Anti-phytopathogenic activity and the possible mechanisms of action of isoquinoline alkaloid sanguinarine.

Isoquinoline alkaloids possess broad pharmacological activities. In this study, the antifungal activity of twelve isoquinoline alkaloids, including berberine (1), jatrorrhizine (2), coptisine (3), corydaline (4), tetrahydroberberine (5), chelidonine (6), dihydrosanguinarine (7), chelerythrine (8), sanguinarine (9), palmatine (10), tetrahydropalmatine (11) and columbamine (12) were evaluated against eight plant pathogenic fungi in vitro. All the tested compounds showed varying degrees of inhibition against the eight tested plant fungi. Among them, sanguinarine exhibited high antifungal activity (EC50 ranging from 6.96-59.36 µg/mL). It displayed the best inhibitory activity against Magnaporthe oryzae (EC50 = 6.96 µg/mL), compared with azoxystrobin (EC50 = 12.04 µg/mL), and significantly suppressed spore germination of M. oryzae with the inhibition rate reaching 100% (50 µg/mL). The optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy observations revealed that after treating M. oryzae mycelia with sanguinarine at 10 µg/mL, the mycelia appeared curved, collapsed and the cell membrane integrity was eventually damaged. Furthermore, the reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial membrane potential and nuclear morphometry of mycelia had been changed, and the membrane function and cell proliferation of mycelia were destroyed. These results will enrich our insights into action mechanisms of antifungal activity of sanguinarine against M. oryzae.

Biologically active quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids part I.

Quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids, two important classes of N-based heterocyclic compounds, have attracted tremendous attention from researchers worldwide since the 19th century. Over the past 200 years, many compounds from these two classes were isolated from natural sources, and most of them and their modified analogs possess significant bioactivities. Quinine and camptothecin are two of the most famous and important quinoline alkaloids, and their discoveries opened new areas in antimalarial and anticancer drug development, respectively. In this review, we survey the literature on bioactive alkaloids from these two classes and highlight research achievements prior to the year 2008 (Part I). Over 200 molecules with a broad range of bioactivities, including antitumor, antimalarial, antibacterial and antifungal, antiparasitic and insecticidal, antiviral, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, herbicidal, antioxidant and other activities, were reviewed. This survey should provide new clues or possibilities for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids.

Biologically active quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids part II.

To follow-up on our prior Part I review, this Part II review summarizes and provides updated literature on novel quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids isolated during the period of 2009-2016, together with the biological activity and the mechanisms of action of these classes of natural products. Over 200 molecules with a broad range of biological activities, including antitumor, antiparasitic and insecticidal, antibacterial and antifungal, cardioprotective, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anti-asthma, antitussive, and other activities, are discussed. This survey should provide new clues or possibilities for the discovery of new and better drugs from the original naturally occurring quinoline and quinazoline alkaloids.

Facile Three-Component Synthesis, Insecticidal and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Dihydropyridine Derivatives.

In an attempt to find the neonicotinoid insecticides, twenty novel dihydropyridine derivatives were designed, "green" synthesized via one pot facile three-component reaction and evaluated for their bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinereal. All of the tested compounds showed potent insecticidal activity, and some were much better in comparison with imidacloprid (IMI). Especially, compounds 3d (LC50: 0.011 mM) and 5c (LC50: 0.025 mM) were 12.2- and 5.4-fold more active than IMI (LC50: 0.135 mM) against T. cinnabarinus, respectively. Moreover, out of all the derivatives, compound 3d (LC50: 0.0015 mM) exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity against B. brassicae and compound 3i (LC50: 0.0007 mM) displayed the strongest insecticidal activity against M. persicae. Surprisingly, when the concentration of compound 4 was 50 mg/L, the inhibition rate against F. oxysporum and S. sclerotiorum reached 45.00% and 65.83%, respectively. The present work indicated that novel dihydropyridine derivatives could be used as potential lead compounds for developing neonicotinoid insecticides and agricultural fungicides.

Design, synthesis and potent cytotoxic activity of novel 7-(N-[(substituted-sulfonyl)piperazinyl]-methyl)-camptothecin derivatives.

In an effort to discover potent camptothecin-derived antitumor agents, novel camptothecin analogues with sulfonylpiperazinyl motifs at position-7 were designed and synthesized. They were evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity with the sulforhodamine-B (SRB) method in five types of human tumor cell lines, A-549, MDA-MB-231, KB, KB-VIN and MCF-7. With IC50 values in the low µM to nM level, most of the new analogues showed greater cytotoxicity activity than the reference compounds irinotecan and topotecan. Furthermore, compounds 12l (IC50, 1.2nM) and 12k (IC50, 20.2nM) displayed the highest cytotoxicity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) KB-VIN cell line and merit further development as preclinical drug candidates for treating cancer, including MDR phenotype. Our study suggested that integration of sulfonylpiperazinyl motifs into position-7 of camptothecin is an effective strategy for discovering new potent cytotoxic camptothecin derivatives.

Design and Synthesis of Cyclolipopeptide Mimics of Dysoxylactam A and Evaluation of the Reversing Potencies against P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance.

Inspired by the structure of dysoxylactam A (DLA) that has been demonstrated to reverse P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) effectively, 61 structurally simplified cyclolipopeptides were thus designed and synthesized via an effective method, and their reversing P-gp-mediated MDR potentials were evaluated, which provided a series of more potent analogues and allowed us to explore their structure-activity relationship (SAR). Among them, a well-simplified compound, 56, with only two chiral centers that all derived from amino acids dramatically reversed drug resistance in KBV200 cells at 10 µM in combination with vinorelbine (VNR), paclitaxel (PTX), and adriamycin (ADR), respectively, which is more promising than DLA. The mechanism study showed that 56 reversed the MDR of tumor cells by inhibiting the transport function of P-gp rather than reducing its expression. Notably, compound 56 effectively restored the sensitivity of MDR tumors to VNR in vivo at a dosage without obvious toxicity.

Discovery of luotonin A analogues as potent fungicides and insecticides: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation inspired by natural alkaloid.

The prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests is the most crucial issue facing crop protection. To discover novel pesticide candidates with diverse chemical structures from natural products, a series of luotonin A analogues were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antifungal and insecticidal activities. Most of these compounds exhibited potent activity against Botrytis cinerea, Magnaporthe oryzae and Aphis craccivora. Among them, the antifungal activity of compound 10s against B. cinerea was comparable to azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.09 mM) and against M. oryzae (EC50 = 0.19 mM) was slightly weaker than that of azoxystrobin (EC50 = 0.17 mM). Compounds 10k and 10o are the most active compounds against A. craccivora having identical mortality value of 42.05% at 50 µg/mL, respectively, which were slightly lower than pymetrozine (51.14%) at the same concentration. Revealed morphological changes of the fungal cell surface by scanning electron microscopy indicated that luotonin A analogues might exert their antifungal activity by destroying fungal cell membrane and cell wall. Furthermore, the results of the in vivo protective and curative activities of the compound 10s against S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea showed that the curative effect was stronger than its protective effect and the curative effects reached 67.17% and 73.82% at 80 µg/mL respectively. The above results further demonstrated the potential of luotonin A analogues as novel fungicides and insecticides.

Design and synthesis of novel 7-[(N-substituted-thioureidopiperazinyl)-methyl]-camptothecin derivatives as potential cytotoxic agents.

As part of continuing our research on diverse C-7 derivatives of camptothecin (CPT), 16 CPT derivatives bearing piperazinyl-thiourea chemical scaffold and different substituent groups have been designed, synthesized and evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity against five tumor cell lines (A-549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, KB and KBvin). As a result, all the synthesized compounds showed promising in vitro cytotoxic activity against the five tumor cell lines tested, and were more potent than irinotecan. Importantly, compounds 13 g (IC50 = 0.514 µM) and 13o (IC50 = 0.275 µM) possessed similar or better antiproliferative activity against the multidrug-resistant (MDR) KBvin subline than that of topotecan (IC50 = 0.511 µM) and merit further development as anticancer candidates for clinical trail. With these results in hand, we have a reason to conclude that incorporating piperazinyl-thiourea motifs into position-7 of camptothecin confers well cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines, probably resulting in new anticancer drugs.

Design, Synthesis, and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Quinoline Derivatives Inspired from Natural Quinine Alkaloids.

Inspired by quinine and its analogues, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated two series of quinoline small molecular compounds (a and 2a) and six series of quinoline derivatives (3a-f) for their antifungal activities. The results showed that compounds 3e and 3f series exhibited significant fungicidal activities. Significantly, compounds 3f-4 (EC50 = 0.41 µg/mL) and 3f-28 (EC50 = 0.55 µg/mL) displayed the superior in vitro fungicidal activity and the potent in vivo curative effect against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Preliminary mechanism studies showed that compounds 3f-4 and 3f-28 could cause changes in the cell membrane permeability, accumulation of reactive oxygen species, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and effective inhibition of germination and formation of S. sclerotiorum sclerotia. These results indicate that compounds 3f-4 and 3f-28 are novel potential fungicidal candidates against S. sclerotiorum derived from natural products.

Synthesis and anti-phytopathogenic activity of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives.

Phytopathogenic fungi have become a serious threat to the quality of agricultural products, food security and human health globally, necessitating the need to discover new antifungal agents with de novo chemical scaffolds and high efficiency. A series of 8-hydroxyquinoline derivatives were designed and synthesized, and their antifungal activity was evaluated against five phytopathogenic fungi. In vitro assays revealed that most of the tested compounds remarkably impacted the five target fungi and their inhibitory activities were better than that of the positive control azoxystrobin. Compound 2, in particular, exhibited the highest potency among all the tested compounds, with an EC50 of 0.0021, 0.0016, 0.0124, 0.0059 and 0.0120 mM respectively against B. cinerea, S. sclerotiorum, F. graminearum, F. oxysporum and M. oryzae, followed by compound 5c. The morphological observations of optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy revealed that compounds 2 and 5c caused mycelial abnormalities of S. sclerotiorum. Futhermore, the results of in vivo antifungal activity of compounds 2 and 5c against S. sclerotiorum showed that 5c possessed stronger protective and curative activity than that of 2, and the curative effects of 5c at 40 and 80 µg mL-1 (84.18% and 95.44%) were better than those of azoxystrobin (77.32% and 83.59%). Therefore, compounds 2 and 5c are expected to be novel lead structures for the development of new fungicides.

Acaricidal activity and enzyme inhibitory activity of active compounds of essential oils against Psoroptes cuniculi.

Plant essential oils and its chemical compositions are commonly applied in medicinal and other industries due to their broad advanced pharmacological activities. In the present study, we systematically evaluated the acaricidal activities of twelve compounds of essential oils against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro and in vivo. In addition, to support the clinic uses, their toxicities against immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and human liver cells (HL-7702) and skin irritation were studied for evaluating the liver and skin safety. The possible mechanism of action of certain chemical were investigated by determining the inhibitory activities against cytochrome P450 (P450) acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). Among all tested compounds, eugenol exhibited the best acaricidal activity with LC50 value of 56.61 µg/ml in vitro. Meanwhile, after the treatment of eugenol for five times within 10 days, the P. cuniculi were eliminated in the naturally infested rabbits, no skin irritation was found in rabbits treated by eugenol. Moreover, eugenol presented no or weak cytotoxicity against HaCaT cells and HL-7702 cells with IC50 values of greater than 100 µg/ml. Furthermore, the moderate inhibitory activities of eugenol against mites P450 and AChE were demonstrated. Above results indicated that eugenol presented the promising acaricidal activity against P. cuniculi in vitro and in vivo, is safe for both humans and animals at the given doses. This work lays the foundation for the development of eugenol as an environmentally friendly acaricide agent.

Engineering of Peglayted Camptothecin Into Nanomicelles and Supramolecular Hydrogels for Pesticide Combination Control.

As a famous quinoline alkaloid, camptothecin (CPT) presented the significant anti-tumor activity, as well as the interesting insecticidal activities, but the low solubility, poor hydrophobicity and cuticular penetration of CPT have been severely limited the field application. In this study, we conjugated the camptothecin with polyethylene glycol, forming amphiphilic copolymer, mPEG-CPT, which could be self-assembled into micelles, or formed a hydrogel with α-CD by super-cross-linking to combine delivery with acetamiprid or nitenpyram. Results showed that the nitenpyram or acetamiprid loaded hydrogels showed dual phase release behavior, while the micelles displayed a synchronous and fast release profile. Moreover, these four nanopesticides showed potent or superior insecticidal activities and a synergetic effect against Brevicoryne brassicae, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, and Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. This finding indicated that micelles and hydrogels could be used as effective carriers for pesticide combination control.

Application of Sustainable Natural Resources in Agriculture: Acaricidal and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Naphthoquinones and Their Analogs against Psoroptes cuniculi.

As important secondary plant metabolites, naphthoquinones exhibit a wide range of biological activities. However, their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic acaricides has not been studied. This study for the first time investigates the acaricidal activity of naphthoquinones against Psoroptes cuniculi in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo activity, the skin irritation effects, the cytotoxicity and the inhibitory activities against mite acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) of the two compounds that displayed the best insecticidal activity in vitro were evaluated. Among fourteen naphthoquinones and their analogs, juglone and plumbagin were observed to possess the strongest acaricidal activities against P. cuniculi with LC50 values of 20.53 ppm and 17.96 ppm, respectively, at 24 h. After three treatments, these two chemicals completely cured naturally infested rabbits in vivo within 15 days, and no skin irritation was found in any of the treated rabbits. Compared to plumbagin, juglone presented no or weak cytotoxicity against HL-7702 cells. Moreover, these two chemicals significantly inhibited AChE and GST activity. These results indicate that juglone has promising toxicity against P. cuniculi, is safe for both humans and animals at certain doses, and could be used as a potential alternative bio-acaricide for controlling the development of psoroptic mange in agricultural applications.

Impact of Aspirin Eugenol Ester on Cyclooxygenase-1, Cyclooxygenase-2, C-Reactive Protein, Prothrombin and Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase in Healthy Rats.

Aspirin eugenol ester (AEE) is a promising drug candidate which is used for the treatment of inflammation, pain, fever, and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. This study focuses on the effect of AEE on five proteins which are related to inflammation and thrombosis, including cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), C-reactive protein (CRP), prothrombin (FII) and arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5). Meanwhile, the study was administrated to compare the drug effect between AEE and its precursor from the view of chemical-protein interactions. Healthy rats were given AEE, aspirin, eugenol and integration of aspirin and eugenol. Carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium (CMC-Na) was used as control. After drugs were administered intragastrically for seven days, the blood samples were collected to measure the proteins concentration by enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that the concentrations of key endogenic bioactive enzymes were significantly reduced in AEE groups when compared with CMC-Na and aspirin groups (P < 0.01). Drug effects of AEE on five proteins were stronger than aspirin and eugenol. From the view of chemical-protein interactions, AEE had positive effects on anti-inflammation and anti-thrombosis and showed stronger effects than aspirin and eugenol.