Protective Effect of Red Light-Emitting Diode against UV-B Radiation-Induced Skin Damage in SKH:HR-2 Hairless Mice.

In this in vivo study on hairless mice, we examined the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) treatment applied prior to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. We found that pre-treating with LED improved skin morphological and histopathological conditions compared to those only exposed to UVB irradiation. In our study, histological evaluation of collagen and elastic fibers after LED treatment prior to UVB irradiation showed that this pretreatment significantly enhanced the quality of fibers, which were otherwise poor in density and irregularly arranged due to UV exposure alone. This suggests that LED treatment promotes collagen and elastin production, leading to improved skin properties. Additionally, we observed an increase in Claudin-1 expression and a reduction in nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) expression within the LED-treated skin tissues, suggesting that LED therapy may modulate key skin barrier proteins and oxidative stress markers. These results demonstrate that pretreatment with LED light can enhance the skin's resistance to UVB-induced damage by modulating gene regulation associated with skin protection. Further investigations are needed to explore the broader biological effects of LED therapy on other tissues such as blood vessels. This study underscores the potential of LED therapy as a non-invasive approach to enhance skin repair and counteract the effects of photoaging caused by UV exposure.

Protective Potential of a Botanical-Based Supplement Ingredient against the Impact of Environmental Pollution on Cutaneous and Cardiopulmonary Systems: Preclinical Study.

Air pollution is a growing threat to human health. Airborne pollution effects on respiratory, cardiovascular and skin health are well-established. The main mechanisms of air-pollution-induced health effects involve oxidative stress and inflammation. The present study evaluates the potential of a polyphenol-enriched food supplement ingredient comprising Lippia citriodora, Olea europaea, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Sophora japonica extracts in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental pollution on skin and cardiopulmonary systems. Both in vitro and ex vivo studies were used to assess the blend's effects against pollution-induced damage. In these studies, the botanical blend was found to reduce lipid peroxidation, inflammation (by reducing IL-1α), and metabolic alterations (by regulating MT-1H, AhR, and Nrf2 expression) in human skin explants exposed to a mixture of pollutants. Similar results were also observed in keratinocytes exposed to urban dust. Moreover, the ingredient significantly reduced pollutant-induced ROS production in human endothelial cells and lung fibroblasts, while downregulating the expression of apoptotic genes (bcl-2 and bax) in lung fibroblasts. Additionally, the blend counteracted the effect of urban dust on the heart rate in zebrafish embryos. These results support the potential use of this supplement as an adjuvant method to reduce the impact of environmental pollution on the skin, lungs, and cardiovascular tissues.

Chronic skin damage induces small intestinal damage via IL-13-induced apoptosis.

The gut-skin axis has recently been widely recognized, and both the gut and skin have been found to affect each other through a bidirectional connection; however, the precise mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of chronic skin damage (CSD) on mouse intestines. Following the CSD model, 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate was applied to the back-shaved murine skin six times for 2 weeks after tape stripping. The small and large intestines were analyzed histologically and immunologically, respectively. Intestinal permeability was measured using fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated-dextran. The role of interleukin-13 (IL-13) in the ileum was investigated using an anti-IL-13 antibody. Apoptotic intestinal cells were analyzed using TUNEL staining. Villus atrophy was observed in the small intestine in the CSD model, along with increased permeability. Mast cells, but not T cells, eosinophils, or innate lymph cell-2, were increased in the intestinal mucosa. However, no significant changes were observed in the large intestine. mRNA expression of IL-13 was increased only in the ileum of the CSD model. Apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells were significantly increased in the ileum of the CSD model. Administration of an anti-IL-13 antibody ameliorated the intestinal damage caused by CSD, along with decreased apoptotic cells and mast cell infiltration. Skin damage causes morphological changes in the small intestine, accompanied by increased intestinal permeability, possibly through the IL-13-induced apoptosis of mast cells in the epithelium. Surfactant-mediated mechanical skin damage can cause a leaky gut.

Blue light protection factor: a method to assess the protective efficacy of cosmetics against blue light-induced skin damage in the Chinese population.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that visible light (VL), especially blue light (BL), could cause significant skin damage. With the emergence of VL protection products, a harmonization of light protection methods has been proposed, but it has not been widely applied in the Chinese population. OBJECTIVE: Based on this framework, we propose an accurate and simplified method to evaluate the efficacy of BL photoprotection for the Chinese population. METHODS: All subjects (n = 30) were irradiated daily using a blue LED light for four consecutive days. Each irradiation dose was 3/4 MPPD (minimum persistent pigmentation darkening). The skin pigmentation parameters, including L*, M, and ITA°, were recorded. We proposed the blue light protection factor (BPF) metric based on the skin pigmentation parameters to evaluate the anti-blue light efficacies of different products. RESULTS: We found that the level of pigmentation rose progressively and linearly as blue light exposure increased. We proposed a metric, BPF, to reflect the anti-blue light efficacy of products based on the linear changes in skin pigment characteristics following daily BL exposure. Moreover, we discovered that the BPF metric could clearly distinguish the anti-blue light efficacies between two products and the control group, suggesting that BPF is an efficient and simple-to-use metric for anti-blue light evaluation. CONCLUSION: Our study proposed an accurate and simplified method with an easy-to-use metric, BPF, to accurately characterize the anti-blue light efficacies of cosmetic products, providing support for further development of anti-blue light cosmetics.

How to fight acute sun damage? Current skin care strategies.

Excessive exposure to sunlight can contribute for skin photo-damage, such as sunburn, dryness, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, immunosuppressive events and skin sensitization reactions. The use of aftersun products is an effective strategy to reduce the visible signs and symptoms of acute photodamage in the skin. Aiming to unveil the active ingredients able to offset acute sun damage, this work focuses on the characterization of the aftersun products market. A total of 84 after-sun formulations from 41 international brands currently marketed in Portugal were analyzed concerning the composition described on the product label, identifying natural and synthetic/semi-synthetic ingredients with the ability to mitigate solar-induced effects. The majority of aftersun formulations contained ingredients derived from terrestrial and marine sources (> 80%). An in-depth examination of these compounds is also offered, revealing the top of the most used natural and synthetic/semi-synthetic ingredients present in aftersun products, as well as their mechanism of action. A critical appraisal of the scientific data was made aiming to highlight the scientific evidence of ingredients able to mitigate skin photodamage. Amino acids and peptides, and A. barbadensis extract were tested for their in vivo efficacy. Nevertheless, all the ingredients were analyzed with in vitro studies as preliminary screening before in vivo, ex vivo and/or clinical studies. In summary, this study provides an overview of the use of active ingredients in commercial aftersun products to understand better the benefits associated with their use in cosmetic formulations and identify opportunities for innovation.

Introducing the model of repeated exposure of skin to antiseptics: Randomised pilot trial.

INTRODUCTION: Intensified hand hygiene measures were recommended for preventing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. However, these measures can lead to skin damage and the development of hand eczema, particularly among health professionals. OBJECTIVES: This pilot study aimed to evaluate the effects of repeated antiseptic use on healthy skin under controlled conditions and to assess the emollient use. METHODS: Twelve healthy volunteers (nine females, age = 22.3 ± 2.8 years (mean ± SD), Fitzpatrick phototypes II and III) with no skin diseases were recruited. Antiseptic was applied daily for 3 weeks on the volar sides of forearms. Emollient cream was also applied daily. Skin assessments were performed using non-invasive methods (transepidermal water loss-TEWL, skin hydration, erythema and melanin content). RESULTS: Prolonged antiseptic use increased TEWL, decreased hydration and elevated erythema and melanin levels. Emollient cream significantly reduced TEWL and improved hydration on antiseptic-treated sites, and also enhanced hydration on intact skin. CONCLUSIONS: Prolonged use of antiseptics can have adverse effects on the skin, including barrier disruption and inflammation. Emollient showed promise in improving skin hydration and reducing the damage caused by antiseptics. Further research with a larger sample is needed to confirm these findings and assess emollient efficacy during frequent antiseptic use.

Morroniside repairs atrazine-induced skin damage by ameliorating lipid metabolism disorders and inhibiting ferroptosis.

Morroniside (MOR) has shown great potential in treating atrazine (ATZ)-induced skin damage. This study aims to elucidate MOR's mechanism of action in mitigating lipid metabolism disorders and inhibiting ferroptosis to repair ATZ-induced skin damage. Twenty C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: the control group, the ATZ group, the MOR-H group and the MOR-L group, each comprising five mice. Following a one-month intervention, mouse skin tissues were harvested for untargeted lipid metabolomics analysis. Subsequently, the samples were assessed for indices related to ferroptosis. Untargeted lipid metabolomics analysis showed 127 differential metabolites in the ATZ vs. Ctrl group. There were 57 differential metabolites in the MOR-L vs. ATZ group. 34 differential metabolites in the MOR-H vs. ATZ group. the most obvious lipid reversal occurred after MOR-L administration, which primarily involved phospholipids, ceramides, and sphingomyelins. The levels of GPX4, Ferritin, MDA, SOD and GSH-PX, ferroptosis-related indicators, and the levels of p21 and p53, apoptosis-related indicators, were most significantly regressed in the MOR-L group (all P < 0.05). MOR may delay cellular aging and correct skin damage by reversing ATZ-induced lipid metabolism disorders, inhibiting ferroptosis and excessive oxidative stress occurrence.

Deep learning automatically assesses 2-µm laser-induced skin damage OCT images.

The present study proposed a noninvasive, automated, in vivo assessment method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and deep learning techniques to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the biological effects of 2-µm laser-induced skin damage at different irradiation doses. Different doses of 2-µm laser irradiation established a mouse skin damage model, after which the skin-damaged tissues were imaged non-invasively in vivo using OCT. The acquired images were preprocessed to construct the dataset required for deep learning. The deep learning models used were U-Net, DeepLabV3+, PSP-Net, and HR-Net, and the trained models were used to segment the damage images and further quantify the damage volume of mouse skin under different irradiation doses. The comparison of the qualitative and quantitative results of the four network models showed that HR-Net had the best performance, the highest agreement between the segmentation results and real values, and the smallest error in the quantitative assessment of the damage volume. Based on HR-Net to segment the damage image and quantify the damage volume, the irradiation doses 5.41, 9.55, 13.05, 20.85, 32.71, 52.92, 76.71, and 97.24 J/cm² corresponded to a damage volume of 4.58, 12.56, 16.74, 20.88, 24.52, 30.75, 34.13, and 37.32 mm³. The damage volume increased in a radiation dose-dependent manner.

The Effects of a New Wireless Non-Adhesive Cardiorespiratory Monitoring Device on the Skin Conditions of Preterm Infants.

AIM: The aim of our study was to investigate skin conditions when wearing and removing a novel wireless non-adhesive cardiorespiratory monitoring device for neonates (Bambi-Belt) compared to standard adhesive electrodes. STUDY DESIGN: This was a prospective study including preterm neonates requiring cardiorespiratory monitoring. Besides standard electrodes, the infants wore a Bambi Belt for 10 consecutive days. Their skin conditions were assessed using Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL) and the Neonatal Skin Condition Score (NSCS) after daily belt and standard electrode removal. The ∆TEWL was calculated as the difference between the TEWL at the device's location (Bambi-Belt/standard electrode) and the adjacent control skin location, with a higher ∆TEWL indicating skin damage. RESULTS: A total of 15 infants (gestational age (GA): 24.1-35.6 wk) were analyzed. The ΔTEWL significantly increased directly after electrode removal (10.95 ± 9.98 g/m2/h) compared to belt removal (5.18 ± 6.71 g/m2/h; F: 8.73, p = 0.004) and after the washout period (3.72 ± 5.46 g/m2/h vs. 1.86 ± 3.35 g/m2/h; F: 2.84, p = 0.09), although the latter did not reach statistical significance. The TEWL was not influenced by prolonged belt wearing. No significant differences in the NSCS score were found between the belt and electrode (OR: 0.69, 95% CI [0.17, 2.88], p = 0.6). CONCLUSION: A new wireless non-adhesive device for neonatal cardiorespiratory monitoring was well tolerated in preterm infants and may be less damaging during prolonged wearing.

Pilose Antler Protein Relieves UVB-Induced HaCaT Cells and Skin Damage.

Extended exposure to UVB (280-315 nm) radiation results in oxidative damage and inflammation of the skin. Previous research has demonstrated that pilose antler extracts have strong anti-inflammatory properties and possess antioxidant effects. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of pilose antler protein in repairing photodamage caused by UVB radiation in HaCaT cells and ICR mice. Pilose antler protein (PAP) was found to increase the expression of type I collagen and hyaluronic acid in HaCaT cells under UVB irradiation while also inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress in vitro. In vivo, the topical application of pilose antler protein effectively attenuated UVB-induced skin damage in ICR mice by reducing interleukin-1ß (IL-ß), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and inhibiting skin inflammation while alleviating UVB-induced oxidative stress. It was shown that pilose antler protein repaired UVB-induced photodamage through the MAPK and TGF-ß/Smad pathways.

Prevention and care for moisture-associated skin damage: A scoping review.

OBJECTIVE: Moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) is an inflammatory skin condition caused by long-term exposure to a moist environment, which can compromise the integrity of the barrier and increase pain. This scoping review aimed to systematically analyze the research status of prevention and care for MASD. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for relevant articles until March 2023. RESULTS: Based on eligibility criteria, 34 research studies and review articles were included. The prevalence of MASD varies greatly in different medical environments and patient groups. The high-risk factors included prolonged exposure to excessive water, chemical irritation such as urine or feces, mechanical factors such as friction or improper removal of medical adhesives and local bacterial colonization. Prevention measures mainly include avoiding skin exposure to moisture, skin cleansing, moisturizing and the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. CONCLUSION: A variety of factors have an impact on MASD. Nurses should select suitable tools to screen high-risk patients and take targeted preventive measures according to the related types of skin injury to reduce the incidence of MASD.

Formulation and Characterization of Ethosomes for Transdermal Delivery of Prinsepia Utilis Rogle Seed Oil with Ameliorative Effects against UVB-Induced Skin Damage.

Prinsepia utilis seed oil (PUSO) is a natural medication obtained from Prinsepia utilis Rogle seed, which has been used for the treatment of skin diseases. The study aims to prepare ethosomes with high drug loading as a water-soluble transdermal vehicle to enhance the transdermal delivery of PUSO. PUSO-loaded ethosomes (PEs) were prepared using a cold method, and optimized by an orthogonal experimental design with entrapment efficiency (EE) as the dependent variable. The PEs prepared with the optimized formulation showed good stability, with a spherical shape under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), average particle size of 39.12 ± 0.85 nm, PDI of 0.270 ± 0.01, zeta potential of -11.3 ± 0.24 mV, and EE of 95.93 ± 0.43%. PEs significantly increased the skin deposition of PUSO compared to the PUSO suspension (P < 0.001). Moreover, the optimum formula showed significant ameliorative effects on ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-associated macroscopic and histopathological changes in mice skin. Therefore, PEs represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of UVB-induced skin inflammation, with the potential for industrialization.

Nursing care in patients with dependency-related skin injuries in the community: a scoping review.

PURPOSE: Dependency-related skin injuries (DRSI) occur in people who need a high level of support to carry out day-to-day activities. Owing to the ageing population, the number of people at risk of DRSI is increasing. Most wound care is performed by nurses in the community. This scoping review aimed to identify the extent of literature on nursing care for patients with or at risk of developing DRSI living in their own home. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scoping review was conducted. RESULTS: A total of 28 studies met the inclusion criteria and four main themes emerged: features of the community setting; wound types, causes and management; prevention strategies around aetiology and holistic care; care management and local wound care. CONCLUSION: Although most wounds occur in and are treated in the community, there is a paucity of research on wounds in this setting. The care of patients with DRSI in the community is complex and prevention according to the individual aetiology of each lesion is the key factor in wound care.

UV-induced skin's green autofluorescence is a biomarker for both non-invasive evaluations of the dosages of UV exposures of the skin and non-invasive prediction of UV-induced skin damage.

It is crucial to discover biomarkers for non-invasive evaluations of the dosages of UV exposures to a person during post-UV exposure period, and for non-invasive prediction of UV-induced skin damage. Our current study has obtained findings: UVB exposures produced dose-dependent increases in skin's green autofluorescence (AF) intensity of mice, which were significantly associated with the UVB dosages. The UVC-induced green AF increases were dose dependent, which were highly associated with the UVC dosages. Moreover, both previous reports and our current study have collectively shown significant association between UVB/UVC dosages and UVB/UVC-induced skin damage. Collectively, our study has indicated that the UVB/UVC-induced skin's AF are first biomarkers for both non-invasive evaluations of the dosages of UV exposures to a person during post-UV exposure period and non-invasive and label-free prediction of UVB/UVC-induced skin damage.

An experimental setup for proton irradiation of a murine leg model for radiobiological studies.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to introduce an experimental radiobiological setup used for in vivo irradiation of a mouse leg target in multiple positions along a proton beam path to investigate normal tissue- and tumor models with varying linear energy transfer (LET). We describe the dosimetric characterizations and an acute- and late-effect assay for normal tissue damage. METHODS: The experimental setup consists of a water phantom that allows the right hind leg of three to five mice to be irradiated at the same time. Absolute dosimetry using a thimble (Semiflex) and a plane parallel (Advanced Markus) ionization chamber and Monte Carlo simulations using Geant4 and SHIELD-HIT12A were applied for dosimetric validation of positioning along the spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) and at the distal edge and dose fall-off. The mice were irradiated in the center of the SOBP delivered by a pencil beam scanning system. The SOBP was 2.8 cm wide, centered at 6.9 cm depth, with planned physical single doses from 22 to 46 Gy. The biological endpoint was acute skin damage and radiation-induced late damage (RILD) assessed in the mouse leg. RESULTS: The dose-response curves illustrate the percentage of mice exhibiting acute skin damage, and at a later point, RILD as a function of physical doses (Gy). Each dose-response curve represents a specific severity score of each assay, demonstrating a higher ED50 (50% responders) as the score increases. Moreover, the results reveal the reversible nature of acute skin damage as a function of time and the irreversible nature of RILD as time progresses. CONCLUSIONS: We want to encourage researchers to report all experimental details of their radiobiological setups, including experimental protocols and model descriptions, to facilitate transparency and reproducibility. Based on this study, more experiments are being performed to explore all possibilities this radiobiological experimental setup permits.

Guarding skin under PPE: Mechanistic insights and technological innovations.

In the presence of diseases transmitted through respiratory droplets and direct contact, healthcare workers (HCWs) necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). For optimal safety, PPE should securely conform to the skin during extended wear. However, conventional PPE often lacks adequate air permeability and hygroscopicity, trapping heat and moisture emitted by the body within the enclosure. Such a hot and humid internal environment can induce skin damage, such as erythema, rash, pruritus, and itching among others, leading to microbial growth on the skin surface, the production of inflammatory mediators at the wound site and an increased risk of infection. This review strives to comprehensively elucidate the fundamental mechanisms triggering adverse skin reactions and their resultant manifestations. Furthermore, we explore recent advancements aimed at inhibiting these mechanisms to effectively mitigate the occurrence of skin lesions.

The diagnosis, management and prevention of intertrigo in adults: a review.

Intertrigo is a common inflammatory skin disorder caused by skin-on-skin friction in skin folds, due to moisture becoming trapped because of poor air circulation. This can occur in any area of the body where two skin surfaces are in close contact with each other. The aim of this scoping review was to systematically map, review and synthesise evidence on intertrigo in adults. We identified a wide range of evidence and performed a narrative integration of this related to the diagnosis, management and prevention of intertrigo. A literature search was conducted within the following databases: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed and EMBASE. After reviewing articles for duplicates and relevance, 55 articles were included. The incorporation of intertrigo in the ICD-11 provides a clear definition and should improve the accuracy of estimates. With regards to the diagnosis, prevention and management of intertrigo, the literature demonstrates consensus among health professionals in approach and this forms the basis for the recommendations of this review: identify predisposing factors and educate patient in reducing these; educate patients in skin fold management and adopt structured skin care routine; treat secondary infection with appropriate topical agent; consider using moisture-wicking textiles within skin folds to reduce skin-on-skin friction, wick away moisture and reduce secondary infection. Overall, the quality of evidence on which to determine the strength of any recommendations for practice remains low. There remains the need for well-designed studies to test proposed interventions and build a robust evidence base.

Development of prone positioning and skin damage prevention digital education: the PRONEtect project.

OBJECTIVE: The incidence of skin/tissue damage, such as pressure ulcers, remains high in mechanically ventilated patients in the prone position. According to guidelines, critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) should be prone for at least 12-16 hours to improve oxygenation and decrease mortality. Therefore, educating clinicians on how to reposition and manage the patient safely in a prone position plays a vital role in preventing adverse events. This project aimed to develop accessible online educational content to assist clinicians in safely executing the prone manoeuvre and minimise skin/tissue damage. METHOD: The development of the educational content was based on: a gap analysis and comprehensive review of available educational resources; evidence-based scientific literature; advice from international experts; and a qualitative study exploring the learning needs of 20 clinicians in Belgium and Sweden between February-August 2022. RESULTS: Volunteer clinicians assisted with the creation of eight simulation videos which were professionally filmed and edited. The interactive videos included the supine-to-prone and prone-to-supine manoeuvres, endotracheal and nasogastric tube securement, eye care, stoma care, protecting high-risk areas from pressure damage, and incontinence-associated dermatitis prevention. A prone positioning protocol, a checklist summarising the key aspects of the protocol, and teaching aids (slide deck for didactic lecturing) were developed and validated by a review of the relevant evidence-based literature and the international expert panel. A website was designed to host the content, with free user access, at www.pronetection.com. CONCLUSION: Education is one strategy towards prevention of complications of prone positioning. Accessible education could assist clinicians unfamiliar with prone positioning or current clinicians requiring refresher training to safely manage patients in this position.

Prevention of skin damages related to personal protective equipment among healthcare workers: Summary of best-evidence practiced strategies.

AIM: To conduct a quality evaluation of the literature for the prevention of skin damage caused by personal protective equipment among healthcare workers and to summarise the best-evidence practice strategies to prevent it. DESIGN: Review. METHODS: Two researchers retrieved the literature from Web of Science, Public Medicine, etc., from the establishment of the database until 24 June 2022. Appraisal of Guidelines, Research and Evaluation II was used to assess the methodological quality of the guidelines. Expert consensus was assessed by the 2016 version of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-based Health Care Center corresponding evaluation standards. By tracking the original study, the quality of practice recommendations and best-practice evidence information sheets were evaluated by the 2016 version of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute Evidence-based Health Care Center corresponding evaluation standards. The classification of evidence and recommendation level adopted the 2014 version of the Australian Joanna Briggs Institute evidence pre-grading and recommending level system. RESULTS: A total of 5476 studies were retrieved after duplications were eliminated. After the quality evaluation, 10 qualified studies were finally included. All consisted of two guidelines, one best practice information sheet, five practice recommendations, and one expert consensus. The evaluation results of the guidelines were both B-level recommendations. The consistency strength of expert consensus was moderate (Cohen's kappa coefficient = .571). Thirty best-evidence practised strategies were compiled for four elements, including cleaning, moisturising, prophylactic dressings and others. CONCLUSION: Our study evaluated the quality of the included studies and summarised the preventive measures of PPE-related skin lesions according to the recommendation level. The main preventive measures were divided into 4 parts and 30 items. However, the associated literature was rare, and the quality was slightly low. More high-quality research is needed to focus on healthcare workers' health and not just skin in the future.

Protective Effect of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids Isolated from an Antarctic Diatom on UVB-Induced Skin Damage.

Although it is well recognized that mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) are ultraviolet (UV) protective agents that can reduce UV damage, the specific biological mechanism of its role in the skin remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of MAAs extracted from Antarctic diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum ICE-H on UVB-induced skin damage using a mice model. The MAAs components identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry included 4-deoxygadusol, shinorine, and porphyra-334, which were purified using a Supledean Carboxen1000 solid phase extraction column. The antioxidant activities of these MAA compounds were tested in vitro. For UVB-induced skin photodamage in mice, MAAs alleviated skin swelling and epidermal thickening in this study. We detected the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde, and collagen in skin tissue. In addition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1ß, cyclooxygenase-2, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase, and p38 kinase), and matrix metalloproteinases. The expression of these cytokines and enzymes is related to inflammatory responses and collagen degradation. In comparison to the model group without MAA treatment, the MAA component decreased the concentration of ROS, the degree of oxidative stress in the skin tissue, and the expression of genes involved in the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. In summary, these MAA components extracted from Phaeodactylum tricornutum ICE-H protected against UVB-induced skin damage by inhibiting ROS generation, relieving skin inflammation, and slowing down collagen degradation, suggesting that these MAA components are effective cosmetic candidate molecules for the protection and therapy of UVB damage.