RESUMO
Genetic alterations in signaling pathways that control cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, and cell growth are common hallmarks of cancer, but the extent, mechanisms, and co-occurrence of alterations in these pathways differ between individual tumors and tumor types. Using mutations, copy-number changes, mRNA expression, gene fusions and DNA methylation in 9,125 tumors profiled by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we analyzed the mechanisms and patterns of somatic alterations in ten canonical pathways: cell cycle, Hippo, Myc, Notch, Nrf2, PI-3-Kinase/Akt, RTK-RAS, TGFß signaling, p53 and ß-catenin/Wnt. We charted the detailed landscape of pathway alterations in 33 cancer types, stratified into 64 subtypes, and identified patterns of co-occurrence and mutual exclusivity. Eighty-nine percent of tumors had at least one driver alteration in these pathways, and 57% percent of tumors had at least one alteration potentially targetable by currently available drugs. Thirty percent of tumors had multiple targetable alterations, indicating opportunities for combination therapy.
Assuntos
Bases de Dados Genéticas , Neoplasias/patologia , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Genes Neoplásicos , Humanos , Neoplasias/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/genética , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Proteínas Wnt/genética , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismoRESUMO
The bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway comprises multiple ligands and receptors that interact promiscuously with one another and typically appear in combinations. This feature is often explained in terms of redundancy and regulatory flexibility, but it has remained unclear what signal-processing capabilities it provides. Here, we show that the BMP pathway processes multi-ligand inputs using a specific repertoire of computations, including ratiometric sensing, balance detection, and imbalance detection. These computations operate on the relative levels of different ligands and can arise directly from competitive receptor-ligand interactions. Furthermore, cells can select different computations to perform on the same ligand combination through expression of alternative sets of receptor variants. These results provide a direct signal-processing role for promiscuous receptor-ligand interactions and establish operational principles for quantitatively controlling cells with BMP ligands. Similar principles could apply to other promiscuous signaling pathways.
Assuntos
Proteínas Morfogenéticas Ósseas/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Animais , Linhagem Celular , Células-Tronco Embrionárias/metabolismo , Retroalimentação , Citometria de Fluxo , Ligantes , Camundongos , Modelos Biológicos , Células NIH 3T3RESUMO
Inactivation of the transcription factor p53, through either direct mutation or aberrations in one of its many regulatory pathways, is a hallmark of virtually every tumor. In recent years, screening for p53 activators and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of oncogenic perturbations of p53 function have opened up a host of novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in cancer: from the structure-guided design of chemical chaperones to restore the function of conformationally unstable p53 cancer mutants, to the development of potent antagonists of the negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX and other modulators of the p53 pathway for the treatment of cancers with wild-type p53. Some of these compounds have now moved from proof-of-concept studies into clinical trials, with prospects for further, personalized anticancer medicines. We trace the structural evolution of the p53 pathway, from germ-line surveillance in simple multicellular organisms to its pluripotential role in humans.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/uso terapêutico , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Terapia de Alvo Molecular , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/agonistas , Animais , Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/síntese química , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Desenho de Fármacos , Humanos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patologia , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Multimerização Proteica , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/química , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-mdm2/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/química , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/genética , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismoRESUMO
Dynamic changes in protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks underlie all physiological cellular functions and drive devastating human diseases. Profiling PPI networks can, therefore, provide critical insight into disease mechanisms and identify new drug targets. Kinases are regulatory nodes in many PPI networks; yet, facile methods to systematically study kinase interactome dynamics are lacking. We describe kinobead competition and correlation analysis (kiCCA), a quantitative mass spectrometry-based chemoproteomic method for rapid and highly multiplexed profiling of endogenous kinase interactomes. Using kiCCA, we identified 1,154 PPIs of 238 kinases across 18 diverse cancer lines, quantifying context-dependent kinase interactome changes linked to cancer type, plasticity, and signaling states, thereby assembling an extensive knowledgebase for cell signaling research. We discovered drug target candidates, including an endocytic adapter-associated kinase (AAK1) complex that promotes cancer cell epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and drug resistance. Our data demonstrate the importance of kinase interactome dynamics for cellular signaling in health and disease.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Humanos , Transdução de Sinais , Mapas de Interação de ProteínasRESUMO
Second-messenger-mediated signaling by cyclic oligonucleotides (cOs) composed of distinct base, ring size, and 3'-5'/2'-5' linkage combinations constitutes the initial trigger resulting in activation of signaling pathways that have an impact on immune-mediated antiviral defense against invading viruses and phages. Bacteria and archaea have evolved CRISPR, CBASS, Pycsar, and Thoeris surveillance complexes that involve cO-mediated activation of effectors resulting in antiviral defense through either targeted nuclease activity, effector oligomerization-mediated depletion of essential cellular metabolites or disruption of host cell membrane functions. Notably, antiviral defense capitalizes on an abortive infection mechanism, whereby infected cells die prior to completion of the phage replication cycle. In turn, phages have evolved small proteins that target and degrade/sequester cOs, thereby suppressing host immunity. This review presents a structure-based mechanistic perspective of recent advances in the field of cO-mediated antiviral defense, in particular highlighting the ancient evolutionary adaptation by metazoans of bacterial cell-autonomous innate immune mechanisms.
Assuntos
Bacteriófagos , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos , Nucleotídeos Cíclicos/metabolismo , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Antivirais , Archaea/genética , Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Espaçadas , Bacteriófagos/genética , Bacteriófagos/metabolismo , Imunidade InataRESUMO
Research in model organisms is central to the characterization of signaling pathways in multicellular organisms. Here, we present the comprehensive and systematic curation of 17 Drosophila signaling pathways using the Gene Ontology framework to establish a dynamic resource that has been incorporated into FlyBase, providing visualization and data integration tools to aid research projects. By restricting to experimental evidence reported in the research literature and quantifying the amount of such evidence for each gene in a pathway, we captured the landscape of empirical knowledge of signaling pathways in Drosophila.
Assuntos
Bases de Dados Genéticas , Drosophila , Animais , Drosophila/genética , Ontologia Genética , Transdução de Sinais , Drosophila melanogaster/genéticaRESUMO
Schizophrenia phenotypes are suggestive of impaired cortical plasticity in the disease, but the mechanisms of these deficits are unknown. Genomic association studies have implicated a large number of genes that regulate neuromodulation and plasticity, indicating that the plasticity deficits have a genetic origin. Here, we used biochemically detailed computational modeling of postsynaptic plasticity to investigate how schizophrenia-associated genes regulate long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). We combined our model with data from postmortem RNA expression studies (CommonMind gene-expression datasets) to assess the consequences of altered expression of plasticity-regulating genes for the amplitude of LTP and LTD. Our results show that the expression alterations observed post mortem, especially those in the anterior cingulate cortex, lead to impaired protein kinase A (PKA)-pathway-mediated LTP in synapses containing GluR1 receptors. We validated these findings using a genotyped electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset where polygenic risk scores for synaptic and ion channel-encoding genes as well as modulation of visual evoked potentials were determined for 286 healthy controls. Our results provide a possible genetic mechanism for plasticity impairments in schizophrenia, which can lead to improved understanding and, ultimately, treatment of the disorder.
Assuntos
Plasticidade Neuronal , Esquizofrenia , Esquizofrenia/genética , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatologia , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Humanos , Plasticidade Neuronal/genética , Simulação por Computador , Potenciação de Longa Duração/genética , Receptores de AMPA/genética , Receptores de AMPA/metabolismo , Sinapses/metabolismo , Sinapses/genética , Eletroencefalografia , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinases Dependentes de AMP Cíclico/genética , Modelos Neurológicos , Depressão Sináptica de Longo Prazo/genética , Masculino , Potenciais Evocados Visuais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) models derived from human stem cells are powerful tools to improve our understanding of cerebrovascular diseases and to facilitate drug development for the human brain. Yet providing stem cell-derived endothelial cells with the right signaling cues to acquire BBB characteristics while also retaining their vascular identity remains challenging. Here, we show that the simultaneous activation of cyclic AMP and Wnt/ß-catenin signaling and inhibition of the TGF-ß pathway in endothelial cells robustly induce BBB properties in vitro. To target this interaction, we present a small-molecule cocktail named cARLA, which synergistically enhances barrier tightness in a range of BBB models across species. Mechanistically, we reveal that the three pathways converge on Wnt/ß-catenin signaling to mediate the effect of cARLA via the tight junction protein claudin-5. We demonstrate that cARLA shifts the gene expressional profile of human stem cell-derived endothelial cells toward the in vivo brain endothelial signature, with a higher glycocalyx density and efflux pump activity, lower rates of endocytosis, and a characteristic endothelial response to proinflammatory cytokines. Finally, we illustrate how cARLA can improve the predictive value of human BBB models regarding the brain penetration of drugs and targeted nanoparticles. Due to its synergistic effect, high reproducibility, and ease of use, cARLA has the potential to advance drug development for the human brain by improving BBB models across laboratories.
Assuntos
Barreira Hematoencefálica , Células Endoteliais , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Animais , Via de Sinalização Wnt , Claudina-5/metabolismo , Claudina-5/genética , AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Camundongos , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/citologia , Junções Íntimas/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMO
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common genetic cause of autism spectrum disorder engendered by transcriptional silencing of the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene. Given the early onset of behavioral and molecular changes, it is imperative to know the optimal timing for therapeutic intervention. Case reports documented benefits of metformin treatment in FXS children between 2 and 14 y old. In this study, we administered metformin from birth to Fmr1-/y mice which corrected up-regulated mitogen-2 activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathways and specific synaptic mRNA-binding targets of FMRP. Metformin rescued increased number of calls in ultrasonic vocalization and repetitive behavior in Fmr1-/y mice. Our findings demonstrate that in mice, early-in-life metformin intervention is effective in treating FXS pathophysiology.
Assuntos
Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil , Metformina , Metformina/farmacologia , Metformina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/genética , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/fisiopatologia , Síndrome do Cromossomo X Frágil/metabolismo , Animais , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Proteína do X Frágil da Deficiência Intelectual/metabolismo , Camundongos , Masculino , Camundongos Knockout , Alvo Mecanístico do Complexo 1 de Rapamicina/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The cerebral cortex contains billions of neurons, and their disorganization or misspecification leads to neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding how the plethora of projection neuron subtypes are generated by cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) is a major challenge. Here, we focused on elucidating the transcriptional landscape of murine embryonic NSCs, basal progenitors (BPs), and newborn neurons (NBNs) throughout cortical development. We uncover dynamic shifts in transcriptional space over time and heterogeneity within each progenitor population. We identified signature hallmarks of NSC, BP, and NBN clusters and predict active transcriptional nodes and networks that contribute to neural fate specification. We find that the expression of receptors, ligands, and downstream pathway components is highly dynamic over time and throughout the lineage implying differential responsiveness to signals. Thus, we provide an expansive compendium of gene expression during cortical development that will be an invaluable resource for studying neural developmental processes and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Assuntos
Células-Tronco Neurais , Neurônios , Animais , Camundongos , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem da Célula/genética , Córtex Cerebral , Células-Tronco Embrionárias , Neurogênese/genética , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
New tools for cell signaling pathway inference from multi-omics data that are independent of previous knowledge are needed. Here, we propose a new de novo method, the de novo multi-omics pathway analysis (DMPA), to model and combine omics data into network modules and pathways. DMPA was validated with published omics data and was found accurate in discovering reported molecular associations in transcriptome, interactome, phosphoproteome, methylome, and metabolomics data, and signaling pathways in multi-omics data. DMPA was benchmarked against module discovery and multi-omics integration methods and outperformed previous methods in module and pathway discovery especially when applied to datasets of relatively low sample sizes. Transcription factor, kinase, subcellular location, and function prediction algorithms were devised for transcriptome, phosphoproteome, and interactome modules and pathways, respectively. To apply DMPA in a biologically relevant context, interactome, phosphoproteome, transcriptome, and proteome data were collected from analyses carried out using melanoma cells to address gamma-secretase cleavage-dependent signaling characteristics of the receptor tyrosine kinase TYRO3. The pathways modeled with DMPA reflected the predicted function and its direction in validation experiments.
Assuntos
Proteômica , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Proteômica/métodos , Algoritmos , Transcriptoma , Metabolômica/métodos , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Proteoma/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , MultiômicaRESUMO
Cells continuously fine-tune signaling pathway proteins to match nutrient and stress levels in their local environment by modifying intracellular proteins with O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) sugars, an essential process for cell survival and growth. The small size of these monosaccharide modifications poses a challenge for functional determination, but the chemistry and biology communities have together created a collection of precision tools to study these dynamic sugars. This review presents the major themes by which O-GlcNAc influences signaling pathway proteins, including G-protein coupled receptors, growth factor signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, lipid sensing, and cytokine signaling pathways. Along the way, we describe in detail key chemical biology tools that have been developed and applied to determine specific O-GlcNAc roles in these pathways. These tools include metabolic labeling, O-GlcNAc-enhancing RNA aptamers, fluorescent biosensors, proximity labeling tools, nanobody targeting tools, O-GlcNAc cycling inhibitors, light-activated systems, chemoenzymatic labeling, and nutrient reporter assays. An emergent feature of this signaling pathway meta-analysis is the intricate interplay between O-GlcNAc modifications across different signaling systems, underscoring the importance of O-GlcNAc in regulating cellular processes. We highlight the significance of O-GlcNAc in signaling and the role of chemical and biochemical tools in unraveling distinct glycobiological regulatory mechanisms. Collectively, our field has determined effective strategies to probe O-GlcNAc roles in biology. At the same time, this survey of what we do not yet know presents a clear roadmap for the field to use these powerful chemical tools to explore cross-pathway O-GlcNAc interactions in signaling and other major biological pathways.
Assuntos
Acetilglucosamina , Técnicas de Química Analítica , Transdução de Sinais , Acetilglucosamina/análise , Acetilglucosamina/metabolismo , Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/metabolismo , Bioquímica/métodos , Biotecnologia/métodosRESUMO
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complicated molecular process that governs cellular shape and function changes throughout tissue development and embryogenesis. In addition, EMT contributes to the development and spread of tumors. Expanding and degrading the surrounding microenvironment, cells undergoing EMT move away from the main location. On the basis of the expression of fibroblast-specific protein-1 (FSP1), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), collagen, and smooth muscle actin (-SMA), the mesenchymal phenotype exhibited in fibroblasts is crucial for promoting EMT. While EMT is not entirely reliant on its regulators like ZEB1/2, Twist, and Snail proteins, investigation of upstream signaling (like EGF, TGF-ß, Wnt) is required to get a more thorough understanding of tumor EMT. Throughout numerous cancers, connections between tumor epithelial and fibroblast cells that influence tumor growth have been found. The significance of cellular crosstalk stems from the fact that these events affect therapeutic response and disease prognosis. This study examines how classical EMT signals emanating from various cancer cells interfere to tumor metastasis, treatment resistance, and tumor recurrence.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Neoplasias , Humanos , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/fisiologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Fenótipo , Resistência a Medicamentos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons migrate over long distances from their extracortical origin into the developing cortex. In humans, this process is uniquely slow and prolonged, and it is unclear whether guidance cues unique to humans govern the various phases of this complex developmental process. Here, we use fused cerebral organoids to identify key roles of neurotransmitter signaling pathways in guiding the migratory behavior of human cortical interneurons. We use scRNAseq to reveal expression of GABA, glutamate, glycine, and serotonin receptors along distinct maturation trajectories across interneuron migration. We develop an image analysis software package, TrackPal, to simultaneously assess 48 parameters for entire migration tracks of individual cells. By chemical screening, we show that different modes of interneuron migration depend on distinct neurotransmitter signaling pathways, linking transcriptional maturation of interneurons with their migratory behavior. Altogether, our study provides a comprehensive quantitative analysis of human interneuron migration and its functional modulation by neurotransmitter signaling.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular , Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Interneurônios/fisiologia , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Organoides/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Interneurônios/citologia , Neurogênese , Organoides/citologia , RNA-Seq , Análise de Célula ÚnicaRESUMO
The process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is fundamental for embryonic morphogenesis. Cells undergoing it lose epithelial characteristics and integrity, acquire mesenchymal features, and become motile. In cancer, this program is hijacked to confer essential changes in morphology and motility that fuel invasion. In addition, EMT is increasingly understood to orchestrate a large variety of complementary cancer features, such as tumor cell stemness, tumorigenicity, resistance to therapy and adaptation to changes in the microenvironment. In this review, we summarize recent findings related to these various classical and non-classical functions, and introduce EMT as a true tumorigenic multi-tool, involved in many aspects of cancer. We suggest that therapeutic targeting of the EMT process will-if acknowledging these complexities-be a possibility to concurrently interfere with tumor progression on many levels.
Assuntos
Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Neoplasias/etiologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Microambiente Tumoral , Animais , Biomarcadores , Transformação Celular Neoplásica , Progressão da Doença , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMO
WT 9-12 is one of the cell lines commonly used for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) studies. Previous studies had described the PKD gene mutations and polycystin expression in WT 9-12. Nonetheless, the mutations occurring in other ADPKD-associated genes have not been investigated. This study aims to revisit these mutations and protein profile of WT 9-12. Whole genome sequencing verified the presence of truncation mutation at amino acid 2556 (Q2556X) in PKD1 gene of WT 9-12. Besides, those variations with high impacts included single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs8054182, rs117006360, and rs12925771) and insertions and deletions (InDels) (rs145602984 and rs55980345) in PKD1L2; InDel (rs1296698195) in PKD1L3; and copy number variations in GANAB. Protein profiles generated from the total proteins of WT 9-12 and HK-2 cells were compared using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis. Polycystin-1 was absent in WT 9-12. The gene ontology enrichment and reactome pathway analyses revealed that the upregulated and downregulated proteins of WT 9-12 relative to HK-2 cell line leaded to signaling pathways related to immune response and amino acid metabolism, respectively. The ADPKD-related mutations and signaling pathways associated with differentially expressed proteins in WT 9-12 may help researchers in cell line selection for their studies.
Assuntos
Mutação , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante , Canais de Cátion TRPP , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/genética , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/metabolismo , Rim Policístico Autossômico Dominante/patologia , Humanos , Linhagem Celular , Canais de Cátion TRPP/genética , Canais de Cátion TRPP/metabolismo , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNARESUMO
BACKGROUND: Advanced paternal age (APA) is associated with adverse outcomes to offspring health, including increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the methylome and transcriptome of the first two early embryonic tissue lineages, the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE), from human blastocysts in association with paternal age and disease risk. High quality human blastocysts were donated with patient consent from donor oocyte IVF cycles from either APA (≥ 50 years) or young fathers. Blastocysts were mechanically separated into ICM and TE lineage samples for both methylome and transcriptome analyses. RESULTS: Significant differential methylation and transcription was observed concurrently in ICM and TE lineages of APA-derived blastocysts compared to those from young fathers. The methylome revealed significant enrichment for neuronal signaling pathways, as well as an association with neurodevelopmental disorders and imprinted genes, largely overlapping within both the ICM and TE lineages. Significant enrichment of neurodevelopmental signaling pathways was also observed for differentially expressed genes, but only in the ICM. In stark contrast, no significant signaling pathways or gene ontology terms were identified in the trophectoderm. Despite normal semen parameters in aged fathers, these significant molecular alterations can adversely contribute to downstream impacts on offspring health, in particular neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: An increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders is well described in children conceived by aged fathers. Using blastocysts derived from donor oocyte IVF cycles to strategically control for maternal age, our data reveals evidence of methylation dysregulation in both tissue lineages, as well as transcription dysregulation in neurodevelopmental signaling pathways associated with APA fathers. This data also reveals that embryos derived from APA fathers do not appear to be compromised for initial implantation potential with no significant pathway signaling disruption in trophectoderm transcription. Collectively, our work provides insights into the complex molecular mechanisms that occur upon paternal aging during the first lineage differentiation in the preimplantation embryo. Early expression and epigenetic markers of APA-derived preimplantation embryos highlight the susceptibility of the future fetus to adverse health outcomes.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Espectro Autista , Humanos , Masculino , Envelhecimento , Blastocisto/metabolismo , Epigênese Genética , Pai , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , FemininoRESUMO
The neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) gene, known for encoding the tumor suppressor protein Merlin, is central to the study of tumorigenesis and associated cellular processes. This review comprehensively examines the multifaceted role of NF2/Merlin, detailing its structural characteristics, functional diversity, and involvement in various signaling pathways such as Wnt/ß-catenin, Hippo, TGF-ß, RTKs, mTOR, Notch, and Hedgehog. These pathways are crucial for cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation. NF2 mutations are specifically linked to the development of schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas, although the precise mechanisms of tumor formation in these specific cell types remain unclear. Additionally, the review explores Merlin's role in embryogenesis, highlighting the severe developmental defects and embryonic lethality caused by NF2 deficiency. The potential therapeutic strategies targeting these genetic aberrations are also discussed, emphasizing inhibitors of mTOR, HDAC, and VEGF as promising avenues for treatment. This synthesis of current knowledge underscores the necessity for ongoing research to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of NF2/Merlin and develop effective therapeutic strategies, ultimately aiming to improve the prognosis and quality of life for individuals with NF2 mutations.
Assuntos
Carcinogênese , Neurofibromina 2 , Humanos , Neurofibromina 2/genética , Neurofibromina 2/metabolismo , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Carcinogênese/metabolismo , Neurofibromatose 2/genética , Neurofibromatose 2/metabolismo , Neurofibromatose 2/patologia , Transdução de Sinais , MutaçãoRESUMO
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and malignant primary brain tumor; GBM's inevitable recurrence suggests that glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) allow these tumors to persist. Our previous work showed that FOSL1, transactivated by the STAT3 gene, functions as a tumorigenic gene in glioma pathogenesis and acts as a diagnostic marker and potential drug target in glioma patients. Accumulating evidence shows that STAT3 and NF-κB cooperate to promote the development and progression of various cancers. The link between STAT3 and NF-κB suggests that NF-κB can also transcriptionally regulate FOSL1 and contribute to gliomagenesis. To investigate downstream molecules of FOSL1, we analyzed the transcriptome after overexpressing FOSL1 in a PDX-L14 line characterized by deficient FOSL1 expression. We then conducted immunohistochemical staining for FOSL1 and NF-κB p65 using rabbit polyclonal anti-FOSL1 and NF-κB p65 in glioma tissue microarrays (TMA) derived from 141 glioma patients and 15 healthy individuals. Next, mutants of the human FOSL1 promoter, featuring mutations in essential binding sites for NF-κB were generated using a Q5 site-directed mutagenesis kit. Subsequently, we examined luciferase activity in glioma cells and compared it to the wild-type FOSL1 promoter. Then, we explored the mutual regulation between NF-κB signaling and FOSL1 by modulating the expression of NF-κB or FOSL1. Subsequently, we assessed the activity of FOSL1 and NF-κB. To understand the role of FOSL1 in cell growth and stemness, we conducted a CCK-8 assay and cell cycle analysis, assessing apoptosis and GSC markers, ALDH1, and CD133 under varying FOSL1 expression conditions. Transcriptome analyses of downstream molecules of FOSL1 show that NF-κB signaling pathway is regulated by FOSL1. NF-κB p65 protein expression correlates to the expression of FOSL1 in glioma patients, and both are associated with glioma grades. NF-κB is a crucial transcription factor activating the FOSL1 promoter in glioma cells. Mutual regulation between NF-κB and FOSL1 contributes to glioma tumorigenesis and stemness through promoting G1/S transition and inhibiting apoptosis. Therefore, the FOSL1 molecular pathway is functionally connected to NF-κB activation, enhances stemness, and is indicative that FOSL1 may potentially be a novel GBM drug target.
Assuntos
Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , NF-kappa B , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Glioblastoma/patologia , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioma/patologia , Glioma/genética , Glioma/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Neoplásicas/patologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-fos/genética , Transdução de Sinais , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição STAT3/genética , Fator de Transcrição RelA/metabolismo , Fator de Transcrição RelA/genéticaRESUMO
Radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RAIR-DTC) is difficult to treat with radioactive iodine because of the absence of the sodium iodide transporter in the basement membrane of thyroid follicular cells for iodine uptake. This is usually due to the mutation or rearrangement of genes and the aberrant activation of signal pathways, which result in abnormal expression of thyroid-specific genes, leading to resistance of differentiated thyroid cancer cells to radioiodine therapy. Therefore, inhibiting the proliferation and growth of RAIR-DTC with multikinase inhibitors and other drugs or restoring its differentiation and then carrying out radioiodine therapy have become the first-line treatment strategies and main research directions. The drugs that regulate these kinases or signaling pathways have been studied in clinical and preclinical settings. In this review, we summarized the major gene mutations, gene rearrangements and abnormal activation of signaling pathways that led to radioiodine resistance of RAIR-DTC, as well as the medicine that have been tested in clinical and preclinical trials.