments. The regional heterogeneity of intestinal microbiota complicates the relationship between diet and microbiota. Few studies have focused on the effects of different diets on microbiota in different intestinal segments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of functional fiber on the microbial composition in multiple intestinal segments from a high-fat diet compared with a normal chow diet. We found that the response of microbiota from different intestinal segments to diet was related to the intestinal physiologic function and the physicochemical properties of dietary nutrients. A high-fat diet drove changes in the microbial composition in the hindgut, possibly by affecting the digestive environment of the foregut, and increased the regional heterogeneity of the whole intestinal microbiota. The supplementation of functional fiber promoted the microbial transfer and colonization from the anterior to the posterior intestinal segments, and increased the regional similarity of intestinal microbiota accordingly, particularly within the hindgut. The gut fermentation of the functional fiber, which mainly occurred in the hindgut, resulted in a significant change in the microbial composition and metabolism in the cecum and colon, with richer carbohydrate metabolism-related bacteria, including Mucispirillum, Prevotella, Anaerostipes, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Coprococcus, Ruminococcus (Lachnospiraceae), and Allobaculum, and higher production of acetate and butyrate. We concluded that multiple regulatory mechanisms of diets which affect microbiota composition exist, including microbial metabolism, microbial migration, and the regulation of the intestinal environment.

Inclusion of Soluble Fiber in the Gestation Diet Changes the Gut Microbiota, Affects Plasma Propionate and Odd-Chain Fatty Acids Levels, and Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Sows.

The transition from pregnancy to lactation is characterized by a progressive decrease in insulin sensitivity. Propionate increases with dietary fiber consumption and has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. Recent studies suggest that plasma odd-chain fatty acids [OCFAs; pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0)] that inversely correlated with insulin resistance are synthesized endogenously from gut-derived propionate. The present study investigated the effects of soluble fiber during gestation on gut microbiota, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and insulin sensitivity in sows. Sows were allocated to either control or 2.0% guar gum plus pregelatinized waxy maize starch (SF) dietary treatment during gestation. The SF addition changes the structure and composition of gut microbiota in sows. Genus Eubacterium increased by SF addition may promote intestinal propionate production. Moreover, the dietary SF increased circulating levels of plasma OCFAs, especially C17:0. The SF-fed sows had a higher insulin sensitivity and a lower systemic inflammation level during perinatal period. Furthermore, the plasma C15:0 and C17:0 was negatively correlated with the area under curve of plasma glucose after meal and plasma interleukin-6. In conclusion, dietary SF improves insulin sensitivity and alleviates systemic inflammation in perinatal sows, potentially related to its stimulating effect on propionate and OCFAs production.

Maternal Soluble Fiber Diet during Pregnancy Changes the Intestinal Microbiota, Improves Growth Performance, and Reduces Intestinal Permeability in Piglets.

Increasing evidence suggests that maternal diet during pregnancy modifies an offspring's microbiota composition and intestinal development in a long-term manner. However, the effects of maternal soluble fiber diet during pregnancy on growth traits and the developing intestine are still underexplored. Sows were allocated to either a control or 2.0% pregelatinized waxy maize starch plus guar gum (SF) dietary treatment during gestation. Growth performance, diarrhea incidence, gut microbiota composition and metabolism, and gut permeability and inflammation status of 14-day-old suckling piglets were analyzed. The maternal SF diet improved the growth rate and decreased the incidence of diarrhea in the piglets. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that the intestinal microbiota composition was altered by a maternal SF diet. The fecal and plasma levels of acetate and butyrate were also increased. Furthermore, a maternal SF diet reduced the levels of plasma zonulin and fecal lipocalin-2 but increased the plasma concentrations of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß). Additionally, the increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus spp. in SF piglets were positively correlated with growth rate, while the decreased abundances of Bilophila spp. were positively correlated with fecal lipocalin-2 levels. Our data reveal that a maternal SF diet during pregnancy has remarkable effects on an offspring's growth traits and intestinal permeability and inflammation, perhaps by modulating the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota.IMPORTANCE Although the direct effects of dietary soluble fiber on gut microbiota have been extensively studied, the more indirect effects of maternal nutrition solely during pregnancy on the development of the offspring's intestine are until now largely unexplored. Our data show that a maternal soluble fiber diet during pregnancy is independently associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota composition and metabolism of suckling piglets. These findings have direct implications for refining dietary recommendations in pregnancy. Moreover, a maternal soluble fiber diet reduces intestinal permeability and prevents intestinal inflammation and an excessive systemic immune response of suckling piglets. Therefore, the suckling piglets' resistance to disease was enhanced, diarrhea was reduced, and weight gain was raised. Additionally, the changes in gut microbiota in response to a maternal soluble fiber diet may also be directly correlated with the offspring's growth and gut development.

The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on work capacity in Chinese patients: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of RA on work capacity and identify factors related to work capacity impairment in patients with RA. METHODS: A cross-sectional multicentre study was performed in 21 tertiary care hospitals across China. A consecutive sample of 846 patients with RA was recruited, of which 589 patients of working age at disease onset constituted the study population. Information on the socio-demographic, clinical, working and financial conditions of the patients was collected. Logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with work capacity impairment. RESULTS: The rate of work capacity impairment was 48.0% in RA patients with a mean disease duration of 60 months (interquartile range 14-134 months), including 11.7% leaving the labour force early, 33.6% working reduced hours and 2.7% changing job. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that reduced working hours was significantly related to current smoking [odds ratio (OR) 2.07 (95% CI 1.08, 3.97)], no insurance [OR 1.94 (95% CI 1.20, 3.12)], in manual labour [OR 2.66 (95% CI 1.68, 4.20)] and higher HAQ score [OR 2.22 (95% CI 1.36, 3.60)]. There was an association of current smoking [OR 3.75 (95% CI 1.54, 9.15)], in manual labour [OR 2.33 (95% CI 1.17, 4.64)], longer disease duration [OR 1.01 (95% CI 1.00, 1.01)] and lower BMI [OR 0.90 (95% CI 0.82, 0.99)] with leaving the labour force early. CONCLUSION: There is a substantial impact of RA on the work capacity of patients in China. Social-demographic, disease- and work-related factors are all associated with work capacity impairment.

A bio-based, self-healable, conductive rubber film with oxidized cellulose nanofiber segregated network.

Rubber composites are indispensable in all areas of our daily lives. However, the formation of permanent crosslinked networks in rubber materials makes it difficult to recycle, resulting in a non-negligible waste of resources. In this paper, a vulcanization-free, fully bio-sourced rubber composite was prepared by using oxidized natural rubber (oNR) and oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCFs). TOCFs are selectively dispersed between the latex particles to form a segregated network. Meanwhile, the formation of hydrogen-bonding between oxygenated polar groups of oNR and abundant hydroxyl and carboxyl groups of TOCFs improves their interfacial interactions. This special structure promotes strain-induced crystallization (SIC) behavior of oNR matrix, giving its tensile strength up to 14.7 MPa. Furthermore, the oNR/TOCFs film shows excellent self-healing efficiency (96 %) at 40 °C for 5 h. The hygroscopicity of the TOCFs segregated network can turn the oNR/TOCFs film to be a conductive film by regulating the absorbed water content. The film has high conductivity (0.05 S/m) at a water content of 8.99 wt%, and the resistance change (RV/R0) can be varied between 1-5.9 × 10-6 at a water content range of 0-8.99 wt%, which makes it have potential for a wide range of humidity monitoring applications.

Biodegradable coating constructed from carboxycellulose nanofibers for high photocatalytic decomposition of ethylene and synergistic antibacterial what of perishable fruits.

Postharvest fruits, especially climacteric fruits, are prone to ethylene ripening, browning and aging, microbial growth accelerated decay and other problems in natural environment. Herein, a carboxylated cellulose nanofibers/phytic acid­titanium dioxide nanoparticles (CPT) biodegradable coating with "photocatalytic antibacterial barrier" structure，was developed by homogeneous dispersion of phytic acid(PA) complexed titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs) in carboxylated cellulose nanofibers(CCNF). The CPT coating achieves effective dispersion and efficient utilization of TNPs through the complexation of PA. The coating ethylene clearance rate of CPT up to 70.89 %. Meanwhile, the coating exhibits excellent antibacterial (99.67 %), UV resistance, gas barrier. It was found that the CPT coating delays fruit ripening caused by ethylene, which effectively maintaining the quality of respiratory climacteric fruits and non- climacteric fruits, extending the shelf life of perishable fruit by up to 9 days. In particular, the coating is virtually biodegradable in soil after 21 days, which offers the possibility of replacing non-biodegradable multifunctional coatings in food packaging.

Mincle receptor in macrophage and neutrophil contributes to the unresolved inflammation during the transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease.

Background: Recent studies have demonstrated a strong association between acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), while the unresolved inflammation is believed to be a driving force for this chronic transition process. As a transmembrane pattern recognition receptor, Mincle (macrophage-inducible C-type lectin, Clec4e) was identified to participate in the early immune response after AKI. However, the impact of Mincle on the chronic transition of AKI remains largely unclear. Methods: We performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with the unilateral ischemia-reperfusion (UIR) murine model of AKI at days 1, 3, 14 and 28 after injury. Potential effects and mechanism of Mincle on renal inflammation and fibrosis were further validated in vivo utilizing Mincle knockout mice. Results: The dynamic expression of Mincle in macrophages and neutrophils throughout the transition from AKI to CKD was observed. For both cell types, Mincle expression was significantly up-regulated on day 1 following AKI, with a second rise observed on day 14. Notably, we identified distinct subclusters of Minclehigh neutrophils and Minclehigh macrophages that exhibited time-dependent influx with dual peaks characterized with remarkable pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic functions. Moreover, we identified that Minclehigh neutrophils represented an "aged" mature neutrophil subset derived from the "fresh" mature neutrophil cluster in kidney. Additionally, we observed a synergistic mechanism whereby Mincle-expressing macrophages and neutrophils sustained renal inflammation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Mincle-deficient mice exhibited reduced renal injury and fibrosis following AKI. Conclusion: The present findings have unveiled combined persistence of Minclehigh neutrophils and macrophages during AKI-to-CKD transition, contributing to unresolved inflammation followed by fibrosis via TNF-α as a central pro-inflammatory cytokine. Targeting Mincle may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for preventing the transition from AKI to CKD.

Neuron-Inspired Flexible Phase Change Materials for Ambient Energy Harvesting and Respiration Monitoring.

The global energy crisis and climate change pose unprecedented challenges. Wearable devices with personal thermoregulation and energy harvesting hold great promise for achieving energy savings and human thermal comfort. Here, inspired by neurons, a novel phase change material (PCM) is reported for efficient energy harvesting and respiratory monitoring via a self-assembly strategy. The use of gum arabic (GA) enabled the encapsulation of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and the targeted distribution of carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNTs) simultaneously in poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) matrix. The material exhibits an outstanding toughness value of 14.88 MJ m-3 and high elongation at a break of 565.67%, exhibiting remarkable flexibility. The material with sufficient melting enthalpy (71.11 J g-1) demonstrates high photothermal conversion efficiency (95.27%) under 808 nm laser irradiation (105 mW cm-2). In addition, due to the synergistic effect of GA and PEG, especially the formation of microdome structures on the surface, the material demonstrates ultrasensitive humidity responsiveness for respiratory monitoring with high precision, excellent repeatability, and fast response/recovery time (50.4/50.5 ms). Notably, it shows great potential for moisture-electric generators (MEGs) with the function of non-contact sensing. This material opens the path toward next-generation wearable devices in energy conversion and health monitoring.

Impact of Immunomodulatory Therapy on COVID-19 Vaccine Response in Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is essential for patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIIRD) to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality associated with serious COVID-19 infection. With endemicity, waning of vaccine- and infection-acquired immunity, and development of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the need for additional doses of vaccines against serious illness in high-risk immunocompromised persons remains imperative. This review examines how immunomodulatory therapies affect vaccine-induced immune response in patients with AIIRD. Glucocorticoids, methotrexate, azathioprine, calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, tumor necrosis factor inhibitors, and abatacept have been shown to variably attenuate both humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccination. Janus kinase inhibitors reduce humoral immune response. In contrast, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, belimumab, interleukin (IL)-17, IL-12/23, IL-6, and IL-1 inhibitors appear favorable, with mild or no impact on vaccine response. Although rituximab is known to profoundly diminish humoral immune response, cellular immunity is relatively preserved. Administering a third and subsequent vaccine dose or temporally coordinating the dosing of immunomodulatory drugs may improve vaccine effectiveness. Further research is needed to personalise vaccination strategies for AIIRD patients, considering their specific immunomodulatory treatments.

Nacre-Mimetic Structure Multifunctional Ion-Conductive Hydrogel Strain Sensors with Ultrastretchability, High Sensitivity, and Excellent Adhesive Properties.

Recently, conductive hydrogels have emerged as promising materials for smart, wearable devices. However, limited mechanical properties and low sensitivity greatly restrict their lifespan. Based on the design of biomimetic-layered structure, the conductive hydrogels with nacre-mimetic structure were prepared by using layered acrylic bentonite (AABT) and phytic acid (PA) as multifunctional "brick" and "mortar" units. Among them, the unique rigid cyclic multihydroxyl structure of the "organic mortar" PA preserves both ultrastretchability (4050.02%) and high stress (563.20 kPa) of the hydrogel, which far exceeds most of the reported articles. Because of the synergistic effect of AABT and PA, the hydrogel exhibits an excellent adhesive strength (87.74 kPa). The role of AABT in the adhesive properties of hydrogels is proposed for the first time, and a general strategy for improving the adhesive properties of hydrogels by using AABT is demonstrated. Furthermore, AABT provides ion channels and PA ionizes abundant H+, conferring a high gauge factor (GF = 14.95) and excellent antimicrobial properties to the hydrogel. Also, inspired by fruit batteries, simple self-powered flexible sensors were developed. Consequently, this study provides knowledge for functional bentonite filler modified hydrogel, and the prepared multifunctional ionic conductive hydrogel shows great application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.