Demystifying group-4 polyolefin hydrogenolysis catalysis. Gaseous propane hydrogenolysis mechanism over the same catalysts.

A kinetic/mechanistic investigation of gaseous propane hydrogenolysis over the single-site heterogeneous polyolefin depolymerization catalysts AlS/ZrNp2 and AlS/HfNp2 (AlS = sulfated alumina, Np = neopentyl), is use to probe intrinsic catalyst properties without the complexities introduced by time- and viscosity-dependent polymer medium effects. In a polymer-free automated plug-flow catalytic reactor, propane hydrogenolysis turnover frequencies approach 3,000 h-1 at 150 °C. Both catalysts exhibit approximately linear relationships between rate and [H2] at substoichiometric [H2] with rate law orders of 0.66 ± 0.09 and 0.48 ± 0.07 for Hf and Zr, respectively; at higher [H2], the rates approach zero-order in [H2]. Reaction orders in [C3H8] and [catalyst] are essentially zero-order under all conditions, with the former implying rapid, irreversible alkane binding/activation. This rate law, activation parameter, and DFT energy span analysis support a scenario in which [H2] is pivotal in one of two plausible and competing rate-determining transition states-bimolecular metal-alkyl bond hydrogenolysis vs. unimolecular ß-alkyl elimination. The Zr and Hf catalyst activation parameters, ΔH‡ = 16.8 ± 0.2 kcal mol-1 and 18.2 ± 0.6 kcal mol-1, respectively, track the relative turnover frequencies, while ΔS‡ = -19.1 ± 0.8 and -16.7 ± 1.4 cal mol-1 K-1, respectively, imply highly organized transition states. These catalysts maintain activity up to 200 °C, while time-on-stream data indicate multiday activities with an extrapolated turnover number ~92,000 at 150 °C for the Zr catalyst. This methodology is attractive for depolymerization catalyst discovery and process optimization.

Planet-compatible pathways for transitioning the chemical industry.

Chemical products, such as plastics, solvents, and fertilizers, are essential for supporting modern lifestyles. Yet, producing, using, and disposing of chemicals creates adverse environmental impacts which threaten the industry's license to operate. This study presents seven planet-compatible pathways toward 2050 employing demand-side and supply-side interventions with cumulative total investment costs of US$1.2-3.7 trillion. Resource efficiency and circularity interventions reduce global chemicals demand by 23 to 33% and are critical for mitigating risks associated with using fossil feedstocks and carbon capture and sequestration, and constraints on available biogenic and recyclate feedstocks. Replacing fossil feedstocks with biogenic/air-capture sources, shifting carbon destinations from the atmosphere to ground, and electrifying/decarbonizing energy supply for production technologies could enable net negative emissions of 0.5 GtCO2eq y-1 across non-ammonia chemicals, while still delivering essential chemical-based services to society.

Complementary roles for mechanical and solvent-based recycling in low-carbon, circular polypropylene.

Plastic recycling presents a vexing challenge. Mechanical recycling offers substantial greenhouse gas emissions savings relative to virgin plastic production but suffers from degraded aesthetic and mechanical properties. Polypropylene, one of the most widely used and lowest-cost plastics, features methyl pendants along the polymer backbone, rendering it particularly susceptible to declining properties, performance, and aesthetics across a succession of mechanical recycles. Advanced processes, such as solvent-assisted recycling, promise near-virgin quality outputs at a greater energy and emissions footprint. Mechanical and advanced recycling are often presented as competing options, but real-world plastic waste streams are likely to require preprocessing regardless of whether they are routed to an advanced process. This study quantifies the life-cycle greenhouse gas implications of multiple recycling strategies and proposes a system in which mechanical and solvent-assisted recycling can be leveraged together to boost recycling rates and satisfy demand for a wider range of product applications. Polypropylene can be recovered from mixed-plastic bales produced at material recovery facilities and processed through mechanical recycling, with a varying fraction sent for further upgrading via solvent-assisted recycling to produce material approved for food packaging and other higher-quality applications. The resulting mechanically recycled rigid polypropylene reduces life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions by 80% relative to the same quantity of virgin material, while the upgraded higher-quality material achieves GHG savings of 30%.

Micro-nanoplastics and cardiovascular diseases: evidence and perspectives.

Emerging evidence indicates that chemical exposures in the environment are overlooked drivers of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Recent evidence suggests that micro- and nanoplastic (MNP) particles derived largely from the chemical or mechanical degradation of plastics might represent a novel CVD risk factor. Experimental data in preclinical models suggest that MNPs can foster oxidative stress, platelet aggregation, cell senescence, and inflammatory responses in endothelial and immune cells while promoting a range of cardiovascular and metabolic alterations that can lead to disease and premature death. In humans, MNPs derived from various plastics, including polyethylene and polyvinylchloride, have been detected in atherosclerotic plaques and other cardiovascular tissues, including pericardia, epicardial adipose tissues, pericardial adipose tissues, myocardia, and left atrial appendages. MNPs have measurable levels within thrombi and seem to accumulate preferentially within areas of vascular lesions. Their presence within carotid plaques is associated with subsequent increased incidence of cardiovascular events. To further investigate the possible causal role of MNPs in CVD, future studies should focus on large, prospective cohorts assessing the exposure of individuals to plastic-related pollution, the possible routes of absorption, the existence of a putative safety limit, the correspondence between exposure and accumulation in tissues, the timing between accumulation and CVD development, and the pathophysiological mechanisms instigated by pertinent concentrations of MNPs. Data from such studies would allow the design of preventive, or even therapeutic, strategies. Meanwhile, existing evidence suggests that reducing plastic production and use will produce benefits for the environment and for human health. This goal could be achieved through the UN Global Plastics Treaty that is currently in negotiation.

Nanophase-Separated Block Copolymer Layers Enabling Stable Zinc Metal Batteries.

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries are promising and efficient energy storage systems owing to their low cost, high safety, and satisfactory capacity. However, the instability of Zn metal anodes, caused by dendritic growth and parasitic side reactions, hinders their practical application. In this study, a nanophase-separated block copolymer layer that enhances the reversibility of Zn metal anodes is introduced. This layer consists of two components: a high-performance engineering-plastic-based hydrophobic block exhibiting excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability, and a hydrophilic block that significantly improves the interfacial stability of the anode by selectively permeating Zn ions through the separated nanophase channels. Through an improved electrochemical system and scalable fabrication process, this block copolymer provides a feasible approach for the practical application of Zn metal anodes in aqueous energy storage systems.

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for high-level production of the biodegradable polyester monomer 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid.

2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), a chemically stable pseudo-aromatic dicarboxylic acid, is a promising building block compound for manufacturing biodegradable polyesters. This study aimed to construct high-performance cell factories enabling the efficient production of PDC from glucose. Firstly, the effective enzymes of the PDC biosynthetic pathway were overexpressed on the chromosome of the 3-dehydroshikimate overproducing strain. Consequently, the one-step biosynthesis of PDC from glucose was achieved. Further, the PDC production was enhanced by multi-copy integration of the key gene PsligC encoding 4-carboxy-2-hydroxymuconate-6-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and co-expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin. Subsequently, the PDC production was substantially improved by redistributing the metabolic flux for cell growth and PDC biosynthesis based on dynamically downregulating the expression of pyruvate kinase. The resultant strain PDC50 produced 129.37 g/L PDC from glucose within 78 h under fed-batch fermentation conditions, with a yield of 0.528 mol/mol and an average productivity of 1.65 g/L/h. The findings of this study lay the foundation for the potential industrial production of PDC.

Metagenome-derived SusD-homologs affiliated with Bacteroidota bind to synthetic polymers.

Starch utilization system (Sus)D-homologs are well known for their carbohydrate-binding capabilities and are part of the sus operon in microorganisms affiliated with the phylum Bacteroidota. Until now, SusD-like proteins have been characterized regarding their affinity toward natural polymers. In this study, three metagenomic SusD homologs (designated SusD1, SusD38489, and SusD70111) were identified and tested with respect to binding to natural and non-natural polymers. SusD1 and SusD38489 are cellulose-binding modules, while SusD70111 preferentially binds chitin. Employing translational fusion proteins with superfolder GFP (sfGFP), pull-down assays, and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has provided evidence for binding to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and other synthetic polymers. Structural analysis suggested that a Trp triad might be involved in protein adsorption. Mutation of these residues to Ala resulted in an impaired adsorption to microcrystalline cellulose (MC), but not so to PET and other synthetic polymers. We believe that the characterized SusDs, alongside the methods and considerations presented in this work, will aid further research regarding bioremediation of plastics. IMPORTANCE: SusD1 and SusD38489 can be considered for further applications regarding their putative adsorption toward fossil-fuel based polymers. This is the first time that SusD homologs from the polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL), largely described for the phylum Bacteroidota, are characterized as synthetic polymer-binding proteins.

Disposables used cumulatively in routine IVF procedures could display toxicity.

STUDY QUESTION: Is there a cumulative toxicity of disposables used in IVF procedures? SUMMARY ANSWER: A toxicity may be detected when consumables are used cumulatively, while no toxicity is detected when the same consumables are used and tested individually. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Many components of items used in IVF laboratories may impair human embryonic development. Consequently, it is necessary to screen all reagents and materials which could be in contact with gametes and embryos. Toxicity tests, such as the mouse embryo assay and the human sperm motility assay (HSMA), are used by manufacturers as quality control tools to demonstrate the safety of their products. This evaluation is currently individually performed for each single consumable. However, during an IVF cycle, several devices are used sequentially, potentially creating a cumulative exposure to chemical contaminants, which could not be detected for individually tested consumables. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: The objective of this observational study conducted from March 2021 to October 2022 was to evaluate with the HSMA methodology if there was a cumulative toxicity when several disposables are sequentially used. Fourteen categories of consumables currently used in routine IVF procedures were studied, which included devices used for sperm and oocyte collection (cups, condoms, and oocyte aspiration needles), manipulation (flasks, tubes, tips, pipettes, embryo transfer catheters, syringes, and gloves), culture (dishes), and storage (straws). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After obtaining patient consent, the surplus semen assessed as having normal parameters according to the World Health Organization 2010 criteria were used to perform the HSMAs. First, each consumable was tested individually. Then, associations of three, four, and five consumables, previously validated as non-toxic when tested individually, were analyzed. HSMAs were conducted three times to ensure reproducibility, with a defined toxicity threshold of a sperm motility index (SMI) below 0.85 in at least two of three tests. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Thirty-six references of disposables were first individually tested across 53 lots. Forty-nine (92%) demonstrated compliance. However, four (8%) devices revealed toxicity: one lot of 1 ml syringes, two lots of sperm cups, and one lot of 25 cm2 flasks. These four references were excluded from the IVF routine procedures. A total of 48 combinations of consumables were assessed, involving 41 lots from 32 references that were previously individually tested. Among the evaluated combinations, 17 out of 48 (35%) associations exhibited toxicity with a SMI below 0.85 for two of the three tests (n = 8) or all the three tests (n = 9). Notably, three out of 17 (18%) of the three-consumable associations, five out of 16 (31%) of the four-consumable associations, and nine out of 15 (60%) of the five-consumable associations were found not compliant. The toxicity did not originate from a single consumable, because only consumables that were individually pre-validated as non-toxic were included in the combinations, but the toxicity had a cumulative origin. The risk of cumulative toxicity increased with the number of consumables included in the association (Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic, P = 0.013). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: The high proportion of non-compliant combinations of disposables can be attributed directly to the extreme rigorous extraction conditions employed during the tests, which could deviate from the conditions encountered in routine clinical use. Also, the methodology employed in the HSMAs (e.g. toxicity extraction duration, sperm concentrations, and protein supplementation of the medium) can influence the sensitivity of the tests. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: This study highlights the significance of performing toxicity testing on devices before introducing them into clinical practice. Disposables should be tested individually to detect immediate toxicities and also in combination. Our results advocate rationalizing the number of consumables used in each IVF procedure and re-evaluating the use of glass consumables. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This study received fundings from GCS Ramsay Santé pour l'Enseignement et la Recherche (Paris, France) and the Centre de Biologie Médicale BIOGROUP (Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt, France). The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest that could be perceived as prejudicing the impartiality of the reported research. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

Enhancing plastic biodegradation process: strategies and opportunities.

Plastic biodegradation has emerged as a sustainable approach and green alternative in handling the ever-increasing accumulation of plastic wastes in the environment. The complete biodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate is one of the most recent breakthroughs in the field of plastic biodegradation. Despite the success, the effective and complete biodegradation of a wide variety of plastics is still far from the practical implementation, and an on-going effort has been mainly devoted to the exploration of novel microorganisms and enzymes for plastic biodegradation. However, alternative strategies which enhance the existing biodegradation process should not be neglected in the continuous advancement of this field. Thus, this review highlights various strategies which have shown to improve the biodegradation of plastics, which include the pretreatment of plastics using UV irradiation, thermal, or chemical treatments to increase the susceptibility of plastics toward microbial action. Alternative pretreatment strategies are also suggested and compared with the existing techniques. Besides, the effects of additives such as pro-oxidants, natural polymers, and surfactants on plastic biodegradation are discussed. In addition, considerations governing the biodegradation performance, such as the formulation of biodegradation medium, cell-free biocatalysis, and physico-chemical properties of plastics, are addressed. Lastly, the challenges and future prospects for the advancement of plastic biodegradation are also highlighted.

Sustainable strategies towards better utilization of synthetic polymers.

The abstract provides an overview of a study focused on analyzing diverse strategies to achieve sustainable utilization of synthetic polymers through effective waste management. The escalating global consumption of synthetic polymers has precipitated a concerning increase in plastic waste and environmental degradation. To address this challenge, novel materials with specified application goals, such as engineered plastic, have been developed and are intended for recycling and reuse. Despite the reuse and recycling, when plastic gets disposed into the environment, the degradation properties of plastics render a direct disposal hazard, posing a significant environmental threat. To mitigate these issues, the concept of replacing specific monomers of engineered synthetic plastics with bio-alternatives or blending them with other polymers to enhance sustainability and environmental compatibility has emerged. In this study, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) plastic is the focal material, and three distinct investigations were conducted. First, replacing ABS plastic's butadiene monomer with natural rubber was explored for its properties and environmental impact. Second, ABS plastic was blended with virgin, recycled, and bio-alternatives of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) polymers. Lastly, recycled ABS blended with recycled PET and PVC was analyzed for mechanical properties. Comparative assessments of these blends were made based on mechanical properties, carbon emissions, and cost-effectiveness. The study determined that the r-ABS/r-PVC (recycled) blend exhibited the most favorable characteristics for practical application.

Microorganism-mediated biodegradation for effective management and/or removal of micro-plastics from the environment: a comprehensive review.

Micro- plastics (MPs) pose significant global threats, requiring an environment-friendly mode of decomposition. Microbial-mediated biodegradation and biodeterioration of micro-plastics (MPs) have been widely known for their cost-effectiveness, and environment-friendly techniques for removing MPs. MPs resistance to various biocidal microbes has also been reported by various studies. The biocidal resistance degree of biodegradability and/or microbiological susceptibility of MPs can be determined by defacement, structural deformation, erosion, degree of plasticizer degradation, metabolization, and/or solubilization of MPs. The degradation of microplastics involves microbial organisms like bacteria, mold, yeast, algae, and associated enzymes. Analytical and microbiological techniques monitor microplastic biodegradation, but no microbial organism can eliminate microplastics. MPs can pose environmental risks to aquatic and human life. Micro-plastic biodegradation involves fragmentation, assimilation, and mineralization, influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Environmental factors and pre-treatment agents can naturally degrade large polymers or induce bio-fragmentation, which may impact their efficiency. A clear understanding of MPs pollution and the microbial degradation process is crucial for mitigating its effects. The study aimed to identify deteriogenic microorganism species that contribute to the biodegradation of micro-plastics (MPs). This knowledge is crucial for designing novel biodeterioration and biodegradation formulations, both lab-scale and industrial, that exhibit MPs-cidal actions, potentially predicting MPs-free aquatic and atmospheric environments. The study emphasizes the urgent need for global cooperation, research advancements, and public involvement to reduce micro-plastic contamination through policy proposals and improved waste management practices.

Plastic particle impacts on the cardiovascular system and angiogenesis potential.

The extensive application of plastics in different sectors such as packaging, building, textiles, consumer products, and several industries has increased in recent years. Emerging data have confirmed that plastic wastes and segregates are problematic issues in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The decomposition of plastic particles (PPs) leads to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) into the surrounding environment and entry of these particles will be problematic in unicellular and multicellular creatures. It was suggested that PPs can easily cross all biological barriers and reach different organs, especially the cardiovascular system, with the potential to modulate several molecular pathways. It is postulated that the direct interaction of PPs with cellular and subcellular components induces genotoxicity and cytotoxicity within the cardiovascular system. Meanwhile, being inert carriers, PPs can intensify the toxicity of other contaminants inside the cardiovascular system. Here, in this review article, several underlying mechanisms related to PP toxicity in the cardiovascular system were discussed in detail.

A genetic toolbox to empower Paracoccus pantotrophus DSM 2944 as a metabolically versatile SynBio chassis.

BACKGROUND: To contribute to the discovery of new microbial strains with metabolic and physiological robustness and develop them into successful chasses, Paracoccus pantotrophus DSM 2944, a Gram-negative bacterium from the phylum Alphaproteobacteria and the family Rhodobacteraceae, was chosen. The strain possesses an innate ability to tolerate high salt concentrations. It utilizes diverse substrates, including cheap and renewable feedstocks, such as C1 and C2 compounds. Also, it can consume short-chain alkanes, predominately found in hydrocarbon-rich environments, making it a potential bioremediation agent. The demonstrated metabolic versatility, coupled with the synthesis of the biodegradable polymer polyhydroxyalkanoate, positions this microbial strain as a noteworthy candidate for advancing the principles of a circular bioeconomy. RESULTS: The study aims to follow the chassis roadmap, as depicted by Calero and Nikel, and de Lorenzo, to transform wild-type P. pantotrophus DSM 2944 into a proficient SynBio (Synthetic Biology) chassis. The initial findings highlight the antibiotic resistance profile of this prospective SynBio chassis. Subsequently, the best origin of replication (ori) was identified as RK2. In contrast, the non-replicative ori R6K was selected for the development of a suicide plasmid necessary for genome integration or gene deletion. Moreover, when assessing the most effective method for gene transfer, it was observed that conjugation had superior efficiency compared to electroporation, while transformation by heat shock was ineffective. Robust host fitness was demonstrated by stable plasmid maintenance, while standardized gene expression using an array of synthetic promoters could be shown. pEMG-based scarless gene deletion was successfully adapted, allowing gene deletion and integration. The successful integration of a gene cassette for terephthalic acid degradation is showcased. The resulting strain can grow on both monomers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), with an increased growth rate achieved through adaptive laboratory evolution. CONCLUSION: The chassis roadmap for the development of P. pantotrophus DSM 2944 into a proficient SynBio chassis was implemented. The presented genetic toolkit allows genome editing and therewith the possibility to exploit Paracoccus for a myriad of applications.

Anthropogenic nest material use in a global sample of birds.

As humans increasingly modify the natural world, many animals have responded by changing their behaviour. Understanding and predicting the extent of these responses is a key step in conserving these species. For example, the tendency for some species of birds to incorporate anthropogenic items-particularly plastic material-into their nests is of increasing concern, as in some cases, this behaviour has harmful effects on adults, young and eggs. Studies of this phenomenon, however, have to date been largely limited in geographic and taxonomic scope. To investigate the global correlates of anthropogenic (including plastic) nest material use, we used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models and a data set of recorded nest materials in 6147 species of birds. We find that, after controlling for research effort and proximity to human landscape modifications, anthropogenic nest material use is correlated with synanthropic (artificial) nesting locations, breeding environment and the number of different nest materials the species has been recorded to use. We also demonstrate that body mass, range size, conservation status and brain size do not explain variation in the recorded use of anthropogenic nest materials. These results indicate that anthropogenic materials are more likely to be included in nests when they are more readily available, as well as potentially by species that are more flexible in their nest material choice.

High-Efficiency Degradation of PET Plastics by Glutathione S-Transferase under Mild Conditions.

Plastic pollution is a significant environmental concern globally. Plastics are normally considered chemically inert and resistant to biodegradation. Although many papers have reported enzyme-induced biodegradation of plastics, these studies are primarily limited to enzymes of microbial origin or engineered enzymes. This study reveals that poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET, ∼6000 Da and 100 kDa) particles and plastic bottle debris (PBD, 24.9 kDa) can be efficiently degraded by a mammal-origin natural phase II metabolic isozyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST), under mild conditions. The degradation efficiency of PET plastics reached 98.9%, with a degradation rate of 2.6 g·L-1·h-1 under ambient or physiological conditions at 1 atm. PET plastics can be degraded by GST with varying environmental or biological factors (i.e., temperature, light irradiation, pH, and presence of humic acid or protein). We suggest a novel mechanism for PET degradation other than hydrolysis, i.e., the mechanism of cleavage and release of PET plastic monomers via nitridation and oxidation. This finding also reveals a novel function of GST, previously thought to only degrade small molecules (<1000 Da). This method has been successfully applied in real human serum samples. Additionally, we have tested and confirmed the ability to degrade PET of a mammal-origin natural digestive enzyme (trypsin) and a human-derived natural metabolic enzyme (CYP450). Overall, our findings provide a potential new route to plastic pollution control and contribute to our understanding of the metabolism and fate of plastics in organisms.

Atmospheric Resuspension of Microplastics from Bare Soil Regions.

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging as an atmospheric pollutant. Here, we present a method of estimating MP resuspension with mineral dust in bare soil based on reported MP mass in soils, their enrichment in suspended dust relative to soil, and a mineral dust resuspension scheme. Using the estimated resuspensions, we simulate the global atmospheric MP transport and deposition using the dispersion model FLEXPART for two particle shape scenarios, spheres, and fibers. We estimate the uncertainties using a Monte Carlo technique that varies input data parameters within their reported ranges. The total MP resuspensions are estimated at about 104 (48-110) tonnes yr-1. We find that bare soils in West Asia and North Africa are the main source regions. FLEXPART results show that fibers have higher concentrations in the atmosphere and are dispersed more widely than spheres. Annually, 75 (43-83) tonnes of microfibers are deposited on land and 29 (18-33) tonnes in the oceans. Resuspended MPs can even reach remote regions, such as the Arctic. The results suggest that areas with bare soils can be an important MP source; however, further research on the factors that affect resuspension is needed.

Polyhydroxybutyrate Plastics Show Rapid Disintegration and More Straightforward Biogeochemical Impacts than Polyethylene under Marine Biofragmentation.

Although massive studies have investigated the spatiotemporally occurring marine plastisphere, a new microbial ecosystem colonizing the surfaces of plastics, the resulting biofragmentation process and impacts of plastics on biogeochemical cycles remain largely unknown. Here, we leverage synchrotron-based Fourier transform infrared spectromicroscopy (FTIR mapping) and metagenomic sequencing to explore independent marine microcosms amended with petroleum-based polyethylene (PE) and biobased polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) plastic films. FTIR mapping results demonstrate unequal fragmentation scenarios by which the PE plastic rarely releases oxidized fragments while PHB disintegrates quickly, gradually forming fragments composed of extracellular polymeric substances resembling plastic films. Metagenomic analysis shows the critical role of hydrocarbonoclastic lineages in the biodegradation of the two plastics by the fatty acid degradation pathway, where the PE plastics host different microbial trajectories between the plastisphere (dominated by Alcanivorax) and surrounding seawater. In contrast, the PHB addition demonstrates decreased microbial richness and diversity, consistent community composition (dominated by Phaeobacter and Marinobacter), and apparently stimulated sulfur cycle and denitrification pathways in both the plastisphere and surrounding seawater. Our study gives scientific evidence on the marine biotic processes distinguishing petroleum- and biobased plastics, highlighting marine PHB input exerting straightforward impacts on the water phase and deserving critical management practices.

Quantification and Characterization of Fine Plastic Particles as Considerable Components in Atmospheric Fine Particles.

The negative effects of air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5, particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm), on human health, climate, and ecosystems are causing significant concern. Nevertheless, little is known about the contributions of emerging pollutants such as plastic particles to PM2.5 due to the lack of continuous measurements and characterization methods for atmospheric plastic particles. Here, we investigated the levels of fine plastic particles (FPPs) in PM2.5 collected in urban Shanghai at a 2 h resolution by using a novel versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system that concentrates ambient aerosols up to 10-fold. The FPPs were analyzed offline using the combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques that distinguished FPPs from other carbon-containing particles. The average FPP concentrations of 5.6 µg/m3 were observed, and the ratio of FPPs to PM2.5 was 13.2% in this study. The FPP sources were closely related to anthropogenic activities, which pose a potential threat to ecosystems and human health. Given the dramatic increase in plastic production over the past 70 years, this study calls for better quantification and control of FPP pollution in the atmosphere.

Replacing Plastics with Alternatives Is Worse for Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Most Cases.

Plastics are controversial due to their production from fossil fuels, emissions during production and disposal, potential toxicity, and leakage to the environment. In light of these concerns, calls to use less plastic products and move toward nonplastic alternatives are common. However, these calls often overlook the environmental impacts of alternative materials. This article examines the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impact of plastic products versus their alternatives. We assess 16 applications where plastics are used across five key sectors: packaging, building and construction, automotive, textiles, and consumer durables. These sectors account for about 90% of the global plastic volume. Our results show that in 15 of the 16 applications a plastic product incurs fewer GHG emissions than their alternatives. In these applications, plastic products release 10% to 90% fewer emissions across the product life cycle. Furthermore, in some applications, such as food packaging, no suitable alternatives to plastics exist. These results demonstrate that care must be taken when formulating policies or interventions to reduce plastic use so that we do not inadvertently drive a shift to nonplastic alternatives with higher GHG emissions. For most plastic products, increasing the efficiency of plastic use, extending the lifetime, boosting recycling rates, and improving waste collection would be more effective for reducing emissions.

Micro(nano)plastics in the Human Body: Sources, Occurrences, Fates, and Health Risks.

The increasing global attention on micro(nano)plastics (MNPs) is a result of their ubiquity in the water, air, soil, and biosphere, exposing humans to MNPs on a daily basis and threatening human health. However, crucial data on MNPs in the human body, including the sources, occurrences, behaviors, and health risks, are limited, which greatly impedes any systematic assessment of their impact on the human body. To further understand the effects of MNPs on the human body, we must identify existing knowledge gaps that need to be immediately addressed and provide potential solutions to these issues. Herein, we examined the current literature on the sources, occurrences, and behaviors of MNPs in the human body as well as their potential health risks. Furthermore, we identified key knowledge gaps that must be resolved to comprehensively assess the effects of MNPs on human health. Additionally, we addressed that the complexity of MNPs and the lack of efficient analytical methods are the main barriers impeding current investigations on MNPs in the human body, necessitating the development of a standard and unified analytical method. Finally, we highlighted the need for interdisciplinary studies from environmental, biological, medical, chemical, computer, and material scientists to fill these knowledge gaps and drive further research. Considering the inevitability and daily occurrence of human exposure to MNPs, more studies are urgently required to enhance our understanding of their potential negative effects on human health.