Ru-Doped Ultrasmall Cu Nanoparticles Decorated with Carbon for Electroreduction of Nitrate to Ammonia.

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction offers a sustainable approach to treating wastewater and synthesizing high-value ammonia under ambient conditions. However, electrocatalysts with low faradaic efficiency and selectivity severely hinder the development of nitrate-to-ammonia conversion. Herein, Ru-doped ultrasmall copper nanoparticles loaded on a carbon substrate (Cu-Ru@C) were fabricated by the pyrolysis of Cu-BTC metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The Cu-Ru@C-0.5 catalyst exhibits a high faradaic efficiency (FE) of 90.4% at -0.6 V (vs RHE) and an ammonia yield rate of 1700.36 µg h-1mgcat.-1 at -0.9 V (vs RHE). Moreover, the nitrate conversion rate is almost 100% over varied pHs (including acid, neutral, and alkaline electrolytes) and different nitrate concentrations. The remarkable performance is attributed to the synergistic effect between Cu and Ru and the excellent conductivity of the carbon substrate. This work will open an exciting avenue to exploring MOF derivatives for ambient ammonia synthesis via selective electrocatalytic nitrate reduction.

Sparse Bayesian learning based on spatio-temporal structure-aware for matched field processing.

In the application of the matched field processing (MFP) algorithm for underwater acoustic source localization, the measurements at each time step are conventionally processed independently. This study incorporates the prior information about the continuous spatial changes of the source over time under realistic conditions, a factor anticipated to improve localization performance. In this paper, a sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) algorithm based on the spatio-temporal structure-aware is described. We exploit a structure prior for sparse coefficients to capture the continuous spatial structure between adjacent time steps. Moreover, the sparse coefficient can automatically select the update method, utilizing the statistical information from adjacent neighbors or updating independently. The hidden variables in the hierarchical Bayesian framework are inferred via variational Bayesian inference (VBI). Additionally, we extend the proposed method to the multi-frequency case. This method inherits the advantages of the SBL and further reduces position estimation errors. Compared to other approaches, the construction of an accurate motion model is not required. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation examples and an analysis of the SWellEx-96 experimental data.

The Effect of α-Arbutin on UVB-Induced Damage and Its Underlying Mechanism.

Ultraviolet radiation can heighten tyrosinase activity, stimulate melanocyte production, impede the metabolism of numerous melanocytes, and result in the accumulation of plaques on the skin surface. α-Arbutin, a bioactive substance extracted from the arbutin plant, has been widely used for skin whitening. In this study, the whitening effect of α-arbutin by inhibiting tyrosinase activity and alleviating the photoaging effect induced by UVB are investigated. The results indicate that α-arbutin can inhibit skin inflammation, and its effectiveness is positively correlated with concentration. Moreover, α-arbutin can reduce the skin epidermal thickness, decrease the number of inflammatory cells, and down-regulate the expression levels of IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α, which are inflammatory factors. It also promotes the expression of COL-1 collagen, thus playing an important role in anti-inflammatory action. Network pharmacology, metabolomics and transcriptomics further confirm that α-arbutin is related to the L-tyrosine metabolic pathway and may interfere with various signaling pathways related to melanin and other photoaging by regulating metabolic changes. Therefore, α-arbutin has a potential inhibitory effect on UVB-induced photoaging and possesses a whitening effect as a cosmetic compound.

Anti-Psoriatic Activity of Black, Green and White Tea Extracts from Southeastern China.

Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory disease, but most of its current treatments come with a high risk of side effects. As one of the world's top three beverages, tea has a traditional history of being used as a treatment for skin conditions due to its high safety profile, anti-inflammatory and other properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-psoriasis effects of ethanol extracts of black tea, green tea and white tea from southeastern China. The compositions of the tea extracts (TEs) were first determined by UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS and then genetic analysis, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and immunocompetence assays were performed. Imiquimod was used to establish a mouse model of psoriasis-like dermatitis and treating with the extracts to examine their efficacy. A total of 88 chemical components, mainly phenols and organic acids, were identified from the TEs. These TEs ameliorated skin damage and they all reduced the expression of cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α. By analyzing the genes, TEs may affect the inflammatory signaling pathway by regulating the metabolic changes. In addition, TEs can significantly scavenge ROS, NO, and inhibit cellular inflammation. In conclusion, this study examined the inhibitory effects of three TEs on psoriasis and their potential as nutritional supplements for the treatment of skin inflammation.

Glabridin reduces neuroinflammation by modulating inflammatory signals in LPS-induced in vitro and in vivo models.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic neuroinflammation has become one of the important causes of common neurodegeneration disease. Therefore, the target of this study was to explore the protective action of glabridin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in vivo and in vitro and its mechanism. METHODS: The neuroinflammation model was established by LPS-induced BV2 cells. The cell viability with various concentrations of glabridin was determined by MTT assay, and the content of NO in each group was detected. A neuroinflammatory model was established in male C57BL/6J mice for a water maze test. Subsequently, NF-κB and SOD indices were measured by ELISA, GFAP and IBA-1 indices were measured by immunofluorescence, and Nissl staining was used to explore the Nissl bodies in the hippocampus of mice. RESULTS: In vitro experiments, our results expressed that glabridin could markedly increase the cell activity of LPS-induced BV2 cells and reduce the NO expression in cells. It indicated that glabridin had a remarkable impact on the neuroinflammation of LPS-induced BV2 cell protection. In vivo neuroinflammation experiments, mice treated with different doses of glabridin showed significantly improved ability of memory compared with the LPS group in the Morris water maze test. The levels of NF-κB, GFAP, and the number of positive cells in Nissl staining were decreased. High-dose glabridin significantly increased the SOD content in the brain tissue and decreased the IBA-1 levels. CONCLUSION: Glabridin can significantly reduce or even reverse LPS-induced neuroinflammation, which may be related to the fact that glabridin can reduce the NO expression, NF-κB, IBA-1, GFAP, and other inflammatory mediators, upregulate the expression of SOD to relieve oxidative stress of brain and inhibit the activation of gliocyte in brain tissue.

Resveratrol ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by acting on mouse gut microbiota.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a multi-faceted, recurrent immune disorder caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The intestinal microbiota has multiple functions in the host, so UC requires long-term potent medication. The effect of resveratrol (RSV) has seldom been reported, and this study researched that. Herein, the effect of RSV and Grape seed oil that anti-inflammatory ability in experimental mice was explored, also why RSV altered Gut Microbiota has been researched. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experiment, the effects of experimental drugs on colon length in mice with DSS-induced colitis were compared. H&E Staining was performed on serial sections of colon tissues and histological scores were determined for all groups. The expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the colon tissue of mice was detected by immunohistochemical staining. In the end, the α-diversity index, sobs index, and rarefaction curve of the cecal and colon microbiota of different groups of mice were measured. Bray-Curtis-based Venn diagram of PCoA (principal coordinate analysis) and OTUs distribution in mouse gut microbiota were obtained. RESULTS: The results showed that the use of 40 mg/kg RSV (high dose) significantly reduced the severity of UC. The use of 10 mg/kg RSV (low dose) significantly reduced the effect of shortened colon length in DSS mice. Compared with the DSS-treated group, the levels of COX-2 and TNF-α in the colon tissues of RSV + DSS-treated mice were significantly decreased. According to this experiment, 19 mouse gut microbiota species had a relative abundance greater than 0.1%, with Beerella, Bacteroides, Helicobacter, Oscillator, and cecum pylori being more abundant in the colon than in the colon. A higher relative abundance of Lachnospira NK4A136 was observed in DSS and RSV groups compared with the control group, whereas the opposite was observed for Alloprevotella. This proves that resveratrol increases the uniformity and diversity of gut microbes to a certain extent, and has a protective effect on the gut.

Construction of Imidazole-Fused-Ring Systems by Iron-Catalyzed C(sp3)-H Amination-Cyclization under Aerobic Conditions.

An iron-catalyzed efficient C-H amination for the construction of imidazole-fused-ring systems was developed under aerobic conditions. Compared to previous studies, this work exhibited green features. The reaction was conducted in the green solvent anisole, with water as the only byproduct. Four C(sp3)-H bonds were cleaved and three C-N bonds were formed in this transformation. Imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine-, imidazo[5,1-b]oxazole-, imidazo[5,1-b]thiazole-, imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine-, and imidazo[1,5-a]imidazole-related N-heterocycles were obtained in acceptable-to-excellent yield.

Effects of fermentation chamber temperature on microbes and quality of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves.

The natural fermentation of cigar tobacco leaves usually utilizes natural temperature and humidity for fermentation. Cigars produced in China are often fermented in winter, and the low environmental temperatures can lead to slow heating of the tobacco stack, affecting the cigar tobacco leaves quality. This study aimed to determine the minimum chamber temperature required to initiate the process of fermentation for cigar tobacco leaves and to explore the impact of temperature on the microbial community of tobacco leaves. Here, the cigar variety "Dexue 1" were subjected to stacking fermentation under three temperature parameters (20 ℃, 27 ℃, 34 ℃). With an increase in environmental temperature, the temperature inside the stack of cigar leaves increased significantly, the protein, total sugar, starch, and total alkaloid content in fermented tobacco leaves decreased, and the aroma components and amino acid content increased. Microbial richness and community diversity associated with fermented tobacco were highest at chamber temperatures of above 27 ℃. The relative abundance of Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus was significantly negatively correlated with protein, alkaloids, total sugar, and starch, and positively correlated with amino acids and aroma components. Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be responsible for the degradation of macromolecular substances and the conversion of favorable aromatic substances, thus improving the tobacco leaves quality. This study demonstrated that increasing the fermentation chamber temperature above 27 ℃ was conductive to raising the inner-stack temperature, increased microbial diversity and aromatic quality, reduced the strength and irritation, and extremely enhanced the overall quality of fermented cigar tobacco leaves. KEY POINTS: • The environmental temperature of the fermentation chamber has a significant impact on the quality of tobacco • Temperature > 27 ℃ can initiate the process of cigar tobacco leaves fermentation and increase inner-stack temperature and microbial diversity and abundance • Chryseobacterium and Rhodococcus may be related to the degradation of macromolecular substances and the transformation of aromatic substances, thereby improving the quality of tobacco leaves.

Tremella fuciformis Polysaccharide Induces Apoptosis of B16 Melanoma Cells via Promoting the M1 Polarization of Macrophages.

Anti-tumor activity of Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides (TFPS) has been widely reported, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. In this study, we established an in vitro co-culture system (B16 melanoma cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage-like cells) to explore the potential anti-tumor mechanism of TFPS. Based on our results, TFPS exhibited no inhibition on the cell viability of B16 cells. However, significant apoptosis was observed when B16 cells were co-cultured with TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. We further found that mRNA levels of M1 macrophage markers including iNOS and CD80 were significantly upregulated in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells, while M2 macrophage markers such as Arg-1 and CD 206 remained unchanged. Besides, the migration, phagocytosis, production of inflammatory mediators (NO, IL-6 and TNF-α), and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were markedly enhanced in TFPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Network pharmacology analysis indicated that MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways may be involved in M1 polarization of macrophages, and this hypothesis was verified by Western blot. In conclusion, our research demonstrated that TFPS induced apoptosis of melanoma cells by promoting M1 polarization of macrophages, and suggested TFPS may be applied as an immunomodulatory for cancer therapy.

Effects of oleanolic acid on hair growth in mouse dorsal skin mediated via regulation of inflammatory cytokines.

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with favourable physiological activity. It is widely distributed in more than 200 species of plants. OA has garnered significant interest because of its potential biological activities, such as antioxidant, bacteriostatic, and hair growth-promoting effects. To study the effect of OA on hair growth and related mechanisms, we investigated hair growth in mice with testosterone-induced androgenetic alopecia (AGA) that were treated with three different concentrations of OA. The antioxidant, bacteriostatic, and cytotoxic effects of OA were evaluated. We found that mice with testosterone-induced AGA treated with 1% or 0.5% OA showed significantly enhanced hair growth and increased vascular endothelial growth factor/glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ratio and levels of fibroblast growth factor receptor and insulin-like growth factor 1. Using an immunofluorescence staining assay, we demonstrated that ß-catenin, a key Wnt signalling transducer, was highly expressed in the OA-treated groups. These results suggest that OA may promote hair growth by stimulating hair matrix cell proliferation via the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway and lowering the levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, and transforming growth factor-beta 1, dihydrotestosterone, and 5α-reductase.

Chemical constituents, biological activities and anti-rheumatoid arthritic properties of four citrus essential oils.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease with predominant synovitis that has no complete cure or preventive treatment. Citrus essential oils, used in natural fragrances, contain a variety of functional ingredients that are worthy of investigation for their potential as natural anti-inflammatory drug sources. In this study, essential oils were hydro distilled from the peels of four citrus species: Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck (CSEOs), Citrus paradisi Macfad. (CPEOs), Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck (CLEOs) and Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CREOs). Altogether, 81 compounds were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), of which d-limonene (17.96%-94.66%) was an abundant component of all four oils. The stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-pyrrole hydrazine (DPPH) free radical test showed that all four essential oils had excellent antioxidant properties (IC50 , 0.76-13.86 µg/mL). Furthermore, the oils remarkably increased the first G1 phase of the cell cycle, which inhibited the pro-inflammatory factor expression. An immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the four essential oils inhibited the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 and they exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model that was similar to that of the common drug, Ibuprofen. These results show that the CSEOs, CPEOs, CLEOs, and CREOs have significant antirheumatic activities and thus have great potential in developing functional food or drugs for treating RA.

Variation in Compositions and Biological Activities of Essential Oils from Four Citrus Species: Citrus limon, Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi, and Citrus reticulata.

Species of the genus Citrus are cultivated in many regions of China and are widely used for medicinal purposes. In the present study, essential oils (EOs) were extracted from four different Citrus species using steam distillation. The chemical components of these four essential oils were separated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 52 compounds were confirmed. D-limonene was found to be the most abundant compound. All four essential oils demonstrated varied but remarkable radical scavenging capacity (IC50 ; 0.77-13.9 %). Citrus paradisi essential oil exhibited excellent antioxidant activity. Compared to ibuprofen, topical application of the four Citrus spp. essential oils significantly inhibited ear edema formation in mice. Furthermore, essential oils from the four Citrus species reduced the expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and nuclear transcription factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB) to different degrees. The cytotoxicity of the four essential oils on BV2 microglial cells was determined using the MTT assay (IC50 ; 321.37-1558.87 µg/mL), wherein Citrus limon essential oil showed the lowest cytotoxicity. The essential oils of Citrus limon, Citrus reticulata, and Citrus paradisi had an inhibitory effect on the lung cancer cell lines H1299 by inducing a G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Cluster and principal component analyses were used to determine the relationship among the Citrus species. These results suggest that the four Citrus essential oils have potential for use as active ingredients in functional foods or cosmeceutical products.

The Essential Oil Derived from Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Attenuates Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Skin Lesions in BALB/c Mice.

Psoriasis is reported to be a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease characterized by abnormal keratinocytes and cell proliferation. Perilla leaves are rich in essential oils, fatty acids, and flavonoids, which are recognized for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the alleviating effect of essential oil (PO) extracted from Perilla frutescens stems and leaves on imiquimod (IMQ) -induced psoriasis-like lesions in BALB/c mice were investigated. Results showed that PO ameliorated psoriasis-like lesions in vivo, reduced the expression of lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D (Ly-6G), which is a marker of neutrophil activation, and inhibited the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin 1 (IL-1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). In addition, PO significantly decreased the expression of cytokines such as IL-6, IL-1, interleukin 23 (IL-23), interleukin 17 (IL-17), and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB). Furthermore, the down-regulation of mRNA levels of psoriasis-related pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17, interleukin 22 (IL-22), IL-23, interferon-α (IFN-α), and Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was observed with the treatment of PO. All results show a concentration dependence of PO, with low concentrations showing the best results. These results suggest that PO effectively alleviated psoriasis-like skin lesions and down-regulated inflammatory responses, which indicates that PO could potentially be used for further studies on inflammation-related skin diseases such as psoriasis and for the treatment of psoriasis such as psoriasis natural plant essential oil resources.

Aromatic-turmerone ameliorates DSS-induced ulcerative colitis via modulating gut microbiota in mice.

Curcuma longa L. is one of the traditional Chinese herbs in the list of medicinal and food homology. Aromatic-turmerone is the main ingredient in turmeric essential oil. The aim of the present study is to investigate the treatment of Aromatic-turmerone on DSS-included colitis and its regulatory effect on intestinal flora disorder. Male KM mice supplemented with different concentration of aromatic-turmerone and mesalazine are subjected to 2% DSS in drinking water to induce colitis. Colon and cecum contents were collected for colitis lesion evaluation and inflammation-related gene analysis and colon contents for gut microbiota. The results show that treatments with Aromatic-turmerone significantly prevents colon shortening, alleviates the damage of colonic tissue, and reduces colonic inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and COX-2. Furthermore, the 16S rDNA gene sequence data indicate that Aromatic-turmerone improve the abundance of bacterial species, maintain some beneficial bacteria, and reduce harmful bacteria. Aromatic-turmerone downregulates the colonic inflammatory cytokines and modulates the abundance of intestinal flora, which is conductive to ameliorates DSS-induced colitis. Regularly intake of the edible herb may be help to prevent ulcerative colitis-related diseases.

Role of the Nod Factor Hydrolase MtNFH1 in Regulating Nod Factor Levels during Rhizobial Infection and in Mature Nodules of Medicago truncatula.

Establishment of symbiosis between legumes and nitrogen-fixing rhizobia depends on bacterial Nod factors (NFs) that trigger symbiosis-related NF signaling in host plants. NFs are modified oligosaccharides of chitin with a fatty acid moiety. NFs can be cleaved and inactivated by host enzymes, such as MtNFH1 (MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA NOD FACTOR HYDROLASE1). In contrast to related chitinases, MtNFH1 hydrolyzes neither chitin nor chitin fragments, indicating a high cleavage preference for NFs. Here, we provide evidence for a role of MtNFH1 in the symbiosis with Sinorhizobium meliloti Upon rhizobial inoculation, MtNFH1 accumulated at the curled tip of root hairs, in the so-called infection chamber. Mutant analysis revealed that lack of MtNFH1 delayed rhizobial root hair infection, suggesting that excess amounts of NFs negatively affect the initiation of infection threads. MtNFH1 deficiency resulted in nodule hypertrophy and abnormal nodule branching of young nodules. Nodule branching was also stimulated in plants expressing MtNFH1 driven by a tandem CaMV 35S promoter and plants inoculated by a NF-overproducing S. meliloti strain. We suggest that fine-tuning of NF levels by MtNFH1 is necessary for optimal root hair infection as well as for NF-regulated growth of mature nodules.

Design, Synthesis and Anti-Tumor Activity of Novel Benzimidazole-Chalcone Hybrids as Non-Intercalative Topoisomerase II Catalytic Inhibitors.

Chemical diversification of type II topoisomerase (Topo II) inhibitors remains indispensable to extend their anti-tumor therapeutic values which are limited by their side effects. Herein, we designed and synthesized a novel series of benzimidazole-chalcone hybrids (BCHs). These BCHs showed good inhibitory effect in the Topo II mediated DNA relaxation assay and anti-proliferative effect in 4 tumor cell lines. 4d and 4n were the most potent, with IC50 values less than 5 µM, superior to etoposide. Mechanistic studies indicated that the BCHs functioned as non-intercalative Topo II catalytic inhibitors. Moreover, 4d and 4n demonstrated versatile properties against tumors, including inhibition on the colony formation and cell migration, and promotion of apoptosis of A549 cells. The structure-activity relationship and molecular docking analysis suggested possible contribution of the chalcone motif to the Topo II inhibitory and anti-proliferative potency. These results indicated that 4d and 4n could be promising lead compounds for further anti-tumor drug research.

miR-155-5p Promotes Progression of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome by Inhibiting Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells.

BACKGROUND We investigated whether microRNA-155-5p is involved in the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into alveolar type II epithelial (AT II) cells by regulating the Wnt signaling pathway, thus participating in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). MATERIAL AND METHODS Serum levels of microRNA-155-5p in 50 ARDS patients and 50 normal controls were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MCSs) were isolated from mouse bone marrow and identified by flow cytometry. Subsequently, the effect of microRNA-155-5p on differentiation of BMSCs into AT II cells was evaluated by detecting the expression levels of AT II-specific genes. The expression levels of proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway after overexpression or knockdown of microRNA-155-5p were detected by Western blot. RESULTS Serum levels of microRNA-155-5p in ARDS patients were significantly higher than that in normal controls. Expression levels of AT II-specific genes were enhanced after downregulating microRNA-155-5p in BMSCs. MicroRNA-155-5p overexpression showed the opposite result. Furthermore, microRNA-155-5p inhibited the expression levels of proteins in the Wnt signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS MicroRNA-155-5p can attenuate the differentiation of BMSCs into AT II cells by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway, thus promoting the progression of ARDS.

The Chemical Compositions of Angelica pubescens Oil and Its Prevention of UV-B Radiation-Induced Cutaneous Photoaging.

Angelica pubescens, a plant of the family Umbelliferae, has been widely used as traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of many diseases. However, there has been minimal modern research focused on the pharmacological activity of oils extracted from Angelica pubescens, in particular, the potential anti-photoaging effects. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the chemical composition of Angelica pubescens oil (AO) and evaluated its bioactivity against photoaging in ultraviolet (UV) -B radiation-induced hairless mice. Overall, we identified and analyzed 93 compounds from the AO by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The top ten compounds were as follows: osthole (44.608%), glutaric acid hexadecyl pent-4-en-1-yl ester (5.758%), α-bisabolol (3.795%), eugenol (3.637%), (Z)-docos-13-enamide (3.286%), (3S,3aR)-3-butyl-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3H-2-benzofuran-1-one (3.043%), m-cresol (2.841%), trans-sesquisabinene hydrate (2.128%), 4-hydroxy-2-methylacetophenone (1.735%), and (Z)-9-pentadecenol (1.509%). Application of AO improved the condition of UV-B radiation-induced damaged skin, and the mechanism of action was found to be related to inhibition of the production of inflammatory cytokines. These results highlight the potential application of AO for the development of skin care products.

Mechanistic Study of Inhibitory Effects of Metformin and Atorvastatin in Combination on Prostate Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo.

Metformin is a commonly used drug for the treatment of type II diabetes and atorvastatin is the most prescribed cholesterol-lowering statin. The present study investigated the effects and mechanisms of metformin and atorvastatin in combination on human prostate cancer cells cultured in vitro and grown as xenograft tumor in vivo. Metformin in combination with atorvastatin had stronger effects on growth inhibition and apoptosis in PC-3 cells than either drug alone. The combination also potently inhibited cell migration and the formation of tumorspheres. Metformin and atorvastatin in combination had a potent inhibitory effect on nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activity and caused strong decreases in the expression of its downstream anti-apoptotic gene Survivin. Moreover, strong decreases in the levels of phospho-Akt and phosphor-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)1/2 were found in the cells treated with the combination. The in vivo study showed that treatment of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with metformin or atorvastatin alone resulted in moderate inhibition of tumor growth while the combination strongly inhibited the growth of the tumors. Results of the present study indicate the combination of metformin and atorvastatin may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the growth of prostate cancer and should be evaluated clinically.

Variation on Composition and Bioactivity of Essential Oils of Four Common Curcuma Herbs.

Chemical compositions, antioxidative, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities of essential oils extracted from four common Curcuma species (Curcuma longa, Curcuma phaeocaulis, Curcuma wenyujin, and Curcuma kwangsiensis) rhizomes in P. R. China are comparatively studied. In total, 47, 49, 35, and 30 compounds are identified in C. longa, C. phaeocaulis, C. wenyujin, and C. kwangsiensis essential oils by GC/MS, and their richest compounds are ar-turmerone (21.67%), elemenone (19.41%), curdione (40.23%) and (36.47%), respectively. Moreover, C. kwangsiensis essential oils display the strongest DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical-scavenging activity (IC50 , 3.47 µg/ml), much higher than ascorbic acid (6.50 µg/ml). C. phaeocaulis oils show the best antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (MIC, 235.54 µg/ml), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (391.31 µg/ml) and Staphylococcus aureus (378.36 µg/ml), while C. wenyujin and C. kwangsiensis oils show optimum activities against Candida albicans (208.61 µg/ml) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (193.27 µg/ml), respectively. C. phaeocaulis (IC50 , 4.63 µg/ml) and C. longa essential oils (73.05 µg/ml) have the best cytotoxicity against LNCaP and HepG2, respectively. C. kwangsiensis oils also exhibit the strongest anti-inflammatory activities by remarkably down-regulating expression of COX-2 and TNF-α. Therefore, due to their different chemical compositions and bioactivities, traditional Chinese Curcuma herbs should be differentially served as natural additives for food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic.