RESUMO
Understanding human behavior is vital to developing interventions that effectively lead to proenvironmental behavior change, whether the focus is at the individual or societal level. However, interventions in many fields have historically lacked robust forms of evaluation, which makes it hard to be confident that these conservation interventions have successfully helped protect the environment. We conducted a systematic review to assess how effective nonpecuniary and nonregulatory interventions have been in changing environmental behavior. We applied the Office of Health Assessment and Translation systematic review methodology. We started with more than 300,000 papers and reports returned by our search terms and after critical appraisal of quality identified 128 individual studies that merited inclusion in the review. We classified interventions by thematic area, type of intervention, the number of times audiences were exposed to interventions, and the length of time interventions ran. Most studies reported a positive effect (n = 96). The next most common outcome was no effect (n = 28). Few studies reported negative (n = 1) or mixed (n = 3) effects. Education, prompts, and feedback interventions resulted in positive behavior change. Combining multiple interventions was the most effective. Neither exposure duration nor frequency affected the likelihood of desired behavioral change. Comparatively few studies tested the effects of voluntary interventions on non-Western populations (n = 17) or measured actual ecological outcome behavior (n = 1). Similarly, few studies examined conservation devices (e.g., energy-efficient stoves) (n = 9) and demonstrations (e.g., modeling the desired behavior) (n = 5). There is a clear need to both improve the quality of the impact evaluation conducted and the reporting standards for intervention results.
Es vital entender el comportamiento humano para desarrollar intervenciones que lleven efectivamente a un cambio proambiental en el comportamiento, ya sea que estén enfocadas a nivel individual o de sociedad. Sin embargo, históricamente las intervenciones han carecido de evaluaciones sólidas en muchas áreas, lo que dificulta confiar en que estas intervenciones de conservación hayan ayudado exitosamente a proteger el ambiente. Realizamos una revisión sistemática para analizar cuán efectivas han sido las intervenciones no pecuniarias y no regulatorias en el cambio del comportamiento ambiental. Aplicamos la metodología de revisión sistemática de la Oficina de Evaluación y Traducción de la Salud (OETS). Comenzamos con más de 300,000 artículos y reportes arrojados por nuestros términos de búsqueda y después de una valoración crítica de calidad, identificamos 128 estudios individuales que merecían su inclusión dentro de la revisión. Clasificamos las intervenciones en área temática, tipo de intervención, número de veces que el público estuvo expuesto a las intervenciones y duración de las intervenciones. La mayoría de los estudios reportaron un efecto positivo (n = 96). El siguiente resultado más común fue sin efecto (n = 28). Pocos estudios reportaron efectos negativos (n = 1) o mixtos (n = 3). Las intervenciones educativas, de indicaciones y de retroalimentación resultaron en un cambio conductual positivo. La combinación de las múltiples intervenciones fue la más efectiva. Ni la duración de la exposición ni la frecuencia afectaron la probabilidad del cambio conductual deseado. En comparación, pocos estudios analizaron los efectos de las intervenciones voluntarias sobre las poblaciones no occidentales (n = 17) o midieron el comportamiento ecológico resultante actual (n = 1). De manera similar, pocos estudios examinaron los dispositivos (p. ej.: estufas ahorradoras de energía) (n = 9) y demostraciones (p. ej.: modelar un comportamiento deseado) (n = 5) de conservación. Hay una necesidad evidente de mejorar la calidad de las evaluaciones de impacto realizadas y de reportar los estándares para los resultados de las intervenciones.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Comportamento Social , HumanosRESUMO
Understanding why people make the decisions they do remains a fundamental challenge facing conservation science. Ecosystem service (ES) (a benefit people derive from an ecosystem) approaches to conservation reflect efforts to anticipate people's preferences and influence their environmental behavior. Yet, the design of ES approaches seldom includes psychological theories of human behavior. We sought to alleviate this omission by applying a psychological theory of human values to a cross-cultural ES assessment. We used interviews and focus groups with fish workers from 28 coral reef fishing communities in 4 countries to qualitatively identify the motivations (i.e., human values) underlying preferences for ES; quantitatively evaluate resource user ES priorities; and identify common patterns among ES motivations and ES priorities (i.e., trade-offs and synergies). Three key findings are evident that align with human values theory. First, motivations underlying preferences for individual ESs reflected multiple human values within the same value domain (e.g., self-enhancement). Second, when averaged at community or country scales, the order of ES priorities was consistent. However, the order belied significant variation that existed among individuals. Third, in line with human values theory, ESs related to one another in a consistent pattern; certain service pairs reflected trade-off relationships (e.g., supporting and provisioning), whereas other service pairs reflected synergistic relationships (e.g., supporting and regulating). Together, these findings help improve understanding of when and why convergence and trade-offs in people's preferences for ESs occur, and this knowledge can inform the development of suitable conservation actions.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ecossistema , Motivação , Valores Sociais , África Oriental , Recifes de Corais , Pesqueiros , Ilhas do Oceano Índico , Modelos LinearesRESUMO
Conservation goals at the start of the 21st century reflect a combination of contrasting ideas. Ideal nature is something that is historically intact but also futuristically flexible. Ideal nature is independent from humans, but also, because of the pervasiveness of human impacts, only able to reach expression through human management. These tensions emerge in current management rationales because scientists and managers are struggling to accommodate old and new scientific and cultural thinking, while also maintaining legal mandates from the past and commitments to preservation of individual species in particular places under the stresses of global change. Common management goals (such as integrity, wilderness, resilience), whether they are forward looking and focused on sustainability and change, or backward looking and focused on the persistence and restoration of historic states, tend to create essentialisms about how ecosystems should be. These essentialisms limit the options of managers to accommodate the dynamic, and often novel, response of ecosystems to global change. Essentialisms emerge because there is a tight conceptual coupling of place and historical species composition as an indicator of naturalness (e.g., normal, healthy, independent from humans). Given that change is increasingly the norm and ecosystems evolve in response, the focus on idealized ecosystem states is increasingly unwise and unattainable. To provide more open-ended goals, we propose greater attention be paid to the characteristics of management intervention. We suggest that the way we interact with other species in management and the extent to which those interactions reflect the interactions among other biotic organisms, and also reflect our conservation virtues (e.g., humility, respect), influences our ability to cultivate naturalness on the landscape. We call this goal a natural practice (NP) and propose it as a framework for prioritizing and formulating how, when, and where to intervene in this period of rapid change.
Assuntos
Mudança Climática , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Ecossistema , ObjetivosRESUMO
Recreation is a leading cause of species decline on public lands, yet sometimes it can be used as a tool for conservation. Engagement in recreational activities, such as hiking and biking, in endangered species habitats may even enhance public support for conservation efforts. We used the case of the endangered Ohlone tiger beetle (Cicindela ohlone) to investigate the effect of biking and hiking on the beetle's behavior and the role of recreationists' knowledge of and attitudes toward Ohlone tiger beetle in conservation of the species. In Inclusion Area A on the University of California Santa Cruz (U.S.A.) campus, adult Ohlone tiger beetles mate and forage in areas with bare ground, particularly on recreational trails; however, recreation disrupts these activities. We tested the effect of recreation on Ohlone tiger beetles by observing beetle behavior on trails as people walked and road bikes at slow and fast speed and on trails with no recreation. We also surveyed recreationists to investigate how their knowledge of the beetle affected their attitudes toward conservation of the beetle and stated compliance with regulations aimed at beetle conservation. Fast cycling caused the beetles to fly off the trail more often and to fly farther than slow cycling or hiking. Slow cycling and hiking did not differ in their effect on the number of times and distance the beetles flew off the trail. Recreationists' knowledge of the beetle led to increased stated compliance with regulations, and this stated compliance is likely to have tangible conservation outcomes for the beetle. Our results suggest management and education can mitigate the negative effect of recreation and promote conservation of endangered species. Efectos del Conocimiento de una Especie en Peligro sobre las Actitudes y Comportamientos Declarados de los Recreacionistas y el Significado del Manejo de la Conformidad para la Conservación del Escarabajo Tigre de Ohlone.
Assuntos
Atitude , Besouros/fisiologia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Recreação , Animais , California , HumanosRESUMO
Introducción: Para las ciencias médicas resulta clave el papel del presidente del Comité Académico de la especialidad por lo complejo que resulta la conducción de los procesos de formación de los residentes, dada la diversidad de las especialidades, los escenarios docentes y la creciente matrícula. Objetivo: Identificar las potencialidades y debilidades en el comportamiento humano de los presidentes de los comités académicos de las especialidades médicas en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de desarrollo de corte educacional. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos, acompañados por un conjunto de procesos lógicos del pensamiento: análisis, síntesis, abstracción, generalización, entre otros. Resultados: Mediante la triangulación de los resultados de los indicadores evaluados, se identificaron como potencialidades el dominio de la lógica del plan de estudio y los elementos que integran el programa de formación; entre las debilidades educativas, el nivel para realizar la preparación de los profesores sobre el sistema de evaluación en el régimen de residencia; y, dentro de las debilidades organizativas, el nivel de aplicación de los documentos rectores para la formación de residentes. Conclusiones: Se realizó la identificación del estado del comportamiento humano de los presidentes de los comités académicos de las especialidades médicas en la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García, lo que constituye el punto de partida para el diseño de actividades educativas continuas, permanentes y contextualizadas a la práctica pedagógica de los presidentes, encaminados al mejoramiento del comportamiento humano(AU)
Introduction: For medical sciences, the role of a Chairperson to the Academic Committee of any specialty is paramount, due to the complexity of conducting the training of residents, given the diversity of specialties, the teaching scenarios and the growing enrollment. Objective: To identify the potentialities and weaknesses in the human behavior of the chairpersons to the academic committees of medical specialties at Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García. Methods: An educational development study was carried out. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, accompanied by a set of logical thought processes: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, among others. Results: Through the triangulation of the results of the evaluated indicators, the mastery of the logic of the study plan and the elements making up the training program were identified as potentialities; together with, among the educational weaknesses, the level to carry out the training of professors concerning the evaluation system in the residence regime; as well as, within the organizational weaknesses, the level of application of the guiding documents for the training of residents. Conclusions: The state of human behavior in the chairpersons to the academic committees of medical specialties at Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Calixto García was identified, being the starting point for the design of continuous and permanent educational activities contextualized according to the pedagogical practice of the chairpersons, aimed at the improvement of human behavior(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Pesquisa/educação , Ensino/educação , Capacitação Profissional , Academia/métodos , Especialização , Educação MédicaRESUMO
Resumen El artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las posturas teóricas que influyen en los estudios de comportamiento informacional para el contexto universitario cubano. El análisis de contenido fue utilizado para estudiar las teorías que influyen en el estudio comportamiento informacional. Se determina que: 1) los estudios de CHI implican adoptar una visión interdisciplinar para precisar la complejidad de su cuerpo epistemológico, teórico y práctico, 2) Las teorías que con mayor precisión se ajustan a los estudios de CHI en el contexto universitario cubano son: Perspectiva Cognitiva, Principio de Zipf o del Menor Esfuerzo, Teoría General de Sistemas, Usos y Gratificaciones, Sense-Making. Se concluye que la disciplina Comportamiento Informacional se legitima cada vez más dentro de las Ciencias de la Información con un enfoque interdisciplinar.
Abstract The aim of the article is to identify the theoretical positions that influence information behavior studies for the Cuban university context. Content analysis was used to study the theories that influence the study. It was determined that: 1) the CHI studies imply an interdisciplinary vision for the complexity of its epistemological, theoretical and practical body, 2) The theories that more precisely fit the CHI studies in the Cuban university context are: Cognitive Perspective, Zipf Principle or Least Effort, General Theory of Systems, Uses and Gratifications, Sense-Making. It is concluded that the Information Behavior discipline is increasingly legitimized within the Information Sciences with an interdisciplinary approach.
Assuntos
Tecnologia , Conhecimento , Gestão da Informação , Acesso à Informação , Comportamento de Busca de Informação , Competência em Informação , AprendizagemRESUMO
Propósito: ante las exigencias de productividad en las empresas, la interacción grupal e individual del ser humano está arrojando resultados que se ven inmersos en la medicina del trabajo; por lo tanto el objetivo se tiene el, validar una metodología que determine los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano a través de la aplicación de evaluaciones psicosociales reconocidas para determinar su incidencia en la productividad de la empresa ecuatoriana. Material y métodos: la investigación parte de estudios psicosociales (Fpsico e ITSAS 21), analiza los procesos, resultados financieros de la empresa y plantea medidas de prevención. Se empleó la observación, entrevista, encuesta y reactivos psicológicos. Resultados: los factores de riesgo evaluados por FPSICO estuvieron tiempo de trabajo, autonomía, carga de trabajo, demandas psicológicas, variedad/ contenido del trabajo, supervisión/ participación, interés por el trabajador/ compensación, desempeño de rol, relaciones y apoyo social. El método ISTAS 21 consideró los factores de exigencias psicológicas, control sobre el trabajo, inseguridad sobre el futuro, apoyo social y calidad de liderazgo, doble presencia y estima. Conclusión: la metodología validada en la investigación determinó que los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento humano influyen en la productividad de la empresa; pudiendo ser identificados a través de estudios psisociales y desde luego su éxito depende directamente, de la aplicación de las recomendaciones de prevención primarias (organización del trabajo), secundarias (individuos) y terciarias (recuperación y rehabilitación de personas) según el aspecto encontrado. (AU)
Purpose: faced with the demands of productivity in companies, the group and individual interaction of the human being is yielding results that are immersed in occupational medicine; Therefore the objective is to validate a methodology that determines the psychological aspects of human behavior through the application of recognized psychosocial assessments to determine their impact on the productivity of the Ecuadorian company. Material and methods: the research starts from psychosocial studies (Fpsico and ITSAS 21), analyzes the processes, financial results of the company and proposes prevention measures. Observation, interview, survey and psychological reagents were used. Results: risk factors evaluated by FPSICO were time of work, autonomy, workload, psychological demands, variety / content of work, supervision / participation, worker interest / compensation, role performance, relationships and social support. The ISTAS 21 method considered factors of psychological demands, control over work, insecurity about the future, social support and quality of leadership, double presence and esteem. Conclusion: the methodology validated in the investigation determined that the psychological aspects of human behavior influence the productivity of the company; Being able to be identified through psisocial studies and, of course, its success depends directly on the application of the primary prevention recommendations (work organization), secondary (individuals) and tertiary (recovery and rehabilitation of people) recommendations according to the aspect found. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Psicologia Médica , Saúde Ocupacional , Medicina do Trabalho , Comportamento e Mecanismos Comportamentais , Saúde Pública , Ocupações em SaúdeRESUMO
Introducción: La llegada a Cuba en el siglo XIX de los culíes contratados para realizar los trabajos agrícolas, conllevó la llegada de médicos chinos, practicantes de la medicina herbolaria. Objetivo: Caracterizar la vida y obra de dos médicos inmigrantes chinos del siglo XIX desde sus historias, quienes alcanzaron notoriedad en su época por sus comportamientos profesional y humano en la práctica de la Medicina, lejanos uno del otro en la Isla. Material y Métodos: Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones periódicas indexadas en las bases de datos SciELO y Google Académico; libros, artículos periodísticos y publicaciones periódicas de la época que se encuentran como fondos de la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba José Martí. Se consultaron como fuentes básicas Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García y Portel Vilá. Desarrollo: Se obtuvo que los médicos herbolarios Siam y Juan Chambombiá permitieron lograr salvar a enfermos desahuciados en esa época, y ganar por ello notoriedad; mostraron cualidades humanas de desinterés y ayuda a los humildes. Las disputas referidas a la paternidad de la frase A ese no lo salva ni el médico chino, que ha quedado en el hablar popular cubano, finalmente fue conferida a Juan Chambombiá. Conclusiones: Siam y Chambombiá se caracterizaron por ser hombres cultos, dedicados a la profesión médica con desinterés y humanismo. Ambos sufrieron persecución e incomprensiones; prejuicios y celos, consecuencia del éxito en el tratamiento a pacientes incurables. Sus huellas han quedado en Cuba por sus comportamientos profesionales y humanos(AU)
Introduction: The arrival of coolies to Cuba in the 19th century, hired to carry out plantation labor, involved the arrival of Chinese doctors who were practicing members of the herbalist medicine. Objective:To characterize the life and work of two Chinese immigrant doctors of the XIX century who became well-known in their epoch because of their human and professional behaviors in the medical practice, even living away from each other in the island. Material and Methods:A bibliographic review of the periodical publications index-linked in SciELO database, and Google Scholar is presented. Books, journalistic articles, and periodical publications of the epoch that are part of the stock of José Martí National Library were reviewed. Basic sources such as Emilio Roig, Chouffat Latour, Delgado García, and Portel Vilá were also consulted. Development:It was known that the herbalist doctors Siam and Juan Chambombiá could cure sick people who were given up all hope of saving in that epoch, thus becoming well-known doctors; they both showed human qualities of lack of interest, and help to the humbles. The arguments referred to the authorship of the phrase: Not even the Chinese doctor can save him, which has remained in the Cuban collection of proverbs, was finally conferred to Juan Chambombiá. Conclusions:Siam and Chambombiá were characterized by being cultured men, dedicated to the medical profession with unselfishness and humanism. Both of them suffered for persecutions, and lack of understanding; prejudices, and jealousy as a consequence of their success in the treatment to incurable patients. Their traces have remained in Cuba because of their professional and human behaviors(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , História do Século XIX , Médicos , Povo Asiático , Taiwan , Cuba , Emigração e Imigração/históriaRESUMO
Con base en una encuesta, en este artículo presento un análisis descriptivo de las percepciones de adolescentes indígenas de México, sobre su autonomía y los comportamientos de sus padres y madres en términos del apoyo y control que ellos y ellas ejercen. En particular, analizo si la autonomía alcanzada puede ser asociada a un proceso de separación/desconexión o de separación/conexión con los padres y madres. Este proceso está ligado a los rasgos que guardan los comportamientos de apoyo y de control por parte de los padres y madres. El resultado más importante es que el estilo de parentalidad más frecuentemente aplicado por los padres y madres es el autoritario, y este parece estar relacionado con el desarrollo de un tipo de autonomía desconectada...
Assuntos
Humanos , Comportamento , México , Povos IndígenasRESUMO
Introducción: el cólera en América Latina se considera una enfermedad reemergente, influenciada por factores sociales, culturales y ambientales. Objetivo: evaluar los factores ambientales, conductuales y sanitarios relacionados con el cólera en Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de los factores ambientales y de comportamiento poblacional relacionados con el cólera, así como de la organización de los sistemas de salud para el enfrentamiento a la epidemia en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba. El universo estuvo constituido por 356 087 familias tomadas de las unidades de alojamiento, informadas en las cifras preliminares del Censo de Población y Viviendas 2012. Se empleó un muestreo por conglomerados polietápico con probabilidades de inclusión proporcionales al tamaño de cada conglomerado, y se seleccionaron 10 policlínicos, 50 consultorios médicos de familia y 40 familias en cada uno, para un tamaño final de 2 000 familias. Resultados: se consideró que en 80,0 % de las familias las condiciones de almacenamiento de agua eran adecuadas, 21,8 % de las muestras dio algún tipo de positividad de microorganismos patógenos en el muestreo bacteriológico, 30,2 % de las familias poseían un sistema de evacuación de residuales líquidos en mal estado, 61,25 % calificó entre las categorías no funciona y regular, y 27,2 % de las zanjas, los ríos y los canales observados en la muestra presentaban malas condiciones higiénicas, con mayores dificultades en los municipios de II Frente, La Maya, Palma Soriano y Santiago de Cuba. Conclusiones: se identificaron factores ambientales y de comportamiento en la población, que propiciaban la transmisión del cólera e influían en el proceso de control de la enfermedad en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba.
Introduction: cholera is considered in Latin America a re-emerging disease, influenced by social, cultural and environmental factors. Objective: to evaluate the environmental, behavioural and health factors related to the cholera in Santiago from Cuba. Methods: a descriptive and cross-sectional study of the environmental factors and population behaviour related to cholera, as well as of the organization of the health systems for the control of the epidemics was carried out in Santiago de Cuba province. The universe was constituted by 356 087 families selected from the care units, informed in the preliminary figures of the Population and Housings Census in 2012. A sampling was used by poly-stage conglomerate with proportional inclusion probabilities to the size of each conglomerate, and 10 polyclinics, 50 doctor's offices and 40 families were selected in each one, for a final size of 2 000 families. Results: it was considered that in 80.0% of the families the conditions of water preservation were adequate, 21.8% of the samples provided certain positive results to pathogens in the bacteriological sampling, 30,2% of the families had a poor system of evacuation of sewage, 61,.25% qualified between the categories "out of service and middle service", and 27.2% of the ditches, rivers and the channels observed in the sample had bad hygiene conditions, with more difficulties in II Frente, La Maya, Palma Soriano and Santiago de Cuba municipalities. Conclusions: environmental and behavioural factors were identified in the population which the transmission of cholera and influenced in the process of disease control in Santiago de Cuba province.