Microliquid/Liquid Interfacial Sensors: Biomimetic Investigation of Transmembrane Mechanisms and Real-Time Determinations of Clemastine, Cyproheptadine, Epinastine, Cetirizine, and Desloratadine.

Antihistamines relieve allergic symptoms by inhibiting the action of histamine. Further understanding of antihistamine transmembrane mechanisms and optimizing the selectivity and real-time monitoring capabilities of drug sensors is necessary. In this study, a micrometer liquid/liquid (L/L) interfacial sensor has served as a biomimetic membrane to investigate the mechanism of interfacial transfer of five antihistamines, i.e., clemastine (CLE), cyproheptadine (CYP), epinastine (EPI), desloratadine (DSL), and cetirizine (CET), and realize the real-time determinations. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques have been used to uncover the electrochemical transfer behavior of the five antihistamines at the L/L interface. Additionally, finite element simulations (FEMs) have been employed to reveal the thermodynamics and kinetics of the process. Visualization of antihistamine partitioning in two phases at different pH values can be realized by ion partition diagrams (IPDs). The IPDs also reveal the transfer mechanism at the L/L interface and provide effective lipophilicity at different pH values. Real-time determinations of these antihistamines have been achieved through potentiostatic chronoamperometry (I-t), exhibiting good selectivity with the addition of nine common organic or inorganic compounds in living organisms and revealing the potential for in vivo pharmacokinetics. Besides providing a satisfactory surrogate for studying the transmembrane mechanism of antihistamines, this work also sheds light on micro- and nano L/L interfacial sensors for in vivo analysis of pharmacokinetics at a single-cell or single-organelle level.

A Mouse Model of the Associating Liver Partition and Portal Vein Ligation for Staged Hepatectomy Procedure Aided by Microscopy.

Hepatectomy is widely regarded as the primary treatment for hepatic malignancies; yet, postoperative liver failure remains a major cause of perioperative mortality, severely impacting patient outcomes. In a robust hepatic environment, the future liver remnant (FLR) must exceed 25%, and in cases of cirrhosis, this requirement increases to over 40%. The inadequacy of FLR is currently a major obstacle in the progression of hepatic surgery. Traditional methods to enhance FLR hypertrophy mainly focus on portal vein embolization (PVE), but its effectiveness is considerably limited. In recent years, there have been numerous reports on a novel biphasic hepatectomy method involving hepatic partitioning and portal vein ligation, known as associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS). ALPPS surpasses PVE in efficiently and considerably inducing FLR hypertrophy. However, the detailed mechanisms driving ALPPS-facilitated hepatic regeneration are not fully understood. Thus, replicating ALPPS in animal models is crucial to thoroughly investigate the molecular mechanisms of hepatic regeneration, offering valuable theoretical and practical insights.