Isolation and Identification of Chemical Compounds from Agaricus blazei Murrill and Their In Vitro Antifungal Activities.

This study explores the antifungal properties of Agaricus blazei Murrill, a valuable medicinal and edible fungus. Six compounds (1-6) were first isolated from A. blazei using various isolation techniques and identified using spectroscopic methods. These compounds include linoleic acid, 1,1'-oxybis(2,4-di-tert-butylbenzene), glycerol monolinoleate, volemolide (17R)-17-methylincisterol, (24s)-ergosta-7-en-3-ol, and dibutyl phthalate. This study also assesses the antifungal activities of these compounds against Trichophyton mentagrophology, Trichophyton rubrum, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. The results demonstrate varied sensitivities against these pathogenic fungi, with compound 2 showing significant inhibition against T. mentagrophology, compound 3 showing significant inhibition against T. rubrum, and compound 6 showing significant inhibition against C. albicans. This study underscores the medicinal potential of A. blazei as an antifungal agent and sheds light on its valuable research implications.

Cytotoxic Compounds from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC Induced Apoptosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells.

Four compounds (1, 5, 7, and 8) were first isolated from the genus Belamcanda Adans. nom. conserv., and six known compounds (2-4, 6, 9, and 10) were isolated from the rhizome of Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic data. Herein, compounds 1-10 were rhapontigenin, trans-resveratrol, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3',5'-trimethoxy-isoflavone, irisflorentin, 6-hydroxybiochannin A, iridin S, pinoresinol, 31-norsysloartanol, isoiridogermanal, and iristectorene B, respectively. All compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative effects against five tumor cell lines (BT549, 4T1, MCF7, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468). Among them, compound 9 (an iridal-type triterpenoid) showed the highest activity against 4T1 and MDA-MB-468 cells. Further studies displayed that compound 9 inhibited cell metastasis, induced cells cycle arrest in the G1 phase, exhibited significant mitochondrial damage in 4T1 and MDA-MB-468 cells including excess reactive oxygen species, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and induced 4T1 and MDA-MB-468 cell apoptosis for the first time. In summary, these findings demonstrate that compound 9 exerts promising potential for triple-negative breast cancer treatment and deserves further evaluation.

Silver Catalyzed Decarbonylative [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Cyclobutenediones and Formamides.

As an important moiety in natural products, N,O-acetal has attracted wide attention in the past few years. An efficient method to construct N,O-acetal has been developed. Using silver catalyst, cyclobutenediones were smoothly converted to the corresponding γ-aminobutenolides in the presence of formamides, in which cyclobutenediones likely proceed with a key decarbonylative [3 + 2] cycloaddition process. In this way, a series of products with varied substituents were isolated in moderate yield and fully characterized.

Selenoprotein H mediates low selenium-related cognitive decline through impaired oligodendrocyte myelination with disrupted hippocampal lipid metabolism in female mice.

Low selenium levels are closely associated with reduced cognitive performance and lipid dysregulation, yet the mechanism of action remains unclear. The physiological function of selenium is primarily mediated by selenoproteins. Selenoprotein H (SELENOH), as one of the selenium-containing proteins, has an unelucidated role in regulating cognitive status and lipid metabolism. In this study, we established a Selenoh gene knockout (HKO) mouse model to investigate whether Selenoh mediates the impact of selenium on cognitive function. We found that HKO mice showed a significant decline in cognition compared with the wild-type (HWT) littermates, and were not affected by deficient or excessive selenium, while no differences in anxiety and depression behavior were observed. HKO mice showed reduced myelin basic protein expression in hippocampal oligodendrocytes, with decreased glycolipid levels and increased phospholipid and sphingolipid levels in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the high-fat diet (HFD) exerted no effect on cognition and limited impact on the gene profile in the hippocampus of HKO mice. Compared with those of HWT mice, the myelination pathways in the hippocampus of HKO mice were downregulated as revealed by RNA-seq, which was further confirmed by the reduced expression levels of myelin-related proteins. Finally, HKO increased the expression of hippocampal fatty acid transporter (FATP) 4, and HFD increased the FATP4 expression in HWT mice but not in HKO mice. In summary, our study demonstrated that HKO induced cognitive decline by impairing myelination in oligodendrocytes with disrupted hippocampal lipid metabolism, which provided a novel viewpoint on the selenoprotein-mediated neurodegenerative diseases of selenium.

Vitamin D3 exacerbates steatosis while calcipotriol inhibits inflammation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Sod1 knockout mice: a comparative study of two forms of vitamin D.

The role of vitamin D (VD) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains controversial, possibly due to the differential effects of various forms of VD. In our study, Sod1 gene knockout (SKO) mice were utilized as lean NAFLD models, which were administered 15 000 IU VD3 per kg diet, or intraperitoneally injected with the active VD analog calcipotriol for 12 weeks. We found that VD3 exacerbated hepatic steatosis in SKO mice, with an increase in the levels of Cd36, Fatp2, Dgat2, and CEBPA. However, calcipotriol exerted no significant effect on hepatic steatosis. Calcipotriol inhibited the expression of Il-1a, Il-1b, Il-6, Adgre1, and TNF, with a reduction of NFκB phosphorylation in SKO mice. No effect was observed by either VD3 or calcipotriol on hepatocyte injury and hepatic fibrosis. Co-immunofluorescence stains of CD68, a liver macrophage marker, and VDR showed that calcipotriol reduced CD68 positive cells, and increased the colocalization of VDR with CD68. However, VD3 elevated hepatocyte VDR expression, with no substantial effect on the colocalization of VDR with CD68. Finally, we found that VD3 increased the levels of serum 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3, whereas calcipotriol decreased both. Both VD3 and calcipotriol did not disturb serum calcium and phosphate levels. In summary, our study found that VD3 accentuated hepatic steatosis, while calcipotriol diminished inflammation levels in SKO mice, and the difference might stem from their distinct cellular selectivity in activating VDR. This study provides a reference for the application of VD in the treatment of lean NAFLD.

Associations between Circulating SELENOP Level and Disorders of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis.

Selenoprotein P (SELENOP) is an extracellular antioxidant, selenium transporter, and hepatokine interfering with glucose and lipid metabolism. To study the association between the circulating SELENOP concentration and glucose and lipid metabolic diseases (GLMDs), including gestational diabetes (GD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes, as well as the individual markers, a meta-analysis was conducted by searching multiple databases from their establishment through March 2022 and including 27 articles published between October 2010 and May 2021, involving 4033 participants. Participants with GLMDs had higher levels of SELENOP than those without GLMDs (standardized mean difference = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.16 to 1.51), and the SELENOP levels were positively correlated with the markers of GLMDs (pooled effect size = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.15). Subgroup analyses showed that the SELENOP concentrations were higher in women with GD and lower in individuals with MetS than their counterparts, respectively. Moreover, SELENOP was positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not with the other markers of GLMDs. Thus, the heterogenicity derived from diseases or disease markers should be carefully considered while interpreting the overall positive association between SELENOP and GLMDs. Studies with a larger sample size and advanced design are warranted to confirm these findings.