Highly Dispersed ZnO Sites in a ZnO/ZrO2 Catalyst Promote Carbon Dioxide-to-Methanol Conversion.

ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts have shown better activity in the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol compared with single component counterparts, but the interaction between ZnO and ZrO2 is still poorly understood. In particular, the effect of the ZrO2 support phase (tetragonal vs. monoclinic) was not systematically explored. Here, we have synthesized ZnO/ZrO2 catalysts supported on tetragonal ZrO2 (ZnO/ZrO2-t) and monoclinic ZrO2 (ZnO/ZrO2-m), which resulted in the formation of different ZnOx species, consisting of sub-nanometer ZnO moieties and large-sized ZnO particles, respectively. ZnO/ZrO2-t exhibited a higher methanol selectivity (81 vs. 39%) and methanol yield (1.25 vs. 0.67 mmol g-1 h-1) compared with ZnO/ZrO2-m. The difference in performance was attributed to the redox state and degree of dispersion of Zn, based on spectroscopy and microscopy results. ZnO/ZrO2-t had a high density of ZnOx-ZrOy sites, which favored the formation of active HCOO* species and enhanced the yield and selectivity of methanol along the formate pathway. Such ZnO clusters were further dispersed on ZrO2-t during catalysis, while larger ZnO particles on ZnO/ZrO2-m remained stable throughout the reaction. This study shows that the phase of ZrO2 supports can be used to control the dispersion of ZnO and the catalyst surface chemistry, and lead to enhanced catalytic performance.

Photobiomodulation at 660 nm promotes collagen synthesis via downregulation of HIF-1α expression without photodamage in human scleral fibroblasts in vitro in a hypoxic environment.

PURPOSE: The increasing prevalence of myopia is a global public health issue. Because of the complexity of myopia pathogenesis, current control methods for myopia have great limitations. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of photobiomodulation (PBM) on human sclera fibroblasts (HSFs) under hypoxia, in the hope of providing new ideas for myopia prevention and control. METHODS: Hypoxic cell model was established at 0, 6, 12, and 24 h time points to simulate myopia microenvironment and explore the optimal time point. Control, hypoxia, hypoxia plus light, and normal plus light cell models were set up for the experiments, and cells were incubated for 24 or 48 h after PBM (660 nm, 5 J/cm2), followed by evaluation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and collagen I a1 (COL1A1) proteins using Western blotting and immunofluorescence, and photo damage was detected by CCK-8, scratch test, and flow cytometry assays. We also used transfection technology to further elucidate the regulatory mechanism. RESULTS: The change of target proteins is most obvious when hypoxia lasts for 24 h (p < 0.01). PBM at 660 nm increased extracellular collagen content (p < 0.001) and downregulated expression of HIF-1α (p < 0.05). This treatment did not affect the migration and proliferation of cells (p > 0.05), and effectively inhibited apoptosis under hypoxia (p < 0.0001). After overexpression of HIF-1α, the effect of PBM was attenuated (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Photobiomodulation at 660 nm promotes collagen synthesis via downregulation of HIF-1α expression without photodamage.

Elevated expression of interleukin-27, IL-35, and decreased IL-12 in patients with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy.

PURPOSE: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a chronic autoimmune disease. The interleukin-12 (IL-12) family includes IL-12, IL-23, IL-27, and IL-35, all of which play important roles in autoimmunity. Thus far, the relationship between IL-12, IL-27, and IL-35 and the TAO has not been evaluated. METHODS: Seventy-five serum samples from patients with TAO were collected. Serum samples from 90 healthy controls (HC), 55 patients with Graves' disease (GD), 38 patients with uveitis (UV), 17 patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS), and 65 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were collected as controls. The associations between IL-27, IL-35, IL-12, and other clinical parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: Elevated serum levels of IL-27/IL-35 and decreased serum IL-12 levels were observed in TAO patients compared to those in HC (p < 0.001). For HC, we observed good diagnostic ability to predict TAO (area under the curve = 0.74, 0.78, and 0.78, for IL-27, IL-35, and IL-12, respectively). For other autoimmune diseases, IL-27, IL-35, and IL-12 had the ability to discriminate between UV, RA, and SS (area under the curve = 0.80, 0.83, and 0.85 for IL-27; 0.52, 0.69, and 0.67 for IL-35). The positive detection rates of IL-12 were significantly lower in the TAO group than in the UV and RA groups (p = 0.002, 0.01). CONCLUSION: IL-12, IL-27, and IL-35 have the potential as biomarkers for TAO.

MOF Encapsulated AuPt Bimetallic Nanoparticles for Improved Plasmonic-induced Photothermal Catalysis of CO2 Hydrogenation.

Exploring new catalytic strategies for achieving efficient CO2 hydrogenation under mild conditions is of great significance for environmental remediation. Herein, a composite photocatalyst Zr-based MOF encapsulated plasmonic AuPt alloy nanoparticles (AuPt@UiO-66-NH2 ) was successfully constructed for the efficient photothermal catalysis of CO2 hydrogenation. Under light irradiation at 150 °C, AuPt@UiO-66-NH2 achieved a CO production rate of 1451 µmol gmetal -1 h-1 with 91 % selectivity, which far exceeded those obtained by Au@Pt@UiO-66-NH2 with Pt shell on Au (599 µmol gmetal -1 h-1 ) and Au@UiO-66-NH2 (218 µmol gmetal -1 h-1 ). The outstanding performances of AuPt@UiO-66-NH2 were attributed to the synergetic effect originating from the plasmonic metal Au, doped active metal Pt, and encapsulation structure of UiO-66-NH2 shell. This work provides a new way for photothermal catalysis of CO2 and a reference for the design of high-performance plasmonic catalysts.

Insights into the Mechanism of Methanol Steam Reforming Tandem Reaction over CeO2 Supported Single-Site Catalysts.

We demonstrated how the special synergy between a noble metal single site and neighboring oxygen vacancies provides an "ensemble reaction pool" for high hydrogen generation efficiency and carbon dioxide (CO2) selectivity of a tandem reaction: methanol steam reforming. Specifically, the hydrogen generation rate over single site Ru1/CeO2 catalyst is up to 9360 mol H2 per mol Ru per hour (579 mLH2 gRu-1 s-1) with 99.5% CO2 selectivity. Reaction mechanism study showed that the integration of metal single site and O vacancies facilitated the tandem reaction, which consisted of methanol dehydrogenation, water dissociation, and the subsequent water gas shift (WGS) reaction. In addition, the strength of CO adsorption and the reaction activation energy difference between methanol dehydrogenation and WGS reaction play an important role in determining the activity and CO2 selectivity. Our study paves the way for the further rational design of single site catalysts at the atomic scale. Furthermore, the development of such highly efficient and selective hydrogen evolution systems promises to deliver highly desirable economic and ecological benefits.

The role of WNT1 mutant variant (WNT1c.677C>T ) in osteogenesis imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), also known as "brittle bone disease," is a rare inherited genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and often associated with short stature. The mutation in WNT1 causes autosomal recessive OI (AR-OI) due to the key role of WNT/ß-catenin signaling in bone formation. WNT1 mutations cause phenotypes in OI of varying degrees of clinical severity, ranging from moderate to progressively deforming forms. The nucleotide change c.677C > T is one of the recurrent variants in the WNT1 alleles in Chinese AR-OI patients. To explore the effects of mutation c.677C > T on WNT1 function, we evaluated the activation of WNT/ß-catenin signaling, cell proliferation, osteoblast differentiation, and osteoclast differentiation in WNT1c.677C>T , WNT1c.884C>A , and wild type WNT1 transfected into MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts. Plasmids containing wild type WNT1, WNT1c.677C>T , and WNT1c.884C>A cDNAs were constructed. Protein levels of phosphorylation at serine 9 of GSK-3ß (p-GSK-3ß), GSK-3ß, nonphosphorylated ß-catenin (non-p-ß-catenin), and ß-catenin were detected with western blot. Cell proliferation was determined using MTS. BMP-2 and RANKL mRNA and protein levels were detected by qPCR and western blot. Our results showed that WNT1c.677C>T failed to activate WNT/ß-catenin signaling and impaired the proliferation of preosteoblasts. Moreover, compared to wild type WNT1, WNT1c.677C>T downregulated BMP-2 protein expression and was exhibited a diminished capacity to suppress the RANKL protein level. In conclusion, mutation c.677C > T hindered the ability of WNT1 to induce the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway and it affected the WNT/ß-catenin pathway which might potentially contribute to hampered bone homeostasis.

Evaluation of the inhibition of human carboxylesterases (CESs) by the active ingredients from Schisandra chinensis.

1. Schisandra chinensis, also called wuweizi in Chinese, is the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., and has been officially utilized as an astringent tonic for more than two thousand years in China. This study aims to evaluate the inhibition of carboxylesterases (CESs) by the major ingredients isolated from Schisandra chinensis, including Anwuligan, Schisandrol B, Schisanhenol, deoxyschizandrin, and Schisandrin B. 2. In vitro human liver microsomes (HLMs)-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2-(2-Benzoyl-3-methoxyphenyl) benzothiazole (BMBT) and fluorescein diacetate (FD) was employed as the probe reaction for CES1 and CES2, respectively. Initial screening, inhibition kinetics determination (inhibition type and parameters (Ki)), and in silico docking method were carried out. 3. Schisandrin B showed strong inhibition on the activity of CES1, and the activity of CES2 was strongly inhibited by Anwuligan and Schisandrin B. Schisandrin B exhibited noncompetitive inhibition towards CES1 and CES2. Anwuligan showed competitive inhibition towards CES2. The inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 29.8, 0.6, and 8.1 uM for the inhibition of Schisandrin B on CES1, Anwuligan on CES2, and Schisandrin B on CES2. In silico docking showed that hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions contributed to the inhibition of Schisandrin B on CES1, Anwuligan on CES2, and Schisandrin B on CES2. All these information will be helpful for understanding the adverse effects of Schisandra chinensis due to the inhibition of CESs-catalyzed metabolism.

LncRNA HOTAIR mediates TGF-ß2-induced cell growth and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells.

Posterior capsule opacification (PCO) results from the proliferation, migration, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of residual lens epithelial cells (LECs) and fibers in the capsular bag. Previous reports have demonstrated that transforming growth factor ß2 (TGF-ß2) affects the cellular processes via modulation of EMT in LECs. However, the mechanisms that underlie the TGF-ß2-induced EMT in LECs are still largely unknown. In this study, we confirmed that TGF-ß2 induces EMT in SRA01/04 cells via the up-regulation of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) HOTAIR. To study the effects of HOTAIR on the proliferation, migration and EMT of SRA01/04 cells as well as the underlying mechanism, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specifically attenuate HOTAIR expression in SRA01/04 cells. CCK8 cell-counting kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell viability; EdU cell proliferation kit was used to examine SRA01/04 cell proliferation; Transwell system and scratch assays were used to observe cell migration; and qPCR and western blot analysis were used to evaluate EMT progression. We found that inhibition of HOTAIR expression repressed SRA01/04 cell viability, proliferation, migration and prevented the TGF-ß2-induced changes in cellular processes via modulation of EMT. Ultimately, we found that HOTAIR affected the TGF-ß/Smad signaling pathway. In summary, we elucidated that HOTAIR affected the cell viability, proliferation, and migration in the TGF-ß2-induced EMT in SRA01/04 cells and suggested that modulation of HOTAIR may be helpful in PCO prevention and therapy.

Sugiol (127horbar;hydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-7-one) targets human pancreatic carcinoma cells (Mia-PaCa2) by inducing apoptosis, G2/M cell cycle arrest, ROS production and inhibition of cancer cell migration.

PURPOSE: Plants produce a diversity of molecular scaffolds with tremendous pharmacological potential. In the present study we evaluated the anticancer activity of the plant-derived natural product sugiol. We also evaluated its effects on apoptosis-related key proteins, cell cycle phase distribution, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay while clonogenic assay was done to determine the effects of sugiol on the cancer cell colony formation. Flow cytometric measurements were carried out in order to assess the effects of sugiol on cell cycle progression, apoptosis, MMP and ROS generation. RESULTS: Sugiol reduced the cell viability of Mia-PaCa2 human pancreatic cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 of sugiol on the cell line was 15 µM. The anticancer activity of sugiol was found to be ROS-mediated alterations in MMP, ultimately favoring apoptosis as determined by the annexin V/propidium iodide (PI). Additionally, sugiol caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase of the cell cycle and upregulated the expression of Bax, with concomitant downregulation of Bcl-2 expression in comparison to the untreated cells. It also inhibited the migratory capacity of Mia-PaCa2 cells at the IC50 concentration. CONCLUSION: In conclusion our results indicate that sugiol is a potent anticancer molecule and may prove essential in pancreatic cancer therapy.

Observation of scale invariance and universality in two-dimensional Bose gases.

The collective behaviour of a many-body system near a continuous phase transition is insensitive to the details of its microscopic physics; for example, thermodynamic observables follow generalized scaling laws near the phase transition. The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition in two-dimensional Bose gases presents a particularly interesting case because the marginal dimensionality and intrinsic scaling symmetry result in a broad fluctuation regime and an extended range of universal scaling behaviour. Studies of the BKT transition in cold atoms have stimulated great interest in recent years, but a clear demonstration of critical behaviour near the phase transition has remained elusive. Here we report in situ density and density-fluctuation measurements of two-dimensional Bose gases of caesium at different temperatures and interaction strengths, observing scale-invariant, universal behaviours. The extracted thermodynamic functions confirm the existence of a wide universal region near the BKT phase transition, and provide a sensitive test of the universality predicted by classical-field theory and quantum Monte Carlo calculations. Our experimental results provide evidence for growing density-density correlations in the fluctuation region, and call for further explorations of universal phenomena in classical and quantum critical physics.

Synthetic Spin-Orbit Coupling in an Optical Lattice Clock.

We propose the use of optical lattice clocks operated with fermionic alkaline-earth atoms to study spin-orbit coupling (SOC) in interacting many-body systems. The SOC emerges naturally during the clock interrogation, when atoms are allowed to tunnel and accumulate a phase set by the ratio of the "magic" lattice wavelength to the clock transition wavelength. We demonstrate how standard protocols such as Rabi and Ramsey spectroscopy that take advantage of the sub-Hertz resolution of state-of-the-art clock lasers can perform momentum-resolved band tomography and determine SOC-induced s-wave collisions in nuclear-spin-polarized fermions. With the use of a second counterpropagating clock beam, we propose a method for engineering controlled atomic transport and study how it is modified by p- and s-wave interactions. The proposed spectroscopic probes provide clean and well-resolved signatures at current clock operating temperatures.

Variants in TRIM44 Cause Aniridia by Impairing PAX6 Expression.

Congenital aniridia is a genetic disorder that manifests as iris hypoplasia and other associated ocular complications. Mutations in the paired box 6 (PAX6) gene are considered the major cause of aniridia. In this study, we identified four mutations exclusively presented in aniridia patients from a four-generation Chinese pedigree, including two single nucleotide substitutions in the 3'UTR of PAX6 (NM_000280.4:c.[*76G>A; *2977C>A]) and two missense mutations in tripartite motif containing 44 (TRIM44, NM_017583.4:c.[191C>A; 463G>A]), which lead to amino acid changes p.S64Y and p.G155R, respectively. Bioinformatic analyses revealed that the two 3'UTR mutations of PAX6 disrupted microRNA binding motifs in the wildtype 3'UTR sequence. Luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting with predicted microRNAs showed that the two 3'UTR mutations could only increase or have no effect on the expression of PAX6. Therefore, they would not be the cause of aniridia that resulted from PAX6 deficiency. Instead, we found that overexpression of TRIM44 significantly reduced the expression of PAX6 in human lens epithelial cells, and the p.G155R mutant exhibited much stronger effect than the wildtype form. We conclude that inhibition of PAX6 expression by mutant TRIM44 is a novel pathogenic mechanism for aniridia.

In situ observation of incompressible Mott-insulating domains in ultracold atomic gases.

The observation of the superfluid to Mott insulator phase transition of ultracold atoms in optical lattices was an enabling discovery in experimental many-body physics, providing the first tangible example of a quantum phase transition (one that occurs even at zero temperature) in an ultracold atomic gas. For a trapped gas, the spatially varying local chemical potential gives rise to multiple quantum phases within a single sample, complicating the interpretation of bulk measurements. Here we report spatially resolved, in-situ imaging of a two-dimensional ultracold atomic gas as it crosses the superfluid to Mott insulator transition, providing direct access to individual characteristics of the insulating, superfluid and normal phases. We present results for the local compressibility in all phases, observing a strong suppression in the insulator domain and suppressed density fluctuations for the Mott insulator, in accordance with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Furthermore, we obtain a direct measure of the finite temperature of the system. Taken together, these methods enable a complete characterization of multiple phases in a strongly correlated Bose gas, and of the interplay between quantum and thermal fluctuations in the quantum critical regime.

Effects of visual neuroplasticity training on visual perception, visual quality, and macular blood flow in patients with strabismus.

PURPOSE: To observe the effects of visual neuroplasticity training on visual perception, visual quality, and macular blood flow in patients with concomitant strabismus postoperatively. METHODS: In total, 108 patients underwent binocular strabismus correction operation, and some patients underwent neuroplasticity training. All patients underwent clinical ophthalmic examination, including measurement of best-corrected visual acuity, spherical equivalent, axis length, optical coherence tomography angiography, optical quality analysis system, and visual perception examinations. RESULTS: A total of 78 patients received neuroplasticity training for 1 month postoperatively, and 30 patients did not receive training. All patients underwent a visual perception examination preoperatively and at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month postoperatively. Macular blood flow and visual quality were examined preoperatively and at 1 month postoperatively. Postoperative visual perception was better than preoperative visual perception ( P < 0.05). After neuroplasticity training, the visual perception of the trained subjects was better than that of the untrained subjects ( P < 0.05), and the blood flow in the macular area of the trained patients was lower than that of the untrained subjects ( P < 0.05). The visual quality of the untrained subjects was lower than that of the trained patients ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Visual inspection system could accurately evaluate binocular visual perception in patients with concomitant strabismus. After surgical alignment of the strabismus patient, training can stimulate and integrate the formation of stereovision in a short period of time, maintain the visual quality of patients after surgery, and provide conditions for the formation of binocular visual signals and binocular stereovision, but in the short term, it will lead to the decrease of macular blood vessel density and perfusion density. However, the long-term effects of training have not been proven.

An immunotherapeutic hydrogel booster inhibits tumor recurrence and promotes wound healing for postoperative management of melanoma.

Low tumor immunogenicity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and bacterial infections have emerged as significant challenges in postsurgical immunotherapy and skin regeneration for preventing melanoma recurrence. Herein, an immunotherapeutic hydrogel booster (GelMA-CJCNPs) was developed to prevent postoperative tumor recurrence and promote wound healing by incorporating ternary carrier-free nanoparticles (CJCNPs) containing chlorine e6 (Ce6), a BRD4 inhibitor (JQ1), and a glutaminase inhibitor (C968) into methacrylic anhydride-modified gelatin (GelMA) dressings. GelMA-CJCNPs reduced glutathione production by inhibiting glutamine metabolism, thereby preventing the destruction of reactive oxygen species generated by photodynamic therapy, which could amplify oxidative stress to induce severe cell death and enhance immunogenic cell death. In addition, GelMA-CJCNPs reduced M2-type tumor-associated macrophage polarization by blocking glutamine metabolism to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, recruiting more tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes. GelMA-CJCNPs also downregulated IFN-γ-induced expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 to mitigate acquired immune resistance. Benefiting from the amplified systemic antitumor immunity, GelMA-CJCNPs markedly inhibited the growth of both primary and distant tumors. Moreover, GelMA-CJCNPs demonstrated satisfactory photodynamic antibacterial effects against Staphylococcus aureus infections, thereby promoting postsurgical wound healing. Hence, this immunotherapeutic hydrogel booster, as a facile and effective postoperative adjuvant, possesses a promising potential for inhibiting tumor recurrence and accelerating skin regeneration.

Topological spin-orbit-coupled fermions beyond rotating wave approximation.

The realization of spin-orbit-coupled ultracold gases has driven a wide range of research and is typically based on the rotating wave approximation (RWA). By neglecting the counter-rotating terms, RWA characterizes a single near-resonant spin-orbit (SO) coupling in a two-level system. Here, we propose and experimentally realize a new scheme for achieving a pair of two-dimensional (2D) SO couplings for ultracold fermions beyond RWA. This work not only realizes the first anomalous Floquet topological Fermi gas beyond RWA, but also significantly improves the lifetime of the 2D-SO-coupled Fermi gas. Based on pump-probe quench measurements, we observe a deterministic phase relation between two sets of SO couplings, which is characteristic of our beyond-RWA scheme and enables the two SO couplings to be simultaneously tuned to the optimum 2D configurations. We observe intriguing band topology by measuring two-ring band-inversion surfaces, quantitatively consistent with a Floquet topological Fermi gas in the regime of high Chern numbers. Our study can open an avenue to explore exotic SO physics and anomalous topological states based on long-lived SO-coupled ultracold fermions.

An ultrastable 1397-nm laser stabilized by a crystalline-coated room-temperature cavity.

State-of-the-art optical cavities are pivotal in pushing the envelope of laser frequency stability below 10-16. This is often achieved by extending the cavity length or cooling the system to cryogenic temperatures to reduce the thermal noise floor. In our study, we present a 30-cm-long cavity that operates at room temperature and is outfitted with crystalline coatings. The system has a predicted ultralow thermal noise floor of 4.4 × 10-17, comparable to what is observed in cryogenic silicon cavities. A 1397-nm laser is stabilized in this advanced cavity, and the stable frequency is then transferred to the clock transition in strontium optical lattice clocks via a frequency-doubling process. We have meticulously minimized and assessed the technical noise contributions through comparisons with an ultrastable reference laser that is locked to a commercially available 30-cm cavity. The frequency instability of the system is rigorously evaluated using a three-cornered-hat method. The results demonstrate that the laser frequency instability remains below 2 × 10-16 for averaging times ranging from 1 to 50 s. These findings underscore the significant potential of room-temperature cavities with crystalline coatings in high-precision metrology and pave the way for further improvements in optical lattice clocks.

Strongly interacting two-dimensional Bose gases.

We prepare and study strongly interacting two-dimensional Bose gases in the superfluid, the classical Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition, and the vacuum-to-superfluid quantum critical regimes. A wide range of the two-body interaction strength 0.05 < g < 3 is covered by tuning the scattering length and by loading the sample into an optical lattice. Based on the equations of state measurements, we extract the coupling constants as well as critical thermodynamic quantities in different regimes. In the superfluid and the BKT transition regimes, the extracted coupling constants show significant down-shifts from the mean-field and perturbation calculations when g approaches or exceeds one. In the BKT and the quantum critical regimes, all measured thermodynamic quantities show logarithmic dependence on the interaction strength, a tendency confirmed by the extended classical-field and renormalization calculations.

Bismuth, Nitrogen-Codoped Carbon Dots as a Dual-Read Optical Sensing Platform for Highly Sensitive, Ultrarapid, Ratiometric Detection of Doxorubicin.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a potent anticancer drug, but it has side effects on normal tissues, particularly myocardial cells. Therefore, it is crucial to detect the DOX concentration in body fluids for effective clinical treatment. In this work, N,Bi-codoped CDs (Bi,N-CDs) were synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method to carbonize the raw materials of 2,4-dinitroaniline and bismuth nitrate. The resulting Bi,N-CDs showed a reduced emission at 490 nm and an enhanced emission at 590 nm in the presence of DOX. The ratio of fluorescence (FL) intensity (F590/F490) was found to be a reliable indicator of DOX concentration, ranging from 0.05 to 30 µM and 40-200 µM, with detection limits (LOD) of 34 and 24 nM, respectively. A ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe was established for highly selective and sensitive detection of DOX using a specific electrostatic interaction and inner filter effect between Bi,N-CDs and DOX. Meanwhile, Bi,N-CDs exhibited a distinct color change ranging from yellow to orange-red when exposed to DOX, allowing for a colorimetric method to measure DOX levels in the range of 0.05-30 µM, with a detection limit of 169 nM. The probe was triumphantly used to monitor DOX in actual samples via a dual-mode optical sensing strategy. This study contributes to the development of heteroatom-doped CDs and expands their potential applications for detecting biological samples.

A giant orbital solitary fibrous tumor treated by surgical excision: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Spindle cell tumors, called solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs), are of mesenchymal origin, and can develop in the orbit. As 'intermediate malignancy' tumors, only a small percentage show malignant behavior, such as invasion of surrounding tissue. CASE PRESENTATION: A 57-year-old woman presented with a 19-year history of a giant right orbital mass. Orbital computed tomography (CT) revealed an inhomogeneously-enhancing mass compressing and engulfing the eyeball and optic nerve. She underwent lid-sparing orbital exenteration. Microscopic characteristics and immunohistochemistry (IHC) tests were indicative of a benign SFT. No recurrence was observed at the 4-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Early and complete tumor resection is recommended.