RESUMO
CENP-A is a centromere-specific histone 3 variant essential for centromere specification. CENP-A partially replaces canonical histone H3 at the centromeres. How the particular CENP-A/H3 ratio at centromeres is precisely maintained is unknown. It also remains unclear how CENP-A is excluded from non-centromeric chromatin. Here, we identify Ccp1, an uncharacterized NAP family protein in fission yeast that antagonizes CENP-A loading at both centromeric and non-centromeric regions. Like the CENP-A loading factor HJURP, Ccp1 interacts with CENP-A and is recruited to centromeres at the end of mitosis in a Mis16-dependent manner. These data indicate that factors with opposing CENP-A loading activities are recruited to centromeres. Furthermore, Ccp1 also cooperates with H2A.Z to evict CENP-A assembled in euchromatin. Structural analyses indicate that Ccp1 forms a homodimer that is required for its anti-CENP-A loading activity. Our study establishes mechanisms for maintenance of CENP-A homeostasis at centromeres and the prevention of ectopic assembly of centromeres.
Assuntos
Carboxipeptidases/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/genética , Eucromatina/química , Regulação Fúngica da Expressão Gênica , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Sítios de Ligação , Carboxipeptidases/química , Carboxipeptidases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/química , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Centrômero/química , Centrômero/metabolismo , Centrômero/ultraestrutura , Montagem e Desmontagem da Cromatina , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/química , Proteínas Cromossômicas não Histona/metabolismo , Eucromatina/metabolismo , Eucromatina/ultraestrutura , Histonas/química , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Mitose , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Conformação Proteica em Folha beta , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Multimerização Proteica , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/ultraestrutura , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/química , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismo , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
During DNA replication, chromatin is disrupted ahead of the replication fork, and epigenetic information must be restored behind the fork. How epigenetic marks are inherited through DNA replication remains poorly understood. Histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation and histone hypoacetylation are conserved hallmarks of heterochromatin. We previously showed that the inheritance of H3K9 methylation during DNA replication depends on the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase epsilon, Cdc20. Here we show that the histone-fold subunit of Pol epsilon, Dpb4, interacts an uncharacterized small histone-fold protein, SPCC16C4.22, to form a heterodimer in fission yeast. We demonstrate that SPCC16C4.22 is nonessential for viability and corresponds to the true ortholog of Dpb3. We further show that the Dpb3-Dpb4 dimer associates with histone deacetylases, chromatin remodelers, and histones and plays a crucial role in the inheritance of histone hypoacetylation in heterochromatin. We solve the 1.9-Å crystal structure of Dpb3-Dpb4 and reveal that they form the H2A-H2B-like dimer. Disruption of Dpb3-Dpb4 dimerization results in loss of heterochromatin silencing. Our findings reveal a link between histone deacetylation and H3K9 methylation and suggest a mechanism for how two processes are coordinated during replication. We propose that the Dpb3-Dpb4 heterodimer together with Cdc20 serves as a platform for the recruitment of chromatin modifiers and remodelers that mediate heterochromatin assembly during DNA replication, and ensure the faithful inheritance of epigenetic marks in heterochromatin.
Assuntos
Proteínas Cdc20/química , DNA Polimerase II/química , Epigênese Genética , Heterocromatina/química , Histonas/química , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/química , Schizosaccharomyces/genética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas Cdc20/genética , Proteínas Cdc20/metabolismo , Clonagem Molecular , Cristalografia por Raios X , DNA Polimerase II/genética , DNA Polimerase II/metabolismo , Replicação do DNA , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Heterocromatina/metabolismo , Histonas/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Ligação Proteica , Conformação Proteica em alfa-Hélice , Domínios e Motivos de Interação entre Proteínas , Multimerização Proteica , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Schizosaccharomyces/metabolismo , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/genética , Proteínas de Schizosaccharomyces pombe/metabolismoRESUMO
Histone lysine methylation is an important epigenetic modification in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me), which can be in a mono-, di-, or trimethylated state, has been shown to play an important role in gene expression involved in plant developmental control and stress adaptation. However, the resetting mechanism of this epigenetic modification is not yet fully understood. In this work, we identified a JmjC domain-containing protein, JMJ703, as a histone lysine demethylase that specifically reverses all three forms of H3K4me in rice. Loss-of-function mutation of the gene affected stem elongation and plant growth, which may be related to increased expression of cytokinin oxidase genes in the mutant. Analysis of crystal structure of the catalytic core domain (c-JMJ703) of the protein revealed a general structural similarity with mammalian and yeast JMJD2 proteins that are H3K9 and H3K36 demethylases. However, several specific features were observed in the structure of c-JMJ703. Key residues that interact with cofactors Fe(II) and N-oxalylglycine and the methylated H3K4 substrate peptide were identified and were shown to be essential for the demethylase activity in vivo. Several key residues are specifically conserved in known H3K4 demethylases, suggesting that they may be involved in the specificity for H3K4 demethylation.
Assuntos
Domínio Catalítico , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji , Oryza , Caules de Planta , Aminoácidos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/química , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/genética , Histona Desmetilases com o Domínio Jumonji/metabolismo , Metilação , Mutação , Oryza/genética , Oryza/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Caules de Planta/genética , Caules de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Conformação ProteicaRESUMO
Mammalian TRICs function as K+-permeable cation channels that provide counter ions for Ca2+ handling in intracellular stores. Here we describe the structures of two prokaryotic homologues, archaeal SaTRIC and bacterial CpTRIC, showing that TRIC channels are symmetrical trimers with transmembrane pores through each protomer. Each pore holds a string of water molecules centred at kinked helices in two inverted-repeat triple-helix bundles (THBs). The pores are locked in a closed state by a hydrogen bond network at the C terminus of the THBs, which is lost when the pores assume an open conformation. The transition between the open and close states seems to be mediated by cation binding to conserved residues along the three-fold axis. Electrophysiology and mutagenesis studies show that prokaryotic TRICs have similar functional properties to those of mammalian TRICs and implicate the three-fold axis in the allosteric regulation of the channel.