RESUMO
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are iron-dependent and α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases that sequentially oxidize the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC) and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). All three epigenetic modifications are intermediates in DNA demethylation. TET proteins are recruited by transcription factors and by RNA polymerase II to modify 5mC at enhancers and gene bodies, thereby regulating gene expression during development, cell lineage specification, and cell activation. It is not yet clear, however, how the established biochemical activities of TET enzymes in oxidizing 5mC and mediating DNA demethylation relate to the known association of TET deficiency with inflammation, clonal hematopoiesis, and cancer. There are hints that the ability of TET deficiency to promote cell proliferation in a signal-dependent manner may be harnessed for cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we draw upon recent findings in cells of the immune system to illustrate established as well as emerging ideas of how TET proteins influence cellular function.
Assuntos
Desmetilação do DNA , Dioxigenases , Imunoterapia , Inflamação , Neoplasias , Humanos , Neoplasias/terapia , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Animais , Inflamação/metabolismo , Inflamação/imunologia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Sistema Imunitário/metabolismo , Sistema Imunitário/imunologia , Epigênese Genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Metilação de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Oxigenases de Função Mista/metabolismo , Oxigenases de Função Mista/genéticaRESUMO
Loss-of-function mutations in TET2 occur frequently in patients with clonal hematopoiesis, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with a DNA hypermethylation phenotype. To determine the role of TET2 deficiency in leukemia stem cell maintenance, we generated a reversible transgenic RNAi mouse to model restoration of endogenous Tet2 expression. Tet2 restoration reverses aberrant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) self-renewal in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with vitamin C, a co-factor of Fe2+ and α-KG-dependent dioxygenases, mimics TET2 restoration by enhancing 5-hydroxymethylcytosine formation in Tet2-deficient mouse HSPCs and suppresses human leukemic colony formation and leukemia progression of primary human leukemia PDXs. Vitamin C also drives DNA hypomethylation and expression of a TET2-dependent gene signature in human leukemia cell lines. Furthermore, TET-mediated DNA oxidation induced by vitamin C treatment in leukemia cells enhances their sensitivity to PARP inhibition and could provide a safe and effective combination strategy to selectively target TET deficiency in cancer. PAPERCLIP.
Assuntos
Ácido Ascórbico/farmacologia , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Vitaminas/farmacologia , Animais , Ácido Ascórbico/administração & dosagem , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Metilação de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Dioxigenases , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Camundongos , Síndromes Mielodisplásicas/genética , Transplante de Neoplasias , Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerase-1/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Transcrição Gênica , Transplante Heterólogo , Vitaminas/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Abasic sites are DNA lesions repaired by base excision repair. Cleavage of unrepaired abasic sites in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) can lead to chromosomal breakage during DNA replication. How rupture of abasic DNA is prevented remains poorly understood. Here, using cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM), Xenopus laevis egg extracts, and human cells, we show that RAD51 nucleofilaments specifically recognize and protect abasic sites, which increase RAD51 association rate to DNA. In the absence of BRCA2 or RAD51, abasic sites accumulate as a result of DNA base methylation, oxidation, and deamination, inducing abasic ssDNA gaps that make replicating DNA fibers sensitive to APE1. RAD51 assembled on abasic DNA prevents abasic site cleavage by the MRE11-RAD50 complex, suppressing replication fork breakage triggered by an excess of abasic sites or POLθ polymerase inhibition. Our study highlights the critical role of BRCA2 and RAD51 in safeguarding against unrepaired abasic sites in DNA templates stemming from base alterations, ensuring genomic stability.
Assuntos
Proteína BRCA2 , Dano ao DNA , Reparo do DNA , Replicação do DNA , DNA de Cadeia Simples , Rad51 Recombinase , Xenopus laevis , Humanos , Rad51 Recombinase/metabolismo , Rad51 Recombinase/genética , Proteína BRCA2/genética , Proteína BRCA2/metabolismo , Animais , DNA de Cadeia Simples/metabolismo , DNA de Cadeia Simples/genética , Microscopia Crioeletrônica , DNA Polimerase teta , Metilação de DNA , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/metabolismo , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por DNA/genética , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/metabolismo , Proteína Homóloga a MRE11/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genéticaRESUMO
Deleterious somatic mutations in DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha (DNMT3A) and TET mehtylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2) are associated with clonal expansion of hematopoietic cells and higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we investigated roles of DNMT3A and TET2 in normal human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), in MDM isolated from individuals with DNMT3A or TET2 mutations, and in macrophages isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques. We found that loss of function of DNMT3A or TET2 resulted in a type I interferon response due to impaired mitochondrial DNA integrity and activation of cGAS signaling. DNMT3A and TET2 normally maintained mitochondrial DNA integrity by regulating the expression of transcription factor A mitochondria (TFAM) dependent on their interactions with RBPJ and ZNF143 at regulatory regions of the TFAM gene. These findings suggest that targeting the cGAS-type I IFN pathway may have therapeutic value in reducing risk of CVD in patients with DNMT3A or TET2 mutations.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares , DNA Metiltransferase 3A/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , DNA Mitocondrial/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Dioxigenases/genética , Humanos , Interferons/metabolismo , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/genética , Mutação/genética , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Transativadores/metabolismoRESUMO
Gene silencing is instrumental to interrogate gene function and holds promise for therapeutic applications. Here, we repurpose the endogenous retroviruses' silencing machinery of embryonic stem cells to stably silence three highly expressed genes in somatic cells by epigenetics. This was achieved by transiently expressing combinations of engineered transcriptional repressors that bind to and synergize at the target locus to instruct repressive histone marks and de novo DNA methylation, thus ensuring long-term memory of the repressive epigenetic state. Silencing was highly specific, as shown by genome-wide analyses, sharply confined to the targeted locus without spreading to nearby genes, resistant to activation induced by cytokine stimulation, and relieved only by targeted DNA demethylation. We demonstrate the portability of this technology by multiplex gene silencing, adopting different DNA binding platforms and interrogating thousands of genomic loci in different cell types, including primary T lymphocytes. Targeted epigenome editing might have broad application in research and medicine.
Assuntos
DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Edição de Genes/métodos , Inativação Gênica , Marcação de Genes/métodos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/metabolismo , Proteínas Repressoras/metabolismo , Domínio Catalítico , DNA (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferases/genética , Metilação de DNA , DNA Metiltransferase 3A , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Engenharia Genética , Humanos , Fatores de Transcrição Kruppel-Like/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Linfócitos T/metabolismoRESUMO
The importance of eukaryotic DNA methylation [5-methylcytosine (5mC)] in transcriptional regulation and development was first suggested almost 40 years ago. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the dynamic nature of this epigenetic mark was not understood until recently, following the discovery that the TET proteins, a family of AlkB-like Fe(II)/α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, can oxidize 5mC to generate 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), and 5-carboxylcytosine (5caC). Since then, several mechanisms that are responsible for processing oxidized 5mC derivatives to achieve DNA demethylation have emerged. Our biochemical understanding of the DNA demethylation process has prompted new investigations into the biological functions of DNA demethylation. Characterization of two additional AlkB family proteins, FTO and ALKBH5, showed that they possess demethylase activity toward N(6)-methyladenosine (m(6)A) in RNA, indicating that members of this subfamily of dioxygenases have a general function in demethylating nucleic acids. In this review, we discuss recent advances in this emerging field, focusing on the mechanism and function of TET-mediated DNA demethylation.
Assuntos
Metilação de DNA , DNA/química , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Oxigênio/química , RNA/química , 5-Metilcitosina/química , Animais , Citosina/análogos & derivados , Citosina/química , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Genoma , Células Germinativas/citologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Metilação , Camundongos , Neoplasias/genética , Células-Tronco/citologia , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Despite FDA approval of nine new drugs for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in the United States over the last 4 years, AML remains a major area of unmet medical need among hematologic malignancies. In this review, we discuss the development of promising new molecular targeted approaches for AML, including menin inhibition, novel IDH1/2 inhibitors, and preclinical means to target TET2, ASXL1, and RNA splicing factor mutations. In addition, we review progress in immune targeting of AML through anti-CD47, anti-SIRPα, and anti-TIM-3 antibodies; bispecific and trispecific antibodies; and new cellular therapies in development for AML.
Assuntos
Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/terapia , MutaçãoRESUMO
Active DNA demethylation via ten-eleven translocation (TET) family enzymes is essential for epigenetic reprogramming in cell state transitions. TET enzymes catalyze up to three successive oxidations of 5-methylcytosine (5mC), generating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), 5-formylcytosine (5fC), or 5-carboxycytosine (5caC). Although these bases are known to contribute to distinct demethylation pathways, the lack of tools to uncouple these sequential oxidative events has constrained our mechanistic understanding of the role of TETs in chromatin reprogramming. Here, we describe the first application of biochemically engineered TET mutants that unlink 5mC oxidation steps, examining their effects on somatic cell reprogramming. We show that only TET enzymes proficient for oxidation to 5fC/5caC can rescue the reprogramming potential of Tet2-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. This effect correlated with rapid DNA demethylation at reprogramming enhancers and increased chromatin accessibility later in reprogramming. These experiments demonstrate that DNA demethylation through 5fC/5caC has roles distinct from 5hmC in somatic reprogramming to pluripotency.
Assuntos
5-Metilcitosina/metabolismo , Reprogramação Celular , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Embrião de Mamíferos/metabolismo , Elementos Facilitadores Genéticos , Epigênese Genética , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Animais , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Dioxigenases , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Fibroblastos/citologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Mutação , Células NIH 3T3 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genéticaRESUMO
Ten-eleven translocation (TET) proteins are dioxygenases that convert 5-methylcytosine (5mC) into 5-hydroxylmethylcytosine (5hmC) in DNA and RNA. However, their involvement in adult stem cell regulation remains unclear. Here, we identify a novel enzymatic activity-independent function of Tet in the Drosophila germline stem cell (GSC) niche. Tet activates the expression of Dpp, the fly homologue of BMP, in the ovary stem cell niche, thereby controlling GSC self-renewal. Depletion of Tet disrupts Dpp production, leading to premature GSC loss. Strikingly, both wild-type and enzyme-dead mutant Tet proteins rescue defective BMP signaling and GSC loss when expressed in the niche. Mechanistically, Tet interacts directly with Bap55 and Stat92E, facilitating recruitment of the Polybromo Brahma associated protein (PBAP) complex to the dpp enhancer and activating Dpp expression. Furthermore, human TET3 can effectively substitute for Drosophila Tet in the niche to support BMP signaling and GSC self-renewal. Our findings highlight a conserved novel catalytic activity-independent role of Tet as a scaffold protein in supporting niche signaling for adult stem cell self-renewal.
Assuntos
Dioxigenases , Proteínas de Drosophila , Drosophila melanogaster , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Drosophila/genética , Drosophila melanogaster/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/genética , Proteínas de Drosophila/metabolismo , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Nicho de Células-Tronco/fisiologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Dioxigenases/metabolismoRESUMO
HMCES (5hmC binding, embryonic stem cell-specific-protein), originally identified as a protein capable of binding 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), an epigenetic modification generated by TET proteins, was previously reported to covalently crosslink to DNA at abasic sites via a conserved cysteine. We show here that Hmces-deficient mice display normal hematopoiesis without global alterations in 5hmC. HMCES specifically enables DNA double-strand break repair through the microhomology-mediated alternative-end-joining (Alt-EJ) pathway during class switch recombination (CSR) in B cells, and HMCES deficiency leads to a significant defect in CSR. HMCES mediates Alt-EJ through its SOS-response-associated-peptidase domain (SRAPd), a function that requires DNA binding but is independent of its autopeptidase and DNA-crosslinking activities. We show that HMCES is recruited to switch regions of the immunoglobulin locus and provide a potential structural basis for the interaction of HMCES with long DNA overhangs generated by Alt-EJ during CSR. Our studies provide further evidence for a specialized role for HMCES in DNA repair.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/fisiologia , Reparo do DNA por Junção de Extremidades/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , DNA/genética , Switching de Imunoglobulina/genética , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Quebras de DNA de Cadeia Dupla , Dano ao DNA/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Translocação Genética/genéticaRESUMO
In vivo regeneration of ß cells provides hope for self-renewal of functional insulin-secreting cells following ß-cell failure, a historically fatal condition now sustainable only by administration of exogenous insulin. Despite advances in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, the path toward endogenous renewal of ß-cell populations has remained elusive. Intensive efforts have focused on elucidating pancreatic transcriptional programs that can drive the division and (trans-)differentiation of non-ß cells to produce insulin. A surprise has been the identification of an essential role of the molecular circadian clock in the regulation of competent insulin-producing ß cells. In this issue of Genes & Development, work by Petrenko and colleagues (pp. 1650-1665) now shows a requirement for the intrinsic clock in the regenerative capacity of insulin-producing cells following genetic ablation of ß cells. These studies raise the possibility that enhancing core clock activity may provide an adjuvant in cell replacement therapies.
Assuntos
Relógios Circadianos , Diabetes Mellitus , Células Secretoras de Insulina , Humanos , Insulina , PâncreasRESUMO
Circadian clocks in pancreatic islets participate in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here we examined the role of these timekeepers in ß-cell regeneration after the massive ablation of ß cells by doxycycline-induced expression of diphtheria toxin A (DTA) in Insulin-rtTA/TET-DTA mice. Since we crossed reporter genes expressing α- and ß-cell-specific fluorescent proteins into these mice, we could follow the fate of α- and ß cells separately. As expected, DTA induction resulted in an acute hyperglycemia, which was accompanied by dramatic changes in gene expression in residual ß cells. In contrast, only temporal alterations of gene expression were observed in α cells. Interestingly, ß cells entered S phase preferentially during the nocturnal activity phase, indicating that the diurnal rhythm also plays a role in the orchestration of ß-cell regeneration. Indeed, in arrhythmic Bmal1-deficient mice, which lack circadian clocks, no compensatory ß-cell proliferation was observed, and the ß-cell ablation led to aggravated hyperglycemia, hyperglucagonemia, and fatal diabetes.
Assuntos
Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/genética , Fatores de Transcrição ARNTL/metabolismo , Células Secretoras de Insulina/citologia , Pâncreas/fisiologia , Regeneração/genética , Animais , Proliferação de Células/genética , Ritmo Circadiano , Células Secretoras de Glucagon/citologia , Camundongos , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) cultures contain a rare cell population of "2C-like" cells resembling two-cell embryos, the key stage of zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Little is known about positive regulators of the 2C-like state and two-cell stage embryos. Here we show that GADD45 (growth arrest and DNA damage 45) proteins, regulators of TET (TET methylcytosine dioxygenase)-mediated DNA demethylation, promote both states. Methylome analysis of Gadd45a,b,g triple-knockout (TKO) ESCs reveal locus-specific DNA hypermethylation of â¼7000 sites, which are enriched for enhancers and loci undergoing TET-TDG (thymine DNA glycosylase)-mediated demethylation. Gene expression is misregulated in TKOs, notably upon differentiation, and displays signatures of DNMT (DNA methyltransferase) and TET targets. TKOs manifest impaired transition into the 2C-like state and exhibit DNA hypermethylation and down-regulation of 2C-like state-specific genes. Gadd45a,b double-mutant mouse embryos display embryonic sublethality, deregulated ZGA gene expression, and developmental arrest. Our study reveals an unexpected role of GADD45 proteins in embryonic two-cell stage regulation.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Diferenciação/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciação/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Desmetilação do DNA , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/citologia , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Técnicas de Inativação de Genes , CamundongosRESUMO
Sea urchins and other echinoderms are important experimental models for studying developmental processes. The lack of approaches for conditional gene perturbation, however, has made it challenging to investigate the late developmental functions of genes that have essential roles during early embryogenesis and genes that have diverse functions in multiple tissues. The doxycycline-controlled Tet-On system is a widely used molecular tool for temporally and spatially regulated transgene expression. Here, we optimized the Tet-On system to conditionally induce gene expression in sea urchin embryos. Using this approach, we explored the roles the MAPK signaling plays in skeletogenesis by expressing genes that perturb the pathway specifically in primary mesenchyme cells during later stages of development. We demonstrated the wide utility of the Tet-On system by applying it to a second sea urchin species and in cell types other than the primary mesenchyme cells. Our work provides a robust and flexible platform for the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression in sea urchins, which will considerably enhance the utility of this prominent model system.
Assuntos
Desenvolvimento Embrionário , Ouriços-do-Mar , Animais , Ouriços-do-Mar/genética , Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no DesenvolvimentoRESUMO
Functional persistence of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells is required for sustaining an antitumor response. Recently, Jain et al. revealed that disruption of TET2 in CAR T cells resulted in antigen-independent CAR T cell hyperproliferation that enhanced tumor control in mice, highlighting the potential of epigenetic strategies to improve T cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Assuntos
Dioxigenases , Neoplasias , Animais , Camundongos , Linfócitos T , Imunoterapia Adotiva/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfócitos T/genética , Neoplasias/terapia , Imunoterapia/métodos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genéticaRESUMO
Ten-Eleven-Translocation-2 (Tet2) is a DNA methylcytosine dioxygenase that functions as a tumor suppressor in hematopoietic malignancies. We examined the role of Tet2 in tumor-tissue myeloid cells and found that Tet2 sustains the immunosuppressive function of these cells. We found that Tet2 expression is increased in intratumoral myeloid cells both in mouse models of melanoma and in melanoma patients and that this increased expression is dependent on an IL-1R-MyD88 pathway. Ablation of Tet2 in myeloid cells suppressed melanoma growth in vivo and shifted the immunosuppressive gene expression program in tumor-associated macrophages to a proinflammatory one, with a concomitant reduction of the immunosuppressive function. This resulted in increased numbers of effector T cells in the tumor, and T cell depletion abolished the reduced tumor growth observed upon myeloid-specific deletion of Tet2. Our findings reveal a non-cell-intrinsic, tumor-promoting function for Tet2 and suggest that Tet2 may present a therapeutic target for the treatment of non-hematologic malignancies.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , Melanoma/imunologia , Células Supressoras Mieloides/imunologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Animais , Dioxigenases , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Melanoma Experimental , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Carga Tumoral , Evasão TumoralRESUMO
HIV-1 expresses several accessory proteins to counteract host anti-viral restriction factors to facilitate viral replication and disease progression. One such protein, Vpr, has been implicated in affecting multiple cellular processes, but its mechanism remains elusive. Here we report that Vpr targets TET2 for polyubiquitylation by the VprBP-DDB1-CUL4-ROC1 E3 ligase and subsequent degradation. Genetic inactivation or Vpr-mediated degradation of TET2 enhances HIV-1 replication and substantially sustains expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6). This process correlates with reduced recruitment of histone deacetylase 1 and 2 to the IL-6 promoter, thus enhancing its histone H3 acetylation level during resolution phase. Blocking IL-6 signaling reduced the ability of Vpr to enhance HIV-1 replication. We conclude that HIV-1 Vpr degrades TET2 to sustain IL-6 expression to enhance viral replication and disease progression. These results suggest that disrupting the Vpr-TET2-IL6 axis may prove clinically beneficial to reduce both viral replication and inflammation during HIV-1 infection.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/metabolismo , HIV-1/metabolismo , Mediadores da Inflamação/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Monócitos/virologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Replicação Viral , Produtos do Gene vpr do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/metabolismo , Sítios de Ligação , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Dioxigenases , Células HEK293 , HIV-1/genética , HIV-1/crescimento & desenvolvimento , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Histona Desacetilase 1/metabolismo , Histona Desacetilase 2/metabolismo , Interações Hospedeiro-Patógeno , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Células Jurkat , Monócitos/enzimologia , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinases , Proteólise , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Células THP-1 , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases , Ubiquitinação , Produtos do Gene vpr do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana/genéticaRESUMO
Mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 are recurrently observed in myeloid neoplasms. IDH1 and IDH2 encode isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms, which normally catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Oncogenic IDH1/2 mutations confer neomorphic activity, leading to the production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a potent inhibitor of α-KG-dependent enzymes which include the TET methylcytosine dioxygenases. Given their mutual exclusivity in myeloid neoplasms, IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 mutations may converge on a common oncogenic mechanism. Contrary to this expectation, we observed that they have distinct, and even opposite, effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in genetically engineered mice. Epigenetic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that Idh2R172K and Tet2 loss-of-function have divergent consequences on the expression and activity of key hematopoietic and leukemogenic regulators. Notably, chromatin accessibility and transcriptional deregulation in Idh2R172K cells were partially disconnected from DNA methylation alterations. These results highlight unanticipated divergent effects of IDH1/2 and TET2 mutations, providing support for the optimization of genotype-specific therapies.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Dioxigenases , Isocitrato Desidrogenase , Células-Tronco , Animais , Camundongos , Dioxigenases/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/genética , Isocitrato Desidrogenase/metabolismo , Ácidos Cetoglutáricos/metabolismo , Mutação , Neoplasias , Células-Tronco/metabolismoRESUMO
The three mammalian TET dioxygenases oxidize the methyl group of 5-methylcytosine in DNA, and the oxidized methylcytosines are essential intermediates in all known pathways of DNA demethylation. To define the in vivo consequences of complete TET deficiency, we inducibly deleted all three Tet genes in the mouse genome. Tet1/2/3-inducible TKO (iTKO) mice succumbed to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by 4 to 5 wk. Single-cell RNA sequencing of Tet iTKO bone marrow cells revealed the appearance of new myeloid cell populations characterized by a striking increase in expression of all members of the stefin/cystatin gene cluster on mouse chromosome 16. In patients with AML, high stefin/cystatin gene expression correlates with poor clinical outcomes. Increased expression of the clustered stefin/cystatin genes was associated with a heterochromatin-to-euchromatin compartment switch with readthrough transcription downstream of the clustered stefin/cystatin genes as well as other highly expressed genes, but only minor changes in DNA methylation. Our data highlight roles for TET enzymes that are distinct from their established function in DNA demethylation and instead involve increased transcriptional readthrough and changes in three-dimensional genome organization.
Assuntos
Dioxigenases , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Animais , Camundongos , Heterocromatina/genética , Eucromatina , Metilação de DNA , 5-Metilcitosina/metabolismo , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/genética , Dioxigenases/genética , Dioxigenases/metabolismo , Mamíferos/genéticaRESUMO
Epigenetic regulation of gene transcription in the immune system is important for proper control of protective and pathogenic inflammation. Aberrant epigenetic modifications are often associated with dysregulation of the immune cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, leading to pathogenic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Two classical epigenetic markers-histone modifications and DNA cytosine methylation, the latter is the 5 position of the cytosine base in the context of CpG dinucleotides-play multiple roles in the immune system. CxxC domain-containing proteins, which basically bind to the non-methylated CpG (i.e., epigenetic "readers"), often function as "writers" of the epigenetic markers via their catalytic domain within the proteins or by interacting with other epigenetic modifiers. We herein report the most recent advances in our understanding of the functions of CxxC domain-containing proteins in the immune system and inflammation, mainly focusing on T cells and macrophages.