Bi-allelic variants in the ESAM tight-junction gene cause a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with fetal intracranial hemorrhage.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an essential gatekeeper for the central nervous system and incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) is higher in infants with a history of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We discovered a rare disease trait in thirteen individuals, including four fetuses, from eight unrelated families associated with homozygous loss-of-function variant alleles of ESAM which encodes an endothelial cell adhesion molecule. The c.115del (p.Arg39Glyfs∗33) variant, identified in six individuals from four independent families of Southeastern Anatolia, severely impaired the in vitro tubulogenic process of endothelial colony-forming cells, recapitulating previous evidence in null mice, and caused lack of ESAM expression in the capillary endothelial cells of damaged brain. Affected individuals with bi-allelic ESAM variants showed profound global developmental delay/unspecified intellectual disability, epilepsy, absent or severely delayed speech, varying degrees of spasticity, ventriculomegaly, and ICH/cerebral calcifications, the latter being also observed in the fetuses. Phenotypic traits observed in individuals with bi-allelic ESAM variants overlap very closely with other known conditions characterized by endothelial dysfunction due to mutation of genes encoding tight junction molecules. Our findings emphasize the role of brain endothelial dysfunction in NDDs and contribute to the expansion of an emerging group of diseases that we propose to rename as "tightjunctionopathies."

Final Study Report of Andexanet Alfa for Major Bleeding With Factor Xa Inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Andexanet alfa is a modified recombinant inactive factor Xa (FXa) designed to reverse FXa inhibitors. ANNEXA-4 (Andexanet Alfa, a Novel Antidote to the Anticoagulation Effects of Factor Xa Inhibitors) was a multicenter, prospective, phase-3b/4, single-group cohort study that evaluated andexanet alfa in patients with acute major bleeding. The results of the final analyses are presented. METHODS: Patients with acute major bleeding within 18 hours of FXa inhibitor administration were enrolled. Co-primary end points were anti-FXa activity change from baseline during andexanet alfa treatment and excellent or good hemostatic efficacy, defined by a scale used in previous reversal studies, at 12 hours. The efficacy population included patients with baseline anti-FXa activity levels above predefined thresholds (≥75 ng/mL for apixaban and rivaroxaban, ≥40 ng/mL for edoxaban, and ≥0.25 IU/mL for enoxaparin; reported in the same units used for calibrators) who were adjudicated as meeting major bleeding criteria (modified International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis definition). The safety population included all patients. Major bleeding criteria, hemostatic efficacy, thrombotic events (stratified by occurring before or after restart of either prophylactic [ie, a lower dose, for prevention rather than treatment] or full-dose oral anticoagulation), and deaths were assessed by an independent adjudication committee. Median endogenous thrombin potential at baseline and across the follow-up period was a secondary outcome. RESULTS: There were 479 patients enrolled (mean age, 78 years; 54% male; 86% White); 81% were anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation, and the median time was 11.4 hours since last dose, with 245 (51%) on apixaban, 176 (37%) on rivaroxaban, 36 (8%) on edoxaban, and 22 (5%) on enoxaparin. Bleeding was predominantly intracranial (n=331 [69%]) or gastrointestinal (n=109 [23%]). In evaluable apixaban patients (n=172), median anti-FXa activity decreased from 146.9 ng/mL to 10.0 ng/mL (reduction, 93% [95% CI, 94-93]); in rivaroxaban patients (n=132), it decreased from 214.6 ng/mL to 10.8 ng/mL (94% [95% CI, 95-93]); in edoxaban patients (n=28), it decreased from 121.1 ng/mL to 24.4 ng/mL (71% [95% CI, 82-65); and in enoxaparin patients (n=17), it decreased from 0.48 IU/mL to 0.11 IU/mL (75% [95% CI, 79-67]). Excellent or good hemostasis occurred in 274 of 342 evaluable patients (80% [95% CI, 75-84]). In the safety population, thrombotic events occurred in 50 (10%) patients; in 16 patients, these occurred during treatment with prophylactic anticoagulation that began after the bleeding event. No thrombotic episodes occurred after oral anticoagulation restart. Specific to certain populations, reduction of anti-FXa activity from baseline to nadir significantly predicted hemostatic efficacy in patients with intracranial hemorrhage (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.54-0.70]) and correlated with lower mortality in patients <75 years of age (adjusted P=0.022; unadjusted P=0.003). Median endogenous thrombin potential was within the normal range by the end of andexanet alfa bolus through 24 hours for all FXa inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with major bleeding associated with the use of FXa inhibitors, treatment with andexanet alfa reduced anti-FXa activity and was associated with good or excellent hemostatic efficacy in 80% of patients. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov; Unique identifier: NCT02329327.

Moving From CT to MRI Paradigm in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Feasibility, Effects on Stroke Diagnosis and Long-Term Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: The relative value of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is debated. In May 2018, our center transitioned from using CT to MRI as first-line imaging for AIS. This retrospective study aims to assess the effects of this paradigm change on diagnosis and disability outcomes. METHODS: We compared all consecutive patients with confirmed diagnosis of AIS admitted to our center during the MRI-period (May 2018-August 2022) and an identical number of patients from the preceding CT-period (December 2012-April 2018). Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate outcomes, including the number and delay of imaging exams, the rate of missed strokes, stroke mimics treated with thrombolysis, undetermined stroke mechanisms, length of hospitalization, and 3-month disability. RESULTS: The median age of the 2972 included patients was 76 years (interquartile range, 65-84), and 46% were female. In the MRI-period, 80% underwent MRI as first acute imaging. The proportion of patients requiring a second acute imaging modality for diagnostic ± revascularization reasons increased from 2.1% to 5% (Punadj <0.05), but it decreased in the subacute phase from 79.0% to 60.1% (Padj <0.05). In thrombolysis candidates, there was a 2-minute increase in door-to-imaging delay (Padj <0.05). The rates of initially missed AIS diagnosis was similar (3.8% versus 4.4%, Padj=0.32) and thrombolysis in stroke mimics decreased by half (8.6% versus 4.3%; Padj <0.05). Rates of unidentified stroke mechanism at hospital discharge were similar (22.8% versus 28.1%; Padj=0.99). The length of hospitalization decreased from 9 (interquartile range, 6-14) to 7 (interquartile range, 4-12) days (Padj=0.62). Disability at 3 months was similar (common adjusted odds ratio for favorable Rankin shift, 0.98 [95% CI, 0.71-1.36]; Padj=0.91), as well as mortality and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: A paradigm shift from CT to MRI as first-line imaging for AIS seems feasible in a comprehensive stroke center, with a minimally increased delay to imaging in thrombolysis candidates. MRI was associated with reduced thrombolysis rates of stroke mimics and subacute neuroimaging needs.

CTP-Defined Large Core Is a Better Predictor of Poor Outcome for Endovascular Treatment Than ASPECTS-Defined Large Core.

BACKGROUND: Recent trials confirmed the effectiveness of endovascular therapy in patients with large ischemic cores. Yet the optimal neuroimaging modalities to define large core remains unclear. We tried to address this question by comparing the functional outcomes in patients receiving thrombectomy selected by either noncontrast computed tomography Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) or computed tomography perfusion (CTP). METHODS: This study retrospectively selected patients enrolled in the International Stroke Perfusion Registry between August 2011 and April 2022. Patients with acute stroke with large vessel occlusion in anterior circulation treated with endovascular therapy were included. All received both CTP and noncontrast computed tomography. The primary outcome was defined as poor functional outcome represented by a modified Rankin Scale score of 5 to 6 at 3 months. Large cores were defined in terms of either (1) noncontrast computed tomography ASPECTS ≤5 or (2) core volume ≥70 mL on CTP. RESULTS: A total of 1115 patients were included in the analysis, of which 90 patients had ASPECTS ≤5 (8.1%) and 97 patients CTP core ≥70 mL (8.7%). A fair agreement between ASPECTS and CTP with a κ value of 0.31 (0.21-0.40) was found. Compared with patients with neither CTP nor ASPECTS large cores, those with only ASPECTS-defined large cores (ie, ASPECTS ≤5; n=56) did not have a higher adjusted odds of poor outcome (29%; odds ratio, 1.84 [0.91-3.73]; P=0.089). However, patients with CTP large core but not ASPECTS-defined large core (n=63) had a higher adjusted odds of poor outcome (60%; odds ratio, 3.91 [2.01-7.60]; P<0.001). In time-stratified subgroup analysis (>6 versus ≤6 hours), ASPECTS showed no discriminative difference between ≤5 and >5 in poor outcome for patients receiving endovascular therapy within 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS: CTP core ≥70 mL-defined large cores are more predictive of poor outcome than ASPECTS ≤5-defined core in endovascular therapy patients, particularly within 6 hours after stroke onset.

Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome and Female Sex: A Narrative Review.

Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) refers to segmental, multifocal constriction of intracranial arteries along with acute headache and resolves within weeks. It occurs more commonly in women, and 1 well-known manifestation of RCVS is postpartum angiopathy. Furthermore, the female sex is included in scoring systems designed to assist with diagnosing RCVS. Nonetheless, the literature is mixed regarding the true role of female and pregnancy-related factors in the pathophysiology of RCVS, and it is similarly unclear whether management of this disorder differs by sex. Given the association of RCVS with female sex and the importance of highlighting, recognizing, and managing stroke etiologies in women, herein, the author reviews what is currently known and unknown about the topic of RCVS in women.

Trial Readiness of Cavernous Malformations With Symptomatic Hemorrhage, Part I: Event Rates and Clinical Outcome.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral cavernous malformation with symptomatic hemorrhage (SH) are targets for novel therapies. A multisite trial-readiness project (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03652181) aimed to identify clinical, imaging, and functional changes in these patients. METHODS: We enrolled adult cerebral cavernous malformation patients from 5 high-volume centers with SH within the prior year and no planned surgery. In addition to clinical and imaging review, we assessed baseline, 1- and 2-year National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, European Quality of Life 5D-3 L, and patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0. SH and asymptomatic change rates were adjudicated. Changes in functional scores were assessed as a marker for hemorrhage. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three, 102, and 69 patients completed baseline, 1- and 2-year clinical assessments, respectively. There were 21 SH during 178.3 patient years of follow-up (11.8% per patient year). At baseline, 62.6% and 95.1% of patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 1 and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 0 to 4, respectively, which improved to 75.4% (P=0.03) and 100% (P=0.06) at 2 years. At baseline, 74.8% had at least one abnormal patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0 domain compared with 61.2% at 2 years (P=0.004). The most common abnormal European Quality of Life 5D-3 L domains were pain (48.7%), anxiety (41.5%), and participation in usual activities (41.4%). Patients with prospective SH were more likely than those without SH to display functional decline in sleep, fatigue, and social function patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0 domains at 2 years. Other score changes did not differ significantly between groups at 2 years. The sensitivity of scores as an SH marker remained poor at the time interval assessed. CONCLUSIONS: We report SH rate, functional, and patient-reported outcomes in trial-eligible cerebral cavernous malformation with SH patients. Functional outcomes and patient-reported outcomes generally improved over 2 years. No score change was highly sensitive or specific for SH and could not be used as a primary end point in a trial.

Intravenous Alteplase Versus Best Medical Therapy for Patients With Minor Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of thrombolysis (IVT) in minor stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, 0-5) remains inconclusive. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness and safety of IVT with best medical therapy (BMT) by means of a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. METHODS: We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases to obtain articles related to IVT in minor stroke from inception until August 10, 2023. The primary outcome was an excellent functional outcome, defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 0 or 1 at 90 days. The associations were calculated for the overall and preformulated subgroups by using the odds ratios (ORs). This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023445856). RESULTS: A total of 20 high-quality studies, comprised of 13 397 patients with acute minor ischemic stroke, were included. There were no significant differences observed in the modified Rankin Scale scores of 0 to 1 (OR, 1.10 [95% CI, 0.89-1.37]) and 0 to 2 (OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 0.95-1.43]), mortality rates (OR, 0.67 [95% CI, 0.39-1.15]), recurrent stroke (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.57-1.38]), and recurrent ischemic stroke (OR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.68-1.73]) between the IVT and BMT group. There were differences between the IVT group and the BMT group in terms of early neurological deterioration (OR, 1.81 [95% CI, 1.17-2.80]), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (OR, 7.48 [95% CI, 3.55-15.76]), and hemorrhagic transformation (OR, 4.73 [95% CI, 2.40-9.34]). Comparison of modified Rankin Scale score of 0 to 1 remained unchanged in subgroup patients with nondisabling deficits or compared with those using antiplatelets. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that IVT does not yield significant improvement in the functional prognosis of patients with acute minor ischemic stroke. Additionally, it is associated with an increased risk of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage when compared with the BMT. Moreover, IVT may not have superiority over BMT in patients with nondisabling deficits or those using antiplatelets.

Practical guidance for direct oral anticoagulant use in the treatment of venous thromboembolism in primary and metastatic brain tumor patients.

Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with primary and metastatic brain tumors (BT) is challenging because of the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). There are no prospective clinical trials evaluating safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), specifically in patients with BT, but they are widely used for VTE in this population. A group of neuro-oncology experts convened to provide practical clinical guidance for the off-label use of DOACs in treating VTE in patients with BT. We searched PubMed for the following terms: BTs, glioma, glioblastoma (GBM), brain metastasis, VTE, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin (LWMH), DOACs, and ICH. Although prospective clinical trials are needed, the recommendations presented aim to assist clinicians in making informed decisions regarding DOACs for VTE in patients with BT.

Causal Association between Tea Intake and Acute Cerebrovascular Events: A Multivariate Mendelian Randomized Study in European Populations.

BACKGROUND: Numerous research works have investigated the association between tea consumption and the risk of acute cerebrovascular events; however, the results are inconsistent. OBJECTIVES: We used Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate the causal association between tea intake and several acute cerebrovascular events, including any ischemic stroke, large atherosclerotic stroke (LAS), cardiogenic embolic stroke (CES), small vessel stroke (SVS), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). METHODS: We obtained summary genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on tea intake and acute cerebrovascular events in populations of European ancestry. The GWAS on tea intake is derived from the UK Biobank, where we have chosen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) closely associated with it as instrumental variables. We also obtained summary data on ischemic stroke from a GWAS meta-analysis, as well as summary data on ICH and SAH from the FinnGen study. We first explored the causal association between tea intake and several acute cerebrovascular events using univariate Mendelian randomization (UVMR), and then further assessed the causal association between tea intake and SVS using multivariate Mendelian randomization (MVMR) corrected for multiple confounders. RESULTS: In UVMR, genetically predicted increases in tea intake were linked to a lower risk of SVS (OR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.86). There was no causal association between tea intake and the risk of other acute cerebrovascular events. In the MVMR, our results show that there was still a significant causal association between drinking tea and SVS, after adjusting body mass index, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, and alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION: This MR study provides new genetic evidence that increased tea intake reduces the risk of SVS in the European population. However, possibly because of limited statistical power, the study did not find that tea consumption reduced the risk of several other acute cerebrovascular events.

A new score for predicting intracranial hemorrhage in patients using antiplatelet drugs.

Antiplatelet drugs in patients increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which can seriously affect patients' quality of life and even endanger their lives. Currently, there is no specific score for predicting the risk of ICH caused by antiplatelet drugs. We aimed to identify factors associated with ICH in patients on antiplatelet drugs and to construct and validate a predictive model that would provide a validated tool for the clinic. Data were obtained from the patient medical records inpatient system. Prediction models were built by logistic regression, the area under the curve (AUC), and column line plots. Internal validation, analytical identification and calibration of the model using AUC, calibration curves and Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The registration number of this study is ChiCTR2000031909, and the ethical review number is 2020KY087. This single-center retrospective study enrolled 753 patients treated with antiplatelet drugs, including 527 in the development cohort. Multifactorial analysis showed that male, headache or vomiting, hypertension, cerebrovascular disease, CT-defined white matter hypodensity, abnormal GCS, fibrinogen and D-dimer were independent risk factors for ICH, and lipid-lowering drugs was a protective factor. The model was constructed using these nine factors with an AUC value of 0.949. In the validation cohort, the model showed good discriminatory power with an AUC value of 0.943 and good calibration (Hosmer-Lemeshow test P value of 0.818). Based on 9 factors, we derived and validated a predictive model for ICH with antiplatelet drugs in patients. The model has good predictive value and may be an effective tool to reduce the occurrence of ICH.

Antiplatelet Reversal Is Not Associated With Decreased Progression of Intracranial Hemorrhage in Near-Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Clustered Analysis From Two Trauma Centers.

INTRODUCTION: Antiplatelet agents (AAs) may increase the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). It is unclear whether reversal of antiplatelet effects (REV = desmopressin acetate [DDAVP] + Platelets) decreases ICH progression. The goal of the study was to determine whether REV was associated with decreased progression of ICH on repeat brain computed tomography (CT) scan. METHODS: This is a clustered study (November 2019 to March 2022) at two regionally distinct trauma centers (TCs) with differing standards of practice in patients with ICH, one reversal with DDAVP + Platelets (REV+) and the other no reversal with DDAVP + Platelets (REV-). Using electronic and manual chart review, data were collected on inpatients aged ≥ 18 y on preinjury AAs with CT proven ICH (abbreviated injury scale head ≥ 2) and no other abbreviated injury scale > 2 injuries, who had at least one repeat CT scan within 120 h of admission. ICH progression on repeat brain CT scan, mortality, and resource utilization were compared via univariate analysis (α = 0.05). RESULTS: One hundred fourteen patients were enrolled: 72 REV+ at the first TC and 42 REV- at the second TC. REV+ group had fewer White patients and a lower proportion on preinjury aspirin but were otherwise similar. ICH progression rate was 24/72 (33.3%) for REV+ and 11/42 (26.2%) for REV- (P = 0.43). Isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage was the most common lesion, followed by isolated subdural hemorrhage. No patients required cranial surgery. All-cause mortality (expired + hospice) was 5/72 (6.9%) and 1/42 (2.4%), respectively (P = 0.29). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of patients on preinjury AAs, REV was not associated with decreased ICH progression, lower mortality, or less resource utilization. These findings should be confirmed in a larger, prospective study.

Retrospective Validation of Brain Injury Guidelines in a Rural Level II Trauma Center.

INTRODUCTION: The routine transfer of mild to moderate traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) to trauma centers with neurosurgical capabilities has recently been re-evaluated. The Brain Injury Guidelines (BIG) were developed to categorize TBI patients into three categories (BIG-1, BIG-2, and BIG-3), each representing a progressively increasing risk of clinical deterioration. This classification system has been previously validated at both level I and level III trauma centers. The authors hypothesized the population of their rural level II trauma center would further validate the BIG criteria. METHODS: Using the institutional trauma registry, a retrospective analysis was performed on all patients with isolated TBIs who presented to our rural level II trauma center from 2018 to 2022. Patients were categorized according to the previously validated BIG criteria. All head computed tomography (CT) imaging studies were reviewed by one neurosurgeon. Outcomes and adverse events were compared to previously published data. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty four patients were captured with our inquiry; 138 matched BIG-1 criteria, 51 matched BIG-2 criteria, and 263 matched BIG-3 criteria. Two patients in BIG-1 (6%) and two patients in BIG-2 (12.5%) showed progression of their bleed on CT. No patients in BIG-1 or BIG-2 groups, including those showing progression on repeat CT, required a neurosurgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the suppositions of the BIG authors who suggest patients categorized as BIG-1 or BIG-2 do not require repeat head CT scans, neurosurgery consultation, or transfer to a tertiary center.

Contrast extravasation mimicking intracerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolytic treatment of ischemic stroke: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Although contrast extravasation on follow-up head computed tomography (CT) is frequently visualized after endovascular treatment, this phenomenon is rare after intravenous thrombolytic treatment in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Here, we report a case of contrast extravasation mimicking intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) with intraventricular extension after intravenous thrombolytic treatment and computed tomography angiography (CTA). CASE PRESENTATION: A 52-year-old man presented with right-sided hemiparesis and hypoesthesia. Initial non-contrast head CT was negative for intracranial hemorrhage and acute ischemic changes. He received intravenous treatment with tenecteplase 3.8 h after the onset of stroke. CTA of the head and neck was performed at 4.3 h after stroke onset. It showed no stenosis or occlusion of the carotid and major intracranial arteries. At about 1.5 h after CTA, the right-sided hemiparesis deteriorated, accompanied by drowsiness, aphasia, and urinary incontinence. Immediate head CT showed hyperdense lesions with mild space-occupying effect in the left basal ganglia and both lateral ventricles. The hyperdense lesions were reduced in size on follow-up CT after 5 h. Two days later, CT showed that the hyperdense lesions in the lateral ventricles almost completely disappeared and only a small amount remained in the infarcted area. CONCLUSIONS: Contrast extravasation into the brain tissue and lateral ventricles, mimicking ICH with intraventricular extension, could occur after intravenous thrombolytic treatment and CTA in a patient with AIS, which might lead to misdiagnosis and wrong treatment of the patient. The rapid resolution of intracranial hyperdense lesions is key to differentiate contrast extravasation from ICH on serial non-enhanced CT.

Stereotactic radiosurgery alone for brain arteriovenous malformations: a single-institute experience.

OBJECTIVE: Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) represent an ongoing clinical challenge because of their complex nature. The long-term outcomes of BAVMs patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone are unclear. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 201 patients treated for BAVMs from January 2010 to December 2019. The identified predictors of obliteration or hemorrhage in the multivariate analysis were estimated by odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: A total of 201 patients treated with gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) alone as the primary treatment for BAVMs were included. The mean age at GKRS treatment was 31.4 ± 1.1 years, and 61.2% of the patients were male. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that a higher radiosurgery-based AVM score (OR 1.847, 95% CI = 1.292-2.641; p = 0.001) was significantly associated with worse obliteration, and a higher margin dose significantly favored obliteration (OR 0.352, 95% CI = 0.189-0.658; p = 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that an increased lesion volume of 1 cm3 (OR 1.279, 95% CI = 1.023-1.600; p = 0.031) and a high margin dose (OR 0.363, 95% CI = 0.134-0.983; p = 0.046) were significant prognostic factors for post-SRS hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our study investigated the available clinical and radiological prognostic factors for BAVMs and revealed that a higher margin dose significantly improved both the obliteration rate and nonhemorrhagic outcomes. Currently, the most appropriate candidates, Spetzler-Martin grade, and optimal radiation dose are still being defined by prospective trials.

The molecular signature and prognosis of glioma with preoperative intratumoral hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intratumoral hemorrhage, though less common, could be the first clinical manifestation of glioma and is detectable via MRI; however, its exact impacts on patient outcomes remain unclear and controversial. The 2021 WHO CNS 5 classification emphasised genetic and molecular features, initiating the necessity to establish the correlation between hemorrhage and molecular alterations. This study aims to determine the prevalence of intratumoral hemorrhage in glioma subtypes and identify associated molecular and clinical characteristics to improve patient management. METHODS: Integrated clinical data and imaging studies of patients who underwent surgery at the Department of Neurosurgery at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2011 to January 2022 with pathological confirmation of glioma were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage groups based on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison and survival analysis were conducted with the two groups. In terms of subgroup analysis, we classified patients into astrocytoma, IDH-mutant; oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant, 1p/19q-codeleted; glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype; pediatric-type gliomas; or circumscribed glioma using integrated histological and molecular characteristics, according to WHO CNS 5 classifications. RESULTS: 457 patients were enrolled in the analysis, including 67 (14.7%) patients with intratumoral hemorrhage. The hemorrhage group was significantly older and had worse preoperative Karnofsky performance scores. The hemorrhage group had a higher occurrence of neurological impairment and a higher Ki-67 index. Molecular analysis indicated that CDKN2B, KMT5B, and PIK3CA alteration occurred more in the hemorrhage group (CDKN2B, 84.4% vs. 62.2%, p = 0.029; KMT5B, 25.0% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.029; and PIK3CA, 81.3% vs. 58.5%, p = 0.029). Survival analysis showed significantly worse prognoses for the hemorrhage group (hemorrhage 18.4 months vs. non-hemorrhage 39.1 months, p = 0.01). In subgroup analysis, the multivariate analysis showed that intra-tumoral hemorrhage is an independent risk factor only in glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype (162 cases of 457 overall, HR = 1.72, p = 0.026), but not in other types of gliomas. The molecular alteration of CDK6 (hemorrhage group p = 0.004, non-hemorrhage group p < 0.001), EGFR (hemorrhage group p = 0.003, non-hemorrhage group p = 0.001), and FGFR2 (hemorrhage group p = 0.007, non-hemorrhage group p = 0.001) was associated with shorter overall survival time in both hemorrhage and non-hemorrhage groups. CONCLUSIONS: Glioma patients with preoperative intratumoral hemorrhage had unfavorable prognoses compared to their nonhemorrhage counterparts. CDKN2B, KMT5B, and PIK3CA alterations were associated with an increased occurrence of intratumoral hemorrhage, which might be future targets for further investigation of intratumoral hemorrhage.

Tenecteplase Versus Alteplase: A Comparison of Bleeding Outcomes in Massive Pulmonary Embolism (TACO-PE).

BACKGROUND: Thrombolysis is recommended in the setting of massive pulmonary embolism (PE) for reperfusion of vessels but carries a serious concern for increased bleed risk. In October 2022, our institution adopted tenecteplase as the formulary thrombolytic. Previous literature is unclear regarding the bleed risk of tenecteplase in massive PE, and no study has yet compared safety outcomes with the current standard of care, alteplase. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the incidence of bleeding with tenecteplase versus alteplase in massive PE patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective, observational cohort study that included adults who received tenecteplase or alteplase for massive PE. The primary outcome was major bleeding as defined by the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis (ISTH). Secondary outcomes included incidence of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), in-hospital mortality, administration of reversal agents, and length of stay. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients met inclusion criteria with 20 patients in the alteplase cohort and 24 in the tenecteplase cohort. Seventeen percent of tenecteplase patients compared with 5% of alteplase patients experienced bleeding. The mortality rate was 83% vs 75%, respectively. In addition, 1 patient in the tenecteplase cohort experienced a symptomatic ICH and 2 patients required initiation of massive transfusion protocol. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Although this study was limited in sample size, these results suggest that there may be reason for concern of higher bleeding rates in patients treated with tenecteplase in the setting of massive PE.

Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage in photon counting computed tomography using virtual monoenergetic images.

PURPOSE: To determine the optimal virtual monoenergetic image (VMI) for detecting and assessing intracranial hemorrhage in unenhanced photon counting CT of the head based on the evaluation of quantitative and qualitative image quality parameters. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with acute intracranial hemorrhage and unenhanced CT of the head were retrospectively included. In these patients, 35 intraparenchymal, 39 intraventricular, 30 subarachnoidal, and 43 subdural hemorrhages were selected. VMIs were reconstructed using all available monoenergetic reconstruction levels (40-190 keV). Multiple regions of interest measurements were used for evaluation of the overall image quality, and signal, noise, signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), and contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) of intracranial hemorrhage. Based on the results of the quantitative analysis, specific VMIs were rated by five radiologists on a 5-point Likert scale. RESULTS: Signal, noise, SNR, and CNR differed significantly between different VMIs (p < 0.001). Maximum CNR for intracranial hemorrhage was reached in VMI with keV levels > 120 keV (intraparenchymal 143 keV, intraventricular 164 keV, subarachnoidal 124 keV, and subdural hemorrhage 133 keV). In reading, no relevant superiority in the detection of hemorrhage could be demonstrated using VMIs above 66 keV. CONCLUSION: For the detection of hemorrhage in unenhanced CT of the head, the quantitative analysis of the present study on photon counting CT is generally consistent with the findings from dual-energy CT, suggesting keV levels just above 120 keV and higher depending on the location of the hemorrhage. However, on the basis of the qualitative analyses, no reliable statement can yet be made as to whether an additional VMI with higher keV is truly beneficial in everyday clinical practice.

Incidence and Outcomes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Brain-Injured Patients Receiving Invasive Ventilation: A Secondary Analysis of the ENIO Study.

Background: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an important pulmonary complication in brain-injured patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV). We aimed to evaluate the incidence and association between ARDS and clinical outcomes in patients with different forms of acute brain injury requiring IMV in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: This was a preplanned secondary analysis of a prospective, multicenter, international cohort study (NCT03400904). We included brain-injured patients receiving IMV for ≥ 24 h. ARDS was the main exposure of interest and was identified during index ICU admission using the Berlin definition. We examined the incidence and adjusted association of ARDS with ICU mortality, ICU length of stay, duration of IMV, and extubation failure. Outcomes were evaluated using mixed-effect logistic regression and cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models. Results: 1492 patients from 67 hospitals and 16 countries were included in the analysis, of whom 137 individuals developed ARDS (9.2% of overall cohort). Across countries, the median ARDS incidence was 5.1% (interquartile range [IQR] 0-10; range 0-27.3). ARDS was associated with increased ICU mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-5.48), longer ICU length of stay (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.59; 95% CI, 0.48-0.73), and longer duration of IMV (adjusted HR 0.54; 95% CI, 0.44-0.67). The association between ARDS and extubation failure approached statistical significance (adjusted HR 1.48; 95% CI 0.99-2.21). Higher ARDS severity was associated with incrementally longer ICU length of stay and longer cumulative duration of IMV. Findings remained robust in a sensitivity analysis evaluating the magnitude of unmeasured confounding. Conclusions: In this cohort of acutely brain-injured patients, the incidence of ARDS was similar to that reported in other mixed cohorts of critically ill patients. Development of ARDS was associated with worse outcomes.

A multicenter study of DDAVP versus platelet transfusions for antiplatelet agent reversal in patients with traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Antiplatelet agents have been shown to worsen outcomes following traumatic injury. Research on desmopressin (DDAVP) and platelet transfusion for antiplatelet reversal is limited. We aimed to evaluate the effect of these agents on patients taking pre-injury antiplatelet medications who experienced traumatic brain injury (TBI) after blunt trauma. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of adult trauma patients from 2014 to 2021 on aspirin and/or a P2Y12 inhibitor. Patients were stratified into groups based on if they received DDAVP, platelets, both agents, or neither. RESULTS: Of 5525 included patients, 4696 (85.4%) were not reversed, 461 (8.4%) received platelets, 173 (3.1%) received DDAVP, and 172 (3.1%) received both reversals. There was no statistically significant difference in length of stay between, but patients who received platelets or both reversals were more likely to have hospital complications (p < 0.05), longer hospital length of stay (p < 0.001), and longer ICU length of stay (p < 0.001) compared to those who did not receive reversal. A subgroup analysis of patients with a head AIS of 4 or 5 confirmed these findings. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received platelets or both reversals had a longer length of hospital stay and length of ICU stay. It is difficult to recommend one treatment over another based on our results alone. Further studies are needed to help clarify the risks and benefits of reversal agents in this patient population.

Spatial attention-based CSR-Unet framework for subdural and epidural hemorrhage segmentation and classification using CT images.

BACKGROUND: Automatic diagnosis and brain hemorrhage segmentation in Computed Tomography (CT) may be helpful in assisting the neurosurgeon in developing treatment plans that improve the patient's chances of survival. Because medical segmentation of images is important and performing operations manually is challenging, many automated algorithms have been developed for this purpose, primarily focusing on certain image modalities. Whenever a blood vessel bursts, a dangerous medical condition known as intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) occurs. For best results, quick action is required. That being said, identifying subdural (SDH) and epidural haemorrhages (EDH) is a difficult task in this field and calls for a new, more precise detection method. METHODS: This work uses a head CT scan to detect cerebral bleeding and distinguish between two types of dural hemorrhages using deep learning techniques. This paper proposes a rich segmentation approach to segment both SDH and EDH by enhancing segmentation efficiency with a better feature extraction procedure. This method incorporates Spatial attention- based CSR (convolution-SE-residual) Unet, for rich segmentation and precise feature extraction. RESULTS: According to the study's findings, the CSR based Spatial network performs better than the other models, exhibiting impressive metrics for all assessed parameters with a mean dice coefficient of 0.970 and mean IoU of 0.718, while EDH and SDH dice scores are 0.983 and 0.969 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The CSR Spatial network experiment results show that it can perform well regarding dice coefficient. Furthermore, Spatial Unet based on CSR may effectively model the complicated in segmentations and rich feature extraction and improve the representation learning compared to alternative deep learning techniques, of illness and medical treatment, to enhance the meticulousness in predicting the fatality.