[Diagnostic difficulties in adolescent patients--subjective psychiatrist-side factors]. / Trudnosci diagnostyczne u pacjentów w okresie dojrzewania--czynniki subiektywne po stronie lekarza.

Adolescence is a period of intensive development and crucial transitions in human life. Developmental crises, oppositional behaviours and non-adaptive patterns are strengthened. Simultaneously some symptoms of mental disorders appear mostly in poor organised, non-specific prodromal syndromes. In these unstable and developmentally modified conditions psychiatric diagnosis and treatment seems to be very difficult. In the paper, we described the influence of countertransference of the psychiatrist on the diagnostic processes, especially the influence of a psychiatrist's adolescence on his/her unconscious attitude to adolescence at all.

Measurement of pathological personality traits according to the DSM-5: A Polish adaptation of the PID-5. Part II - empirical results. / Pomiar patologicznych cech osobowosci wedlug DSM-5: Polska adaptacja Inwentarza Osobowosci PID-5. Czesc II ­ wyniki empiryczne.

OBJECTIVES: This paper presents results of a study on the Polish adaptation of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), which was developed to measure pathological traits under a new, dimensional model proposed in Section III of the DSM-5 as part of a hybrid alternative system of personality disorder diagnosis. METHODS: The study involved a clinical sample (N = 129 individuals with a mean age of M = 32.40; SD = 9.08; 84.5% with a personality disorder diagnosis) and a non-clinical one (N = 1,043 individuals with a mean age of M = 34.98; SD = 15.71). Two questionnaires: the PID-5 and the MMPI-2 (Minnesota MultiphasicPersonality Inventory - 2) were use in the study. RESULTS: The results showed the Polish adaptation of the PID-5 to be reliable and valid (the internal consistency coefficients for the PID-5 scales and subscales were high in clinical sample and at satisfactory level in non-clinical sample). All scales and almost all subscales of the PID-5 turned out to differentiate between clinical and non-clinical samples. The PID-5 scales and subscales exhibited a consistent pattern of relationships with the Personality Psy-chopathology Five (PSY-5) dimensions and with the clinical scales of the MMPI-2. CONCLUSIONS: Obtained data demonstrate the PID-5 to be a satisfactory operationalization of the pathological personality trait model, and at the same time corroborate the scientific value of the DSM-5 model itself.

Measurement of pathological personality traits according to the DSM-5: A Polish adaptation of the PID-5. Part I - theoretical foundations. / Pomiar patologicznych cech osobowosci wedlug DSM-5: Polska adaptacja Inwentarza Osobowosci PID-5. Czesc I ­ podstawy teoretyczne.

The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes a novel hybrid system of personality disorder diagnosis in addition to the one pre-viously laid down in the DSM-IV-TR. This alternative diagnostic system, published within Section III of the DSM-5, was hoped to overcome the inherent limitations of categorical diagnosis by integrating the categorical and dimensional approaches to personality disorders. As such, it constitutes a bridge between psychiatric pathology classifications and findings from psychological research on the structure of normal personality.At the core of the hybrid DSM-5 system lies a new model of pathological personality traits, operationalized using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5). This paper outlines the background and main features of the DSM-5 hybrid system of personality disorder diagnosis with a focus on the dimensional model of pathological traits and definitions thereof. The cur-rent status, application potential and limitations of the DSM-5 diagnostic system and the pathological traits model are also discussed. In another paper, the authors present the PID-5 inventory and report on a study investigating a Polish adaptation of this instrument.

[Polish version of Eating Disorder Inventory--Adaptation and normalization]. / Polska wersja Kwestionariusza Zaburzen Odzywiania (EDI)--adaptacja i normalizacja.

AIM: The aim of the study was the adaptation and normalization of the Eating Disorder Inventory in the group of Polish schoolgirls and patients with eating disorders. METHOD: 297 healthy schoolgirls (14-22 y.o.) and 40 patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa were examined using the EDI. RESULTS: A Polish version of EDI revealed a high reliability in most of the subscales. Percentile norms were established. Comparison of subgroups of patients with restrictive and bulimic type of eating disorder revealed differences in most of the subscales. CONCLUSIONS: The Polish version of EDI is a useful research instrument. Differences between bulimic and restrictive groups of patients indicates that in severe cases of restrictive type of anorexia nervosa, self-evaluation using self-report questionnaires may underestimate the severity of symptoms.

[Culture and psychological concepts of self-harm]. / Kulturowe i psychologiczne koncepcje samouszkodzen.

The paper reveals cultural and psychological concepts of self-harm. The authors tried to describe many, particular functions attached to self-mutilation activity, specially so-called 'normal' and 'pathological' functions. In the author's views there are no firm limits between these to the kinds of self-harm, because so-called 'normal' functions frequently co-occur with 'pathological' ones. From a therapeutic perspective it's beneficial to attempt to understand the subjective meaning of self-injury, what are the 'pathological' and 'normal' functions, how self-mutilations mirror the actual situation and history of the patient's development, what is the cultural context. In therapeutic intervention, the subjective attitude of the physician / psychiatrist / therapist is crucial, especially in the context of limiting negative aspects of coutertransference. These negative aspects can disturb the contact with patients by a high level of feelings of inefficacy, anger, withdrawal, intrusive interpretations, rejecting patients or limiting effective forms of interventions. The authors of the paper describe some aspects of self-injury such as tattooing, piercing, communication functions, role of traumatic experiences, psychoanalytical and cultural views.

[Schizophrenic patient's constant refusal of psychotropic medication--case report and psychodynamic remarks]. / Pacjentka ze schizofrenia uporczywie przerywajaca leczenie farmakologiczne--opis przypadku i analiza psychodynamiczna.

AIM: The aim of the study was the description of defence mechanisms, phantasies and object relations in a non-compliant patient with schizophrenia, who many times had refused using antipsychotic drugs in spite of symptom improvement. METHOD: Psychodynamic analysis of the case. CONCLUSIONS: Mental functioning of the patient based on a narcissistic type of relation, massive primitive defence mechanisms, especially splitting, 'no entry defence' and omnipotent denial. The authors described the influence of these factors on the efficacy of psychotropic medication and compliance of patient.

Theory of drives and emotions - from Sigmund Freud to Jaak Panksepp. / Teoria emocji i popedów ­ od Sigmunda Freuda do Jaaka Pankseppa.

The article discusses the development of psychoanalytic theory in the direction of broadening the reflection on their own based on data derived from empirical studies other than clinical case study. Particularly noteworthy is the convergence that followed between neuroscience and psychoanalysis and the rise of the so-called neuropsychoanalysis. Consequently, this led to eject empirical hypotheses and begin research on defense mechanisms, self, memory, dreams, empathy, dynamic unconscious and emotional-motivational processes (theory of drives). Currently neuropsychoanalysis constituted itself as a discipline contained in itself three separate areas: the psychodynamic neuroscience, clinical neuropsychoanalysis and theory building. The article introduces the theory of Jaak Panksepp emotional systems as an example of anintegrated neurobiology of affect, behavioral biology, evolutionary psychology and psychoanalysis. The theory of emotional systems includes the description of the SEEKING system representing basic motivational system of the organism. Apart from a new perspective on the theory of drives described by Sigmund Freud, it offers the possibility to take into account the emotional and motivational systems within the understanding of mental disorders such as depression, addiction and psychosis, which is the core of psychoanalytic thinking.

[Some aspects of pharmacotherapy in the context of transference-countertransference]. / Niektóre aspekty farmakoterapii w kontekscie przeniesienia-przeciwprzeniesienia.

The article deals with the psychological background of administration of medication in psychiatry, the meaning of administration of drugs in relation to the doctor-patient relationship. The place of pharmacotherapy among other medical procedures was discussed. The differences in the approach to pharmacotherapy in different therapists was noticed, with the pointing out to two kinds of approaches (symptom oriented and problem oriented). Other than rational motivations for the use of pharmacotherapy was discussed.

[Sense of coherence in patients of a psychiatric adolescent unit]. / Poczucie koherencji (SOC) u pacjentów psychiatrycznego oddzialu mlodziezowego.

The sense of coherence of 72 hospitalized adolescent patients assessed by SOC 29 was significantly lower then SOC of their siblings, mothers and fathers. SOC did not differentiate sensitivity subscale, which was significantly lower in a group of neurotic, then psychotic and eating disorders patients. SOC did not correlate with the number of hospitalizations. The sense of coherence of mothers of adolescent patients was not significantly different from SOC of mothers of healthy children, but SOC of patients' fathers was higher (approaching statistical, significance) then SOC of fathers of healthy children.

[Parental and peer attachment of hospitalized adolescent patients--pilot study]. / Wiez z rodzicami i rówiesnikami w ocenie mlodziezy hospitalizowanej na oddziale psychiatrycznym--badania pilotazowe.

AIM: In the context of Bowlby's theory of attachment authors made an attempt to assess parental and peer attachment in different clinical subgroups of hospitalised adolescents. METHOD: 142 patients--58 with the diagnosis of neurotic disorders, 49 eating disorders and 35 patients with schizophrenic disorders, as well 34 untreated, healthy adolescents were assessed by The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment by Armsden and Greenberg. RESULTS: The group of schizophrenic patients was characterised by disturbed attachment with peers and normal attachment with parents.Two other diagnostic subgroups, neurotic and eating disorders were similar as far as nature of attachment was concerned. The attachment was disturbed both with parents and peers, but the level of alienation in relations with peers in the group of eating disorder patients was similar to the level in the group of schizophrenic patients. This conclusion allows us to put the group of eating disorders closer to the group of schizophrenic, than neurotic patients, as far as attachment is concerned. CONCLUSIONS: The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, used for the first time in Poland, can be seen as a promising instrument in assessing three dimensions of attachment: communication, trust and alienation in relations with parents and peers.

[Prevention of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Part I. General considerations and risk factors]. / Profilaktyka zaburzen odzywiania sie u dzieci i mlodziezy. Czesc I. Zalozenia ogólne i czynniki ryzyka.

The paper presents general considerations concerned with using prevention programmes mental disorders in children and adolescents. In this context the authors try to describe current views on creating prevention programmes of eating disorders. These programmes require clearly defined, potentially modifiable risk factors and protective factors.

[Prevention of eating disorders in children and adolescents. Part II. The effectiveness of prevention programs]. / Profilaktyka zaburzen odzywiania sie u dzieci i mlodziezy. Czesc II. Programy profilaktyczne i ich efektywnosc.

This paper presents various models of child and adolescent prevention programmes of eating disorders with the emphasis on the efficiency of these models. On the ground of the available literature, the authors present the results of these methods. It seems that in every prevention programme risk and protective factors, which are connected with the given intervention should be precisely defined. Therefore it is absolutely necessary that the programmes should be clear with better inner coherence which will consequently result in better efficiency.

[Eating disorder prevention program--pilot study]. / Program profilaktyki zaburzen odzywiania sie--badania pilotazowe.

AIM: Recent research has suggested that school-based programmes of prevention of eating disorders obtained ambiguous results. The aim of our work was to establish the efficacy of the eating disorders prevention programme for schoolgirls of secondary schools. METHOD: Subjects in the experimental groups received 8 sessions of practice with various tasks, while the control group did not participate in sessions of psychoeducation. Overall, we examined 109 adolescents participating in sessions and 117 adolescents in the control group. Participants were examined at the beginning of the programme, after the operation and 6 months later. Assessment was made with EDI, EAT-26. RESULTS: Assessment before and after the study phase showed that participants in the experimental groups had not made significantly more improvement than the control group. It was also shown that in the two subgroups (girls form technical college and girls form college) there were significant differences in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up results. CONCLUSIONS: Similarities that were obtained through the research suggest the necessity of examining other possible relationships between chosen variables. Analysis of participants' feedback information emphasises that the changes the programme brought appeared feasible in the social functioning area (with peers, parents relations). It is not excluded that it is too late for eating disorder prophylaxis in the phase of personal development, as some researchers argue. Differences in results between schoolgirls from college and from technical college suggest some differences in risk and protective factors. It seems important to verify this.