AIM2 inflammasome: A potential therapeutic target in ischemic stroke.

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a significant global public health issue with a high incidence, disability, and mortality rate. A robust inflammatory cascade with complex and wide-ranging mechanisms occurs following ischemic brain injury. Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes in the cytoplasm that modulate the inflammatory response by releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing cellular pyroptosis. Among these inflammasomes, the Absent in Melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome shows the ability to detect a wide range of pathogen DNAs, thereby triggering an inflammatory response. Recent studies have indicated that the aberrant expression of AIM2 inflammasome in various cells is closely associated with the pathological processes of ischemic brain injury. This paper summarizes the expression and regulatory role of AIM2 in CNS and peripheral immune cells and discusses current therapeutic approaches targeting AIM2 inflammasome. These findings aim to serve as a reference for future research in this field.

Doped Porous Carbon Spheres with Controllable Vesicle Structure: Preparation and the Effects of Pore Size on Electromagnetic Wave Absorption Properties.

This work reports on the preparation of uniform vesicle-structural carbon spheres doped with heteroatoms of N, P, and S, with the pore sizes strictly controlled by the hard templates of monodisperse submicron SiO2 spheres. The uniformly doped vesicular carbon microspheres are obtained in three steps: Stöber hydrolysis for the SiO2; in situ polymerization for the immobilization; and alkaline etching after carbonization. The size of the vesicles can be easily adjusted by regulating the particle size of the submicron SiO2 spheres, which has a significant effect on its electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption performance. Compared with microspheres with pore sizes of 180 and 480 nm, when the vesicle aperture is 327 nm, with only 5.5 wt.% filling load and 1.9 mm thickness, the material shows the best EMW absorption behavior with the effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) covers the entire Ku band (6.32 GHz) and the minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of -36.10 dB, suggesting the optimized pore size of the microspheres can significantly improve the overall impedance matching of the material and achieve broadband wave absorption. This work paves the way for the enhancement of EMW absorption properties of porous material by optimizing the pore size of uniform apertures while maintaining their composition.

Pharmaceutical Residues in Edible Oysters along the Coasts of the East and South China Seas and Associated Health Risks to Humans and Wildlife.

The investigation of pharmaceuticals as emerging contaminants in marine biota has been insufficient. In this study, we examined the presence of 51 pharmaceuticals in edible oysters along the coasts of the East and South China Seas. Only nine pharmaceuticals were detected. The mean concentrations of all measured pharmaceuticals in oysters per site ranged from 0.804 to 15.1 ng g-1 of dry weight, with antihistamines being the most common. Brompheniramine and promethazine were identified in biota samples for the first time. Although no significant health risks to humans were identified through consumption of oysters, 100-1000 times higher health risks were observed for wildlife like water birds, seasnails, and starfishes. Specifically, sea snails that primarily feed on oysters were found to be at risk of exposure to ciprofloxacin, brompheniramine, and promethazine. These high risks could be attributed to the monotonous diet habits and relatively limited food sources of these organisms. Furthermore, taking chirality into consideration, chlorpheniramine in the oysters was enriched by the S-enantiomer, with a relative potency 1.1-1.3 times higher when chlorpheniramine was considered as a racemate. Overall, this study highlights the prevalence of antihistamines in seafood and underscores the importance of studying enantioselectivities of pharmaceuticals in health risk assessments.

Strong variation in sedimental antibiotic resistomes among urban rivers, estuaries and coastal oceans: Evidence from a river-connected coastal water ecosystem in northern China.

Sediment is thought to be a vital reservoir to spread antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) among various natural environments. However, the spatial distribution patterns of the sedimental antibiotic resistomes around the Bohai Bay region, a river-connected coastal water ecosystem, are still poorly understood. The present study conducted a comprehensive investigation of ARGs among urban rivers (UR), estuaries (ES) and Bohai Bay (BHB) by metagenomic sequencing. Overall, a total of 169 unique ARGs conferring resistance to 15 antimicrobial classes were detected across all sediment samples. The Kruskal-Wallis test showed that the diversity and abundance of ARGs in the UR were all significantly higher than those in the ES and BHB (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), revealing the distance dilution of the sedimental resistomes from the river to the ocean. Multidrug resistance genes contained most of the ARG subtypes, whereas rifamycin resistance genes were the most abundant ARGs in this region. Our study demonstrated that most antimicrobial resistomes were highly accumulated in urban river sediments, whereas beta-lactamase resistance genes (mainly PNGM-1) dramatically increased away from the estuary to the open ocean. The relative abundance of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) also gradually decreased from rivers to the coastal ocean, whereas the difference in pathogenic bacteria was not significant in the three classifications. Among MGEs, plasmids were recognized as the most important carriers to support the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs within and between species. According to co-occurrence networks, pathogenic Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were recognized as potential and important hosts of ARGs. Heavy metals, pH and moisture content were all recognized as the vital environmental factors influencing the distribution of ARGs in sediment samples. Overall, the present study may help to understand the distribution patterns of ARGs at a watershed scale, and help to make effective policies to control the emergence, spread and evolution of different ARG subtypes in different habitats.

The effects of metals and mixture exposure on lung function and the potential mediating effects of oxidative stress.

Exposure to metals is associated with lung function decline. However, limited data are available about effects of co-exposure of metals on lung function. Additionally, the mechanism of the association between metals and lung function remains unclear. We conducted a longitudinal panel study in 2017-2018 among 45 healthy college students. Urinary 15 metals, lung function, biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation of participants were measured. Linear mixed effect (LME) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were applied to explore the associations of urinary metals and mixture with lung function. Furthermore, we analyzed the mediating effect of biomarkers in the association between urinary metals and lung function. LME models showed the negative associations of aluminum (Al), vanadium (V), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) or antimony (Sb) with Forced vital capacity (FVC), and V, Co, Ni, and Sb with Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). BKMR models indicated the overall effect of metals mixture was negatively associated with FEV1 and FVC; urinary Sb was identified as the major contributor to decreased FVC and FEV1. Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine mediated the association of Al, Mn, or Sb with FVC and the relationship of V with FEV1. The results revealed the longitudinal dose-response relationships of urinary metals with pulmonary function among healthy adults. Oxidative stress may be the underlying mechanisms of metals exposure associated with decreased lung function. Due to the small sample size, the interpretation of the results of this study should be cautious, and more studies are needed to verify the findings of this study.

Community-CL: An Enhanced Community Detection Algorithm Based on Contrastive Learning.

Graph contrastive learning (GCL) has gained considerable attention as a self-supervised learning technique that has been successfully employed in various applications, such as node classification, node clustering, and link prediction. Despite its achievements, GCL has limited exploration of the community structure of graphs. This paper presents a novel online framework called Community Contrastive Learning (Community-CL) for simultaneously learning node representations and detecting communities in a network. The proposed method employs contrastive learning to minimize the difference in the latent representations of nodes and communities in different graph views. To achieve this, learnable graph augmentation views using a graph auto-encoder (GAE) are proposed, followed by a shared encoder that learns the feature matrix of the original graph and augmentation views. This joint contrastive framework enables more accurate representation learning of the network and results in more expressive embeddings than traditional community detection algorithms that solely optimize for community structure. Experimental results demonstrate that Community-CL achieves superior performance compared to state-of-the-art baselines in community detection. Specifically, the NMI of Community-CL is reported to be 0.714 (0.551) on the Amazon-Photo (Amazon-Computers) dataset, which represents a performance improvement of up to 16% compared with the best baseline.

Mechanically Robust Elastomers Enabled by a Facile Interfacial Interactions-Driven Sacrificial Network.

Strength and toughness are usually mutually exclusive for materials. The sacrificial bond strategy is used to address the trade-off between strength and toughness. However, the complex construction process of sacrificial network limits the application of sacrificial network. This work develops a facile strategy to construct an interfacial interactions-driven sacrificial network. The authors' group finds that there are the interfacial interactions between arginines (A) aggregates and molecular chains. Such interfacial interactions result in the mechanical properties of samples having a strong dependence on extension rates, which shows that A aggregates construct a network structure by interfacial interactions. The interfacial interactions between A aggregates and chains improve the strength of samples; while the A aggregate network driven by interfacial interactions preferentially ruptures to dissipate large energy for the improvement of fracture toughness, which can be considered as a sacrificial network. Therefore, their designed elastomers have both high strength and high toughness. This work provides an easier strategy for the construction of sacrificial networks, which can promote the industrial application of sacrificial networks in elastomer materials.

[Advances in magnetic resonance imaging guided radiation therapy].

Image-guided radiation therapy using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a new technology that has been widely studied and developed in recent years. The technology combines the advantages of MRI imaging, and can offer online real-time tracking of tumor and adjacent organs at risk, as well as real-time optimization of radiotherapy plan. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of this technology, and to grasp the international development and trends in this field, this paper reviews and summarizes related researches, so as to make the researchers and clinical personnel in this field to understand recent status of this technology, and carry out corresponding researches. This paper summarizes the advantages of MRI and the research progress of MRI linear accelerator (MR-Linac), online guidance, adaptive optimization, and dosimetry-related research. Possible development direction of these technologies in the future is also discussed. It is expected that this review can provide a certain reference value for clinician and related researchers to understand the research progress in the field.

Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 contributes to radiation resistance of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma via regulating mitochondrial function and ROS/pAKT signalling.

BACKGROUND: Antioxidase alleviates the accumulation of radiation-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and therefore has strong connections with radioresistance. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) facilitates the turnover of antioxidase, but its role in radiotherapeutic efficiency in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) still remains elusive. METHODS: The involvement of IDH2 in radiotherapeutic efficacy in ESCC was investigated in vitro and vivo by IDH2 knockdown. IDH2 expression in biopsy specimens of 141 patients was identified to evaluate its clinical significance. RESULTS: We found that Kyse510 and Kyse140 cells were more radioresistant and had higher IDH2 expression. In these two cell lines, IDH2 knockdown intensified the radiation-induced ROS overload and oxidative damage on lipid, protein, and nucleic acids. In addition, IDH2 silencing aggravated the radiation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis and ultimately promoted radiosensitisation via inhibiting AKT phosphorylation in a ROS-dependent manner. Furthermore, IDH2 depletion facilitated the radiation-induced growth inhibition and cell apoptosis in murine xenografts. Finally, IDH2 expression was correlated with definite chemoradiotherapy (dCRT) efficacy and served as an independent prognostic factor for survival of ESCC patients. CONCLUSIONS: IDH2 plays a key role in the radioresistance of ESCC. Targeting IDH2 could be a promising regimen to improve radiotherapeutic efficiency in ESCC patients.

Role of Peroxiredoxin 2 in the Protection Against Ferrous Sulfate-Induced Oxidative and Inflammatory Injury in PC12 Cells.

Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is a ubiquitous antioxidant enzyme in mammalian brain. Although a protective role of Prdx2 has been established in cerebral ischemia and several neurodegenerative diseases, its contribution against iron-induced neurocytotoxicity still remains to be determined. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Prdx2 on iron-induced cytotoxicity using an in vitro model in which PC12 cells are exposed to ferrous sulfate (FS). The FS treatment increased Prdx2 expression, and promoted lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and cell apoptosis in PC12 cells, accompanied by the increase in the Bax/Bcl2 ratio, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 cleavage. FS exposure also increased the malondialdehyde content (lipid peroxidation), 3'-nitrotyrosine expression (protein nitration), γ-H2A.X formation (DNA oxidation), and promoted nuclear factor kappa B nuclear translocation, cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and release of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1ß. Lentivirus-mediated Prdx2 knockdown intensified the FS-induced LDH release and cell apoptosis by aggravating the oxidative and inflammatory damage. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that Prdx2 played a vital role in the protection against iron-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells.

Dissecting causal relationships between gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and glioblastoma multiforme: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Background: Given the increasing interest in the role of gut microbiota in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), our objective was to examine the potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and GBM, as well as the mediating effects of specific metabolites. Methods: A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to investigate the associations between 196 microbial taxa and GBM. A two-step MR technique was used to identify significant mediators in this relationship. Subsequently, a mediation analysis was performed to explore and quantify the mediating effects of specific metabolites on the causal relationship between gut microbiota and GBM. Results: Five taxa showed significant associations with GBM. Among them, family Victivallaceae [odds ratio (OR): 1.95; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21, 3.13; p = 0.005] and genus Lactococcus (OR: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.15; p = 0.036) were positively correlated with the risk of GBM, while phylum Cyanobacteria had a protective effect against GBM (OR: 0.45; 95% CI: 0.22, 0.89; p = 0.021). The mediation analysis revealed that the connections among family Victivallaceae, genus Lactococcus, phylum Cyanobacteria and GBM were mediated by Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate, phosphoethanolamine and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Each of these accounted for 7.27, 7.98, and 8.65%, respectively. Conclusion: Our study provides evidence supporting a potential causal association between certain gut microbiota taxa and GBM. The study highlights the central role of gut microbiota in GBM pathogenesis and their interactions with vital serum metabolites. This paves the way for potential novel therapeutic interventions in GBM management.

Buyang huanwu decoction alleviates stroke-induced immunosuppression in MCAO mice by reducing splenic T cell apoptosis triggered by AIM2 inflammasome.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Ischemic stroke is a serious disabling and fatal disease that places a heavy burden on the world. Stroke induces a state of systemic immunosuppression that is strongly associated with an increased risk of infection and severe outcomes. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BYHWD) is an ancient Chinese traditional formula with a good clinical and experimental basis. However, the role of BYHWD on post-stroke immunomodulation, especially immunosuppression, is unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological mechanism of BYHWD to alleviate ischemic stroke by analyzing splenic T cells apoptosis triggered by the AIM2 inflammasome activation cascade. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ischemic stroke model in C57BL/6 J mice was constructed using the MCAO method. The mNSS test and the hanging wire test were conducted to evaluate neurological impairment in mice. Histopathological damage was visualized by Nissl staining and HE staining. The protective effects of BYHWD on the spleen were determined by splenic index and spleen HE staining. The inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome cascade by BYHWD were explored through immunofluorescence (IF), flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Flow cytometry was used to assess the apoptosis of splenic T cells. RESULTS: BYHWD significantly reduced infarct size, improved neurological function scores, and alleviated histopathological damage in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice. At the same time, BYHWD salvaged spleen atrophy. BYHWD significantly ameliorated apoptosis of splenic T lymphocytes. Key proteins and factors in the AIM2/IL-1ß/FasL/Fas axis are effectively inhibited from expression after BYHWD treatment. CONCLUSION: It is the first study to demonstrate that BYHWD can improve stroke-induced immunosuppression by down-regulating Fas-dependent splenic T-cell apoptosis triggered by peripheral AIM2 inflammasome-driven signaling cascade.

Fast Markov Clustering Algorithm Based on Belief Dynamics.

Graph clustering is one of the most significant, challenging, and valuable topic in the analysis of real complex networks. To detect the cluster configuration accurately and efficiently, we propose a new Markov clustering algorithm based on the limit state of the belief dynamics model. First, we present a new belief dynamics model, which focuses beliefs of multicontent and randomly broadcasting information. A strict proof is provided for the convergence of nodes' normalized beliefs in complex networks. Second, we introduce a new Markov clustering algorithm (denoted as BMCL) by employing a belief dynamics model, which guarantees the ideal cluster configuration. Following the trajectory of the belief convergence, each node is mapped into the corresponding cluster repeatedly. The proposed BMCL algorithm is highly efficient: the convergence speed of the proposed algorithm researches O(TN) in sparse networks. Last, we implement several experiments to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods.

Sources and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Haihe River Basin, China.

Water quality monitoring stations are crucial for detecting excess pollutants in river sections, but identifying the causes of these exceedances can be challenging, especially in heavily polluted rivers with multiple contamination sources. To address this issue, we used the SWAT model to simulate pollution loads from various sources in the Haihe River Basin, analyzing the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants from seven nitrogen/phosphorus sources in sub-basins. Our results show that crop production is the primary contributor to nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Haihe River Basin, with the highest loads occurring in summer, followed by fall, spring, and winter. However, industries, atmospheric deposition, and municipal sewage treatment plants have a greater downstream impact on nitrogen/phosphorus contributions due to land use changes. The study highlights the need for targeted prevention and control policies based on the primary sources of pollution loads in different regions.

Method for Carotid Artery 3-D Ultrasound Image Segmentation Based on CSWin Transformer.

Precise segmentation of carotid artery (CA) structure is an important prerequisite for the medical assessment and detection of carotid plaques. For automatic segmentation of the media-adventitia boundary (MAB) and lumen-intima boundary (LIB) in 3-D ultrasound images of the CA, a U-shaped CSWin transformer (U-CSWT) is proposed. Both the encoder and decoder of the U-CSWT are composed of hierarchical CSWT modules, which can capture rich global context information in the 3-D image. Experiments were performed on a 3-D ultrasound image data set of the CA, and the results indicate that the U-CSWT performs better than other convolutional neural network (CNN)-based and CNN-transformer hybrid methods. The model yields Dice coefficients of 94.6 ± 3.0% and 90.8 ± 5.1% for the MAB and LIB in the common carotid artery (CCA) and 92.9 ± 4.9% and 89.6 ± 6.2% for MAB and LIB in the bifurcation, respectively. Our U-CSWT is expected to become an effective method for automatic segmentation of 3-D ultrasound images of CA.

A Review about C-TIRADS, ACR-TIRADS, and K-TIRADS Combined with Real-Time Tissue Elastography to Diagnose Thyroid Nodules.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of the Chinese version of thyroid imaging reporting and data system (C-TIRADS), American College of Radiology (ACR)-TIRADS, and Korean (K)-TIRADS combined with real-time tissue elastography to diagnose thyroid nodules. METHODS: A total of 574 thyroid nodule ultrasonographic images were retrospectively analyzed and classified based on the three TIRADS methods. The MedCale statistical software was used to construct the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve based on the pathological results of surgery. The diagnostic efficiency before and after assessing elastographies from the three TIRADS was compared between C-TIRADS, ACR-TIRADS, and K-TIRADS groups and within before and after TIRADS combined with elastic imaging. Furthermore, the unnecessary biopsy rates were also compared. Comparing area under ROC curve (AUC) with MEDCALC software (20.0.15, MedCalc Software Ltd., Ostend, Belgium), Delong test was used. The sensitivity and specificity were compared by STATA software (15.1, StataCorp LP, College Station, TX, USA) and Chi-square test. The rate of unnecessary biopsy was compared by SPSS software (23.0, IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) and Chi-square test. RESULTS: C-TIRADS, ACR-TIRADS, K-TIRADS cut-off values, and real-time tissue elastography (RTE) were 4b, 5, 5, and 3, respectively, and the areas under the ROC curve were 0.932, 0.914, 0.904, and 0.883, respectively. C-TIRADS had the highest AUC (p < 0.05) and sensitivity (p < 0.001), while ACR-TIRADS had the highest specificity (p < 0.001). After conducting a combined elastography with the three TIRADS, AUC showed increases of different degrees. Comparing TIRADS with TIRADS+RTE, the difference of C-TIRADS had statistical significance (p < 0.001), but the difference of ACR-TIRADS and K-TIRADS had no statistical significance (p > 0.05). The unnecessary biopsy rate showed decreases of different degrees. Differences between C-TIRADS and K-TIRADS were significant (p < 0.05), but in the case of ACR-TIRADS were not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: C-TIRADS, ACR-TIRADS, K-TIRA and RTE showed high diagnostic efficiency, with C-TIRADS having the highest. Real-time tissue elastography can improve TIRADS diagnostic efficiency and reduce its unnecessary biopsy rate. In this case C-TIRADS showed again the highest efficiency.

Fibrolipomatous Hamartoma of the Median Nerve: A Clinical Report of One Case and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: The ultrasound imaging findings and clinical treatment procedure of a case of fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve are reported in this paper. The disease diagnosis was mainly dependent on magnetic resonance, and rarely described by ultrasound. This paper introduces the imaging manifestations of median neurofibromatoid hamartoma under ultrasound. CASE PRESENTATION: This case is a middle-aged female with pituitary adenoma. Fibrolipomatous hamartoma, as a rare benign fibrofatty tumor, is characterized by the slow proliferation of mature adipocytes and fibrous tissue around and inside the peripheral nerves, eventually leading to the fusiform enlargement of nerve fiber bundles. DISSCUSSION: This paper discusses the value and application of color doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of FLH to provide a reference for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease in the future and reviews the literature on this disease. CONCLUSION: Because fibrolipomatous hamartoma is very rare, it is very important to improve the understanding and diagnosis of this disease.

Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Leiomyosarcoma with Hepatic Metastasis: A Clinical Report of One Case and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Small intestinal leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical symptoms are atypical and can be complicated by gastrointestinal bleeding and intestinal obstruction. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 73-year-old patient with small intestinal smooth muscle sarcoma with hepatic metastasis. No significant abnormalities were seen on examination of the abdomen. We performed abdominal enhancement CT, contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS), and ultrasoundguided pelvic mass puncture biopsy, and we found a heterogeneous density and echogenicity of the pelvic mass, and the enhancement was progressive with sustained hyperenhancement. The postoperative pathology was smooth muscle sarcoma of the small intestine. The typical fast-in, fast-out bull's-eye sign of metastases, characterized the liver presented with multiple hypodense and echogenic nodules and the enhancement. The clinical presentation, imaging, histologic features, and treatment are also discussed in this article. CONCLUSION: This article briefly reviews the literature on small intestinal leiomyosarcoma. The purpose of this case report is to emphasize the specificity of the case and evaluate the imaging presentation of ultrasound (US) and CEUS and the main differential diagnosis of this rare gastrointestinal tumor.

Development of a prognostic model for glioblastoma multiforme based on the expression levels of efferocytosis-related genes.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common and aggressive brain tumors. The microenvironment of GBM is characterized by its highly immunosuppressive nature with infiltration of immunosuppressive cells and the expression levels of cytokines. Efferocytosis is a biological process in which phagocytes remove apoptotic cells and vesicles from tissues. Efferocytosis plays a noticeable function in the formation of immunosuppressive environment. This study aimed to develop an efferocytosis-related prognostic model for GBM. The bioinformatic methods were utilized to analyze the transcriptomic data of GBM and normal samples. Clinical and RNA-seq data were sourced from TCGA database comprising 167 tumor samples and 5 normal samples, and 167 tumor samples for which survival information was available. Transcriptomic data of 1034 normal samples were collected from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database as a control sample supplement to the TCGA database. In the end, 167 tumor samples and 1039 normal samples were obtained for transcriptome analysis. Efferocytosis-related differentially expressed genes (ERDEGs) were obtained by intersecting 7487 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between GBM and normal samples along with 1189 hub genes. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that ERDEGs were mainly involved in cytokine-mediated immune responses. Moreover, 9 prognosis-related genes (PRGs) were identified by the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, and a prognostic model was therefore developed. The nomogram combining age and risk score could effectively predict GBM patients' prognosis. GBM patients in the high-risk group had higher immune infiltration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis scores and poorer tumor purity. In addition, the high-risk group exhibited higher half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for temozolomide, carmustine, and vincristine. Expression analysis indicated that PRGs were overexpressed in GBM cells. PDIA4 knockdown reduced efferocytosis in vitro. In summary, the proposed prognostic model for GBM based on efferocytosis-related genes exhibited a robust performance.

"Reaction"-Like Shaping of Self-Delivery Supramolecular Nanodrugs in the Nanoprecipitation Process.

Nanoprecipitation, which is achieved through the diffusion and precipitation of drug molecules in blended solvent and antisolvent phases, is a classic route for constructing nanodrugs (NDs) and previously directed by diffusion-controlled theory. However, the diffusion-controlled mechanism is out of date in the recent preparation of self-delivery supramolecular NDs (SDSNDs), characterized by the construction of drug nanoparticles through supramolecular interactions in the absence of carriers and surfactants. Herein, a "reaction"-like complement, contributed from supramolecular interactions, is proposed for the preparation of naphthoquinone SDSNDs. Different from the diffusion-controlled process, the formation rate of SDSNDs via the "reaction"-like process is almost constant and highly dependent on the supramolecular interaction-determined Gibbs free energy of molecular binding. Thus, the formation rate and drug availability of SDSNDs are greatly improved by engineering the supramolecular interactions, which facilitates the preparation of SDSNDs with expected sizes, components, and therapeutic functions. As a deep understanding of supramolecular-interaction-involved nanoprecipitation, the current "reaction"-like protocol not only provides a theoretical supplement for classic nanoprecipitation but also highlights the potential of nanoprecipitation in shaping self-assembled, coassembled, and metal-ion-associated SDSNDs.