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Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of photocatalytic materials for solar energy conversion. In this work, we report a pair of structurally isomeric COFs with reversed imine bond directions, which leads to drastic differences in their physical properties, photophysical behaviors, and photocatalytic CO2 reduction performance after incorporating a Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl molecular catalyst through bipyridyl units on the COF backbone (Re-COF). Using the combination of ultrafast spectroscopy and theory, we attributed these differences to the polarized nature of the imine bond that imparts a preferential direction to intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) upon photoexcitation, where the bipyridyl unit acts as an electron acceptor in the forward imine case (f-COF) and as an electron donor in the reverse imine case (r-COF). These interactions ultimately lead the Re-f-COF isomer to function as an efficient CO2 reduction photocatalyst, while the Re-r-COF isomer shows minimal photocatalytic activity. These findings not only reveal the essential role linker chemistry plays in COF photophysical and photocatalytic properties but also offer a unique opportunity to design photosensitizers that can selectively direct charges.
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2D conjugated covalent organic frameworks (c-COFs) provide an attractive foundation as organic electrodes in energy storage devices, but their storage capability is long hindered by limited ion accessibility within densely π-π stacked interlayers. Herein, two kinds of 2D c-COFs based on dioxin and dithiine linkages are reported, which exhibit distinct in-plane configurations-fully planar and undulated layers. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals wavy square-planar networks in dithiine-bridged COF (COF-S), attributed to curved CâSâC bonds in the dithiine linkage, whereas dioxin-bridged COF (COF-O) features densely packed fully planar layers. Theoretical and experimental results elucidate that the undulated stacking within COF-S possesses an expanded layer distance of 3.8 Å and facilitates effective and rapid Li+ storage, yielding a superior specific capacity of 1305 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1, surpassing that of COF-O (1180 mAh g-1 at 0.5 A g-1). COF-S also demonstrates an admirable cycle life with 80.4% capacity retention after 5000 cycles. As determined, self-expanded wavy-stacking geometry, S-enriched dithiine in COF-S enhances the accessibility and redox activity of Li storage, allowing each phthalocyanine core to store 12 Li+ compared to 8 Li+ in COF-O. These findings underscore the elements and stacking modes of 2D c-COFs, enabling tunable layer distance and modulation of accessible ions.
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Stable redox-active conjugated molecules with exceptional electron-donating abilities are key components for the design and synthesis of ultralow band gap conjugated polymers. While hallmark electron-rich examples such as pentacene derivatives have been thoroughly explored, their poor air stability has hampered their broad incorporation into conjugated polymers for practical applications. Herein, we describe the synthesis of the electron-rich, fused pentacyclic pyrazino[2,3-b:5,6-b']diindolizine (PDIz) motif and detail its optical and redox behavior. The PDIz ring system exhibits a lower oxidation potential and a reduced optical band gap than the isoelectronic pentacene while retaining greater air stability in both solution and the solid state. The enhanced stability and electron density, together with readily installed solubilizing groups and polymerization handles, allow for the use of the PDIz motif in the synthesis of a series of conjugated polymers with band gaps as small as 0.71 eV. The tunable absorbance throughout the biologically relevant near-infrared I and II regions enables the use of these PDIz-based polymers as efficient photothermal therapeutic reagents for laser ablation of cancer cells.
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Heterogeneous catalysis plays an indispensable role in chemical production and energy conversion. Incorporation of transition metals into metal oxides and zeolites is a common strategy to fine-tune the activity and selectivity of the resulting solid catalysts, as either the active center or promotor. Studying the underlying mechanism is however challenging. Decorating the metal-oxo clusters with transition metals in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) via postsynthetic modification offers a rational approach to construct well-defined structural models for better understanding of the reaction mechanism. Therefore, it is important to expand the materials scope beyond the currently widely studied zirconium MOFs consisting of Zr6 nodes. In this work, we report the design and synthesis of a new (4,12)-connected Zr-MOF with ith topology that consists of rare Zr9 nodes. FeIII was further incorporated onto the Zr9 nodes of the framework, and the resulting MOF material exhibits significantly enhanced activity and selectivity toward the photocatalytic oxidation of toluene. This work demonstrates a delicate ligand design strategy to control the nuclearity of Zr-oxo clusters, which further dictates the number and binding sites of transition metals and the overall photocatalytic activity toward C-H activation. Our work paves the way for future exploration of the structure-activity study of catalysts using MOFs as the model system.
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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) show great potential for many advanced applications on account of their structural uniqueness. To address the synthetic challenges, facile chemical routes to engineer the porosity, crystallinity, and functionality of COFs are highly sought after. Herein, we report a synthetic approach that employs the Cadogan reaction to introduce nitrogen-containing heterocycles as the linkages in the framework. Irreversible indazole and benzimidazolylidene (BIY) linkages are introduced into COFs for the first time via phosphine-induced reductive cyclization of the common imine linkages following either stepwise or one-pot reaction protocols. The successful linkage transformation introduces new functionalities, as demonstrated in the case of BIY-COF, which displays excellent intrinsic proton conductivity without the need of impregnation with external proton transfer reagents. Such a general strategy will open the window to a broader class of functional porous crystalline materials.
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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with efficient charge transport and exceptional chemical stability are emerging as an import class of semiconducting materials for opto-/electronic devices and energy-related applications. However, the limited synthetic chemistry to access such materials and the lack of mechanistic understanding of carrier mobility greatly hinder their practical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis of three chemically stable polyarylether-based metallophthalocyanine COFs (PAE-PcM, M = Cu, Ni, and Co) and facile in situ growth of their thin films on various substrates (i.e., SiO2/Si, ITO, quartz) under solvothermal conditions. We show that PAE-PcM COFs thin films with van der Waals layered structures exhibit p-type semiconducting properties with the intrinsic mobility up to â¼19.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 and 4 orders of magnitude of increase in conductivity for PAE-PcCu film (0.2 S m-1) after iodine doping. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the carrier transport in the framework is anisotropic, with the out-of-plane hole transport along columnar stacked phthalocyanine more favorable. Furthermore, PAE-PcCo shows the redox behavior maximumly contributes â¼88.5% of its capacitance performance, giving rise to a high surface area normalized capacitance of â¼19 µF cm-2. Overall, this work not only offers fundamental understandings of electronic properties of polyarylether-based 2D COFs but also paves the way for their energy-related applications.
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Two-dimensional (2D) porous carbon nanosheets (2DPCs) have attracted great attention for their good porosity and long-distance conductivity. Factors such as templates, precursors, and carbonization-activation methods, directly determine their performance. However, rational design and preparation of porous carbon materials with controlled 2D morphology and heteroatom dopants remains a challenge. Therefore, an ionic polyimide with both sp2 - and sp3 -hybridized nitrogen atoms was prepared as a precursor for fabricating N-doped hexagonal porous carbon nanosheets through a hard-template approach. Because of the large surface area and efficient charge-mass transport, the resulting activated 2D porous carbon nanosheets (2DPCs-a) displayed promising electrocatalytic properties for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline and acidic media, such as ultralow half-wave potential (0.83 vs. 0.84â V of Pt/C) and superior limiting current density (5.42 vs. 5.14â mA cm-2 of Pt/C). As air cathodes in Zn-air batteries, the as-developed 2DPCs-a exhibited long stability and high capacity (up to 614â mA h g-1 ), which are both higher than those of commercial Pt/C. This work provides a convenient method for controllable and scalable 2DPCs fabrication as well as new opportunities to develop high-efficiency electrocatalysts for ORR and Zn-air batteries.
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A gas-phase approach to form Zn coordination sites on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) by vapor-phase infiltration (VPI) was developed. Compared to Zn sites synthesized by the solution-phase method, VPI samples revealed approximately 2.8 % internal strain. Faradaic efficiency towards conversion of CO2 to CO was enhanced by up to a factor of four, and the initial potential was positively shifted by 200-300â mV. Using element-specific X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the local coordination environment of the Zn center was determined to have square-pyramidal geometry with four Zn-N bonds in the equatorial plane and one Zn-OH2 bond in the axial plane. The fine-tuned internal strain was further supported by monitoring changes in XRD and UV/Visible absorption spectra across a range of infiltration cycles. The ability to use internal strain to increase catalytic activity of MOFs suggests that applying this strategy will enhance intrinsic catalytic capabilities of a variety of porous materials.
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The rapid development of lightweight and wearable devices requires electronic circuits possessing compact, high-efficiency, and long lifetime in very limited space. Alternating current (AC) line filters are usually tools for manipulating the surplus AC ripples for the operation of most common electronic devices. So far, only aluminum electrolytic capacitors (AECs) can be utilized for this target. However, the bulky volume in the electronic circuits and limited capacitances have long hindered the development of miniaturized and flexible electronics. In this work, a facile laser-assisted fabrication approach toward an in-plane micro-supercapacitor for AC line filtering based on graphene and conventional charge transfer salt heterostructure is reported. Specifically, the devices reach a phase angle of 73.2° at 120 Hz, a specific capacitance of 151 µF cm-2 , and relaxation time constant of 0.32 ms at the characteristic frequency of 3056 Hz. Furthermore, the scan rate can reach up to 1000 V s-1 . Moreover, the flexibility and stability of the micro-supercapacitors are tested in gel electrolyte H2 SO4 /PVA, and the capacitance of micro-supercapacitors retain a stability over 98% after 10 000 cycles. Thus, such micro-supercapacitors with excellent electrochemical performance can be almost compared with the AECs and will be the next-generation capacitors for AC line filters.
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Inorganic porous materials have long dominated the field of porous materials due to their stable structure and wide applications. In the past decade, porous polymers have generated considerable interest among researchers because of their easily tunable porosity, carbon-rich backbones, and prominent physical properties. These attributes enable porous polymers to be used in various applications such as sensing, gas separation and storage, catalysis, and energy storage. However, poor dispersibility has long hindered the development of porous polymers. A majority of the reported porous polymers can only be synthesized with amorphous structure through direct precipitation from solutions during reactions. The rational design and synthesis of porous polymers with controllable morphology, such as two-dimensional (2D) morphology, remains great challenge. Two-dimensional nanomaterials have attracted considerable interest because of their unique properties, which originate from the intrinsic chemical structures and 2D dimensionality. Among 2D nanomaterials, 2D porous polymers, which possess the advanced features of polymers, porous materials, and 2D nanomaterials, have been a rising star. Conventionally, polymerization strategies for generating 2D porous polymers mainly include the cross-linking of multiarmed monomers in 2D-space-confined environments, such as crystalline solid surfaces, liquid-liquid interfaces, and liquid-air interfaces. However, these methods always involve complicate operations, e.g., under vacuum, sophisticated equipment, film transfer technology, exfoliation, and so on and, most importantly, are difficult to scale up. To overcome this synthesis obstacle, 2D nanomaterials, such as graphene, can be used as 2D templates for synthesis of sandwich-like 2D porous polymers and porous carbon nanosheets. p-Bromobenzene-, p-cyanobenzene-, polyacrylonitrile-, and amino-functionalized graphene are used as templates for direct surface polymerization through reactions such as Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction, condensation reaction, ionothermal reaction, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, Friedel-Crafts reaction, and oxidation reaction. Therefore, sandwich-like 2D conjugated microporous polymers, Schiff-base type porous polymers, covalent triazine frameworks, hyper-cross-linked porous polymers, and mesoporous conducting polymers can be easily prepared. Beyond graphene, other excellent 2D nanomaterials, e.g., MoS2, can also act 2D templates to construct 2D porous polymers and corresponding hybrid materials. In addition, 2D morphology for porous polymer can be achieved without 2D templates in a few cases. For instance, olefin-linkage-linked covalent organic frameworks can be synthesized through Knoevenagel condensation reaction. As is known, porous polymers can serve as carbon-rich precursors to generate heteroatom doped porous carbons for energy storage and catalysis. Thus, one benefit of 2D porous polymers is new access toward porous carbon nanosheets through direct pyrolysis without using inorganic porous templates. In this Account, we summarize recent research on 2D porous polymers and corresponding porous carbon nanosheets.
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On-chip micro-supercapacitors (MSCs) are important Si-compatible power-source backups for miniaturized electronics. Despite their tremendous advantages, current on-chip MSCs require harsh processing conditions and typically perform like resistors when filtering ripples from alternating current (AC). Herein, we demonstrated a facile layer-by-layer method towards on-chip MSCs based on an azulene-bridged coordination polymer framework (PiCBA). Owing to the good carrier mobility (5×10-3 â cm2 V-1 s-1 ) of PiCBA, the permanent dipole moment of azulene skeleton, and ultralow band gap of PiCBA, the fabricated MSCs delivered high specific capacitances of up to 34.1â F cm-3 at 50â mV s-1 and a high volumetric power density of 1323â W cm-3 . Most importantly, such MCSs exhibited AC line-filtering performance (-73° at 120â Hz) with a short resistance-capacitance constant of circa 0.83â ms.
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The development of semiconducting polymers with good processability in green solvents and competitive electrical performance is essential for realizing sustainable large-scale manufacturing and commercialization of organic electronics. A major obstacle is the processability-performance dichotomy that is dictated by the lack of ideal building blocks with balanced polarity, solubility, electronic structures, and molecular conformation. Herein, through the integration of donor, quinoid and acceptor units, an unprecedented building block, namely TQBT, is introduced for constructing a serial of conjugated polymers. The TQBT, distinct in non-symmetric structure and high dipole moment, imparts enhanced solubility in anisole-a green solvent-to the polymer TQBT-T. Furthermore, PTQBT-T possess a highly rigid and planar backbone owing to the nearly coplanar geometry and quinoidal nature of TQBT, resulting in strong aggregation in solution and localized aggregates in film. Remarkably, PTQBT-T films spuncast from anisole exhibit a hole mobility of 2.30 cm2 V-1 s-1, which is record high for green solvent-processable semiconducting polymers via spin-coating, together with commendable operational and storage stability. The hybrid building block emerges as a pioneering electroactive unit, shedding light on future design strategies in high-performance semiconducting polymers compatible with green processing and marking a significant stride towards ecofriendly organic electronics.
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[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C5RA26521E.].
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Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have emerged as auspicious porous adsorbents for radioiodine capture. However, their conventional solvothermal synthesis demands multiday synthetic times and anaerobic conditions, largely hampering their practical use. To tackle these challenges, we present a facile microwave-assisted synthesis of 2D imine-linked COFs, Mw-TFB-BD-X, (X = -CH3 and -OCH3) under air within just 1 h. The resultant COFs possessed higher crystallinity, better yields, and more uniform morphology than their solvothermal counterparts. Remarkably, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 exhibited exceptional iodine adsorption capacities of 7.83 g g-1 and 7.05 g g-1, respectively, placing them among the best-performing COF adsorbents for static iodine vapor capture. Moreover, Mw-TFB-BD-CH3 and Mw-TFB-BD-OCH3 can be reused 5 times with no apparent loss in the adsorption capacity. The exceptionally high iodine adsorption capacities and excellent reusability of COFs were mainly attributed to their uniform spherical morphology and enhanced chemical stability due to the in-built electron-donating groups, despite their low surface areas. This work establishes a benchmark for developing advanced iodine adsorbents that combine fast kinetics, high capacity, excellent reusability, and facile rapid synthesis, a set of appealing features that remain challenging to merge in COF adsorbents so far.
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Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) and their derivative N-doped carbons have attracted much attention for application in energy conversion and storage. However, previous studies have mainly focused on developing new building blocks and optimizing synthetic conditions. The use of isometric building blocks to control the porous structure and to fundamentally understand structure-property relationships have rarely been reported. In this work, two isometric building blocks are used to produce isometric CTFs with controllable pore geometries. The as-prepared CTF with nonplanar hexagonal rings demonstrates higher surface area, larger pore volume, and richer N content than the planar CTF. After pyrolysis, nonplanar porous CTF-derived N-doped carbons exhibit admirable catalytic activity for oxygen reduction in alkaline media (half-wave potential: 0.86â V; Tafel slope: 65â mV dec-1 ), owing to their larger pore volume and the abundance of pyridinic and graphitic N species. When assembled into a zinc-air battery, the as-made electrocatalysts show high capacities of up to 651â mAh g-1 and excellent durability.
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Two-dimensional (2D) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted rapid growing attention due to their excellent environmental and operational stability. As an important type of 2D perovskite, Dion-Jacobson (DJ) 2D perovskites exhibit better structural integrity and more stable optoelectronic properties than those of Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) ones because of the elimination of weak van der Waals interactions. Random phase distribution, phase impurity, and weak crystallinity, however, can lead to severe nonradiative recombination losses in 2D perovskites and inferior device stability. Herein, formamidinium chloride (FACl) and lead chloride (PbCl2) are selected as additives to fabricate efficient and stable DJ 2D PSCs. The synergistic effect of additives could efficiently induce crystallization and suppress the low-n phase perovskites. The obtained 2D perovskites exhibit extended charge lifetime and enhanced charge transfer. The corresponding PSC device delivers an efficiency of 16.63% with a significantly improved open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.18 V and a fill factor (FF) of 81.65% than the control one. This PCE ranks the highest for inverted FA-based 2D DJ PSCs. Moreover, this device has exhibited exceptional long-term stability, which retains more than 95% of the initial efficiencies at about 50% relative humidity for 600 h.
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High capacity polymer dielectrics that operate with high efficiencies under harsh electrification conditions are essential components for advanced electronics and power systems. It is, however, fundamentally challenging to design polymer dielectrics that can reliably withstand demanding temperatures and electric fields, which necessitate the balance of key electronic, electrical and thermal parameters. Herein, we demonstrate that polysulfates, synthesized by sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) catalysis, another near-perfect click chemistry reaction, serve as high-performing dielectric polymers that overcome such bottlenecks. Free-standing polysulfate thin films from convenient solution processes exhibit superior insulating properties and dielectric stability at elevated temperatures, which are further enhanced when ultrathin (~5 nm) oxide coatings are deposited by atomic layer deposition. The corresponding electrostatic film capacitors display high breakdown strength (>700 MV m-1) and discharged energy density of 8.64 J cm-3 at 150 °C, outperforming state-of-the-art free-standing capacitor films based on commercial and synthetic dielectric polymers and nanocomposites.
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The robust fully conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as a novel type of semi-conductive COFs for optoelectronic and energy devices due to their controllable architectures and easily tunable the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels. However, the carrier mobility of such materials is still beyond requirements due to limited π-conjugation. In this study, a series of new polyarylether-based COFs are rationally synthesized via a direct reaction between hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (electron acceptor) and octahydroxyphthalocyanine (electron donor). These COFs have typical crystalline layered structures, narrow band gaps as low as ≈0.65 eV and ultra-low resistance (1.31 × 10-6 S cm-1 ). Such COFs can be composed of two different metal-sites and contribute improved carrier mobility via layer-altered staking mode according to density functional theory calculation. Due to the narrow pore size of 1.4 nm and promising conductivity, such COFs and electrochemically exfoliated graphene based free-standing films are fabricated for in-plane micro-supercapacitors, which demonstrate excellent volumetric capacitances (28.1 F cm-3 ) and excellent stability of 10 000 charge-discharge cycling in acidic electrolyte. This study provides a new approach toward dioxin-linked COFs with donor-acceptor structure and easily tunable energy levels for versatile energy storage and optoelectronic devices.
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Carbon capture and sequestration reduces carbon dioxide emissions and is critical in accomplishing carbon neutrality targets. Here, we demonstrate new sustainable, solid-state, polyamine-appended, cyanuric acid-stabilized melamine nanoporous networks (MNNs) via dynamic combinatorial chemistry (DCC) at the kilogram scale toward effective and high-capacity carbon dioxide capture. Polyamine-appended MNNs reaction mechanisms with carbon dioxide were elucidated with double-level DCC where two-dimensional heteronuclear chemical shift correlation nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed to demonstrate the interatomic interactions. We distinguished ammonium carbamate pairs and a mix of ammonium carbamate and carbamic acid during carbon dioxide chemisorption. The coordination of polyamine and cyanuric acid modification endows MNNs with high adsorption capacity (1.82 millimoles per gram at 1 bar), fast adsorption time (less than 1 minute), low price, and extraordinary stability to cycling by flue gas. This work creates a general industrialization method toward carbon dioxide capture via DCC atomic-level design strategies.