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Despite previous reports of SARS-CoV-2 infection in dogs and cats worldwide, the type of swab sample used for its detection through RT-qPCR needs to be better compared and described. Accordingly, as part of a multicenter study in Brazil, the aim of the present study was to assess which rectal or oropharyngeal swabs would be more appropriate for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in cats and dogs, through viral load comparison. Pets of owners diagnosed with COVID-19 in the last 7 days were eligible. A total of 148 animals from four of the five Brazilian geographical regions were analyzed, among which 10/48 cats (20.83%) and 11/100 dogs (11.00%) were positive. The results suggested that oropharyngeal swabs should be considered for SARS-CoV-2 detection, particularly in cats, due to the higher cDNA viral load. Also, the genomic results showed similarities between SARS-CoV-2 animal variants and human variants that were circulating at the time of sampling, thus corroborating the existence of zooanthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, the present study highlighted the importance of SARS-CoV-2 monitoring among cats and dogs, as virus modification may indicate the possibility of mutations in animals and spillover back to owners. Thus, positive individuals should always self-isolate from their pets during COVID-19, to prevent trans-species transmission and mutation.
Assuntos
COVID-19 , Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Humanos , Gatos , Cães , Animais , SARS-CoV-2/genética , COVID-19/diagnóstico , COVID-19/epidemiologia , COVID-19/veterinária , Brasil/epidemiologia , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiological agent of the disease coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. SARS-CoV-2 has been identified in cats with or without clinical signs. Case presentation: We describe the pathological and molecular findings in a six-month-old asymptomatic cat with SARS-CoV-2 infection from Brazil, belonging to a human family with COVID-19 cases. The pool of nasopharynx and oropharynx swabs at day zero tested positive by RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2. No amplification resulted from molecular testing performed on days 7 and 14. The cat was hit by a car and died 43 days after the molecular diagnosis. Immunohistochemistry at post-mortem examination demonstrated nucleocapsid protein in samples from the lungs, kidneys, nasal conchae, trachea, intestine, brain and spleen. Conclusion: The present study has highlighted the possibility that viral antigens can be detected by immunohistochemistry in multiple organs six weeks after infection, although the same tissues tested negative by RT-PCR.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive pet owners are reported to be a risk factor for infection of their pets; however, the influence of the viral load and associated risks has not been fully established. This study aimed to assess potential association of viral load in owners with the presence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in their dogs. Of 20 SARS-CoV-2-positive pet owners from 13 families in Curitiba, Brazil, 5 of 22 (22.7%) dogs were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Viral presence was detected in oropharyngeal samples for 2 of 5 (40.0%) dogs at 8 and 9 days after the first positive sample. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in these dogs was associated with higher viral loads in the owners and close owner contact. All 5 RT-qPCR-positive dogs had antibodies to at least one viral protein tested in the serological assay. Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in dogs was statistically associated with clinical signs in owners such as cold, cough, or diarrhea (P = 0.039), number of positive persons in the household (P = 0.002), and higher viral load (P = 0.039). Such findings serve as a warning for risks of human to dog infection, mainly due to sharing beds and other close interactions without protection. In conclusion, people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly in households with multiple residents and high viral load, should take the same preventive measures when interacting with their dogs during self-isolation as they do with people.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: Despite worldwide case reports, including Brazilian cases, no frequency study on infection of pets by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been conducted to date in Brazil. Accordingly, the present study was aimed to assess dogs and cats belonging to positive owners in Recife, Northeastern Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a longitudinal prospective study on dogs and cats in the city of Recife whose owners were in isolation at home due to a confirmed laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 through reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Oral and rectal swabs from the pets were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific RNA by means of RT-qPCR. RESULTS: Among the pets tested, 0/16 dogs and 2/15 cats were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Interestingly, the two positive cats were owned by two unrelated asymptomatic veterinary students, which, therefore, post a warning to veterinarians worldwide. CONCLUSION: The findings herein indicate that cats may act as sentinels for human cases, particularly sharing households with asymptomatic human cases. Although with small sampling and convenient recruiting, the presence of infected cats by SARS-CoV-2 was most likely due to close cat-human contact with positive owners, posting a human-animal health threat when pets share the same bed and interact with owners without protection, particularly during owner self-isolation. Thus, infected owners should follow the same human preventive guidelines with their pets to avoid spreading infection.
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is the causative infectious agent of the current pandemic. As researchers and health professionals are still learning the capabilities of this virus, public health concerns arise regarding the zoonotic potential of SARS-CoV-2. With millions of people detected with SARS-CoV-2 worldwide, reports of companion animals possibly infected with the virus started to emerge. Therefore, our aim is to review reported cases of animals naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2, particularly companion pets, shedding light on the role of these animals in the epidemiology of COVID-19.
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Hemotrophic mycoplasmas infect a variety of mammals. Although infection in humans is rarely reported, an association with an immunocompromised state has been suggested. We report a case of a Mycoplasma haemofelis-like infection in an HIV-positive patient co-infected with Bartonella henselae.
Assuntos
Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Bartonella henselae/isolamento & purificação , Doença da Arranhadura de Gato/complicações , Infecções por HIV/complicações , Infecções por Mycoplasma/complicações , Mycoplasma/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/diagnóstico , Animais , Brasil , Doenças do Gato/microbiologia , Doença da Arranhadura de Gato/diagnóstico , Doença da Arranhadura de Gato/microbiologia , Gatos , Masculino , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Mycoplasma/classificação , Mycoplasma/genética , Infecções por Mycoplasma/diagnóstico , Infecções por Mycoplasma/microbiologia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for metabolic acidosis. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
Assuntos
Acidose/veterinária , Gasometria/veterinária , Carbonatos/sangue , Acidose/diagnóstico , Acidose/etiologia , Animais , Gasometria/métodos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Pressão Parcial , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for metabolic alkalosis. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
Assuntos
Alcalose/veterinária , Gasometria/veterinária , Carbonatos/sangue , Alcalose/diagnóstico , Alcalose/etiologia , Animais , Gasometria/métodos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Hipoventilação/veterinária , Pressão Parcial , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for the anion gap and strong ion gap. Guidelines for analysis and interpretation of changes are presented.
Assuntos
Equilíbrio Ácido-Base/fisiologia , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/veterinária , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análise , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/diagnóstico , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/etiologia , Animais , Ânions/análise , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Cátions/análise , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for the analysis of chloride abnormalities. Guidelines for causes, signs, and stepwise approaches for corrected hypochloremia and hyperchloremia are presented.
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Equilíbrio Ácido-Base/fisiologia , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/veterinária , Gasometria/veterinária , Cloretos/sangue , Rim/metabolismo , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/diagnóstico , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/etiologia , Animais , Gasometria/métodos , Cloretos/metabolismo , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for hyperkalemia. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
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Hiperpotassemia/veterinária , Potássio/fisiologia , Animais , Hiperpotassemia/diagnóstico , Hiperpotassemia/etiologia , Potássio/sangue , Potássio/metabolismo , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for hypokalemia. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
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Hipopotassemia/veterinária , Potássio/fisiologia , Animais , Hipopotassemia/diagnóstico , Hipopotassemia/etiologia , Potássio/sangue , Potássio/uso terapêutico , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for hypernatremia. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
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Desidratação/veterinária , Hipernatremia/veterinária , Sódio/fisiologia , Animais , Desidratação/complicações , Hipernatremia/diagnóstico , Hipernatremia/etiologia , Valores de Referência , Sódio/sangueRESUMO
This article serves as a quick reference for hyponatremia. Guidelines for analysis and causes, signs, and a stepwise approach are presented.
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Hiponatremia/veterinária , Concentração Osmolar , Sódio/fisiologia , Animais , Hiponatremia/diagnóstico , Hiponatremia/etiologia , Valores de Referência , Sódio/sangue , Sódio/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The recognition and management of acid-base disorders is a commonplace activity in the critical care unit, and the role of weak and strong acids in the genesis of metabolic acid-base disorders is reviewed. The clinical approach to patients with metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis is discussed in this article.
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Equilíbrio Ácido-Base/fisiologia , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/veterinária , Acidose/veterinária , Alcalose/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/sangue , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/diagnóstico , Acidose/diagnóstico , Doença Aguda , Injúria Renal Aguda/complicações , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Injúria Renal Aguda/veterinária , Alcalose/diagnóstico , Animais , Doenças do Gato/sangue , Gatos , Cuidados Críticos , Doenças do Cão/sangue , Cães , Falência Renal Crônica/complicações , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Falência Renal Crônica/veterináriaRESUMO
The clinical signs of hyperkalemia usually are less evident than hypokalemia. Arrhythmia and bradycardia could be the first changes noticed. Most cases of persistent hyperkalemia are associated with renal retention of potassium. Common causes for hyperkalemia include hypoadrenocorticism, ruptured bladder, and urethral or bilateral ureteral obstruction. Drug such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, potassium-sparing diuretics, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can also lead to hyperkalemia.
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Hiperpotassemia/veterinária , Algoritmos , Animais , Hiperpotassemia/diagnóstico , Hiperpotassemia/etiologia , Rim/metabolismo , Potássio/metabolismo , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Hypokalemia is more common than hyperkalemia and usually is caused by excessive losses of potassium from the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract. Serum potassium should be investigated in patients developing chronic or frequent vomiting or diarrhea, marked polyuria, muscle weakness, or unexpected cardiac arrhythmias, as well as in those undergoing therapy with insulin, diuretics, or total parenteral nutrition. Clinical signs develop when serum potassium deficit is moderate or severe.
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Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Hipopotassemia/veterinária , Algoritmos , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Gatos , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Cães , Hipopotassemia/diagnóstico , Hipopotassemia/etiologia , Nefropatias/complicações , Nefropatias/veterinária , Potássio , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
Metabolic alkalemia is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate concentration and base excess, an increase in pH, and a compensatory increase in carbon dioxide pressure. This article outlines indications for analysis, reference ranges, causes, and clinical signs of metabolic alkalosis. Algorithms for evaluation of patients with acid-base disorders and metabolic alkalosis are included.
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Alcalose/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base , Alcalose/diagnóstico , Alcalose/etiologia , Animais , Bicarbonatos/metabolismo , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , CãesRESUMO
Chloride is an essential element, playing important roles in digestion, muscular activity, regulation of body fluids, and acid-base balance. As the most abundant anion in extracellular fluid, chloride plays a major role in maintaining electroneutrality. Chloride is intrinsically linked to sodium in maintaining osmolality and fluid balance and has an inverse relationship with bicarbonate in maintaining acid-base balance. It is likely because of these close ties that chloride does not get the individual attention it deserves; we can use these facts to simplify and interpret changes in serum chloride concentrations.
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Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/veterinária , Cloretos/metabolismo , Desequilíbrio Ácido-Base/diagnóstico , Animais , Cloretos/farmacologia , Valores de Referência , Bicarbonato de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
High anion gap (AG) metabolic acidoses can be identified by a decrease in pH, decrease in HCO3- or base excess, and an increased AG. The AG represents the difference between unmeasured cations and unmeasured anions; it increases secondary to the accumulation of anions other than bicarbonate and chloride. The most common causes of high AG acidosis are renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, and lactic acidosis. Severe increases in concentration of phosphorus can cause hyperphosphatemic acidosis.