Disseminated Leishmaniasis, a Severe Form of Leishmania braziliensis Infection.

Disseminated leishmaniasis (DL) is an emergent severe disease manifesting with multiple lesions. To determine the relationship between immune response and clinical and therapeutic outcomes, we studied 101 DL and 101 cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases and determined cytokines and chemokines in supernatants of mononuclear cells stimulated with leishmania antigen. Patients were treated with meglumine antimoniate (20 mg/kg) for 20 days (CL) or 30 days (DL); 19 DL patients were instead treated with amphotericin B, miltefosine, or miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate. High levels of chemokine ligand 9 were associated with more severe DL. The cure rate for meglumine antimoniate was low for both DL (44%) and CL (60%), but healing time was longer in DL (p = 0.003). The lowest cure rate (22%) was found in DL patients with >100 lesions. However, meglumine antimoniate/miltefosine treatment cured all DL patients who received it; therefore, that combination should be considered as first choice therapy.

Topical application of ozonated sunflower oil accelerates the healing of lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice under meglumine antimoniate treatment.

Besides being scarce, the drugs available for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis have many adverse effects. Ozone is an option to enhance the standard treatment due to the wound-healing activity reported in the literature. In this study, we evaluated the efficiency of ozonated sunflower oil as an adjuvant in treating cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania amazonensis. BALB/c mice were infected with L. amazonensis, and after the lesions appeared, they were treated in four different schedules using the drug treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®), with or without ozonated oil. After thirty days of treatment, the lesions' thickness and their parasitic burden, blood leukocytes, production of NO and cytokines from peritoneal macrophages and lymph node cells were analyzed. The group treated with ozonated oil plus meglumine antimoniate showed the best performance, improving the lesion significantly. The parasitic burden showed that ozonated oil enhanced the leishmanicidal activity of the treatment, eliminating the parasites in the lesion. Besides, a decrease in the TNF levels from peritoneal macrophages and blood leukocytes demonstrated an immunomodulatory action of ozone in the ozonated oil-treated animals compared to the untreated group. Thus, ozonated sunflower oil therapy has been shown as an adjuvant in treating Leishmania lesions since this treatment enhanced the leishmanicidal and wound healing effects of meglumine antimoniate.

Comparison of Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate versus Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate for the Treatment of Leishmania major Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

Israel is endemic for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis. The most common species is Leishmania major. However, the available treatment options are limited. This study's objective was to compare the authors' experience with different antimony intralesional treatments of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. A retrospective evaluation was undertaken for cases of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by pentavalent antimony in a university-affiliated medical centre in Israel. The previous treatment of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) was compared with the current treatment of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®). One hundred cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated during the study period, of whom 33 were treated with intralesional sodium stibogluconate and 67 were treated with intralesional meglumine antimoniate. The patients were 78 males and 22 females, mean age 24 (range 10-67) and there was a total of 354 skin lesions. Within 3 months from treatment, 91% (30/33) of the intralesional sodium stibogluconate group and 88% (59/67) of the intralesional meglumine antimoniate group had complete healing of the cutaneous lesions after an average of 3 treatment cycles (non-statistically significant). In conclusion, the 2 different medications have the same efficacy and safety for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimoniate intralesional infiltration treatment is safe, effective, and well tolerated with minimal side effects for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Geriatric cutaneous leishmaniasis: a retrospective analysis of 622 cases.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is most common in childhood because children are exposed to the parasite early and, unlike adults, do not have immunity to CL. Since CL is less common in geriatric patients, clinical and epidemiological data in this age group are limited. This study aims to compare the clinical and demographic characteristics of geriatric patients diagnosed with CL with young patients. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 622 patients aged 65 and over and 6350 patients aged 19-64, who applied to Sanliurfa Oriental Boil Diagnosis and Treatment Center between January 2013 and February 2024 and were diagnosed with CL by parasitological examination, were included. Clinical and demographic characteristics of patients diagnosed with CL, such as age, gender, location of the lesion, lesion size, duration of the lesion, and treatments applied due to the diagnosis of CL, were recorded. Clinical and demographic characteristics of geriatric and young patients were compared. RESULTS: The mean age of elderly CL cases was 72.95 ± 6.54 years, and 65.2% were female. The most common clinical forms were ulcers (51.9%) and plaques (41%), respectively, in young and elderly patients. The most common locations of the lesions were upper limbs (54.8%) in all patients. The most preferred treatment method was intralesional (IL) meglumine antimoniate (MA) treatment (98.3%) in all patients. There were no difference between young and elderly CL cases in terms of mean number of lesions, average lesion duration, average lesion size, lesion location, clinical forms of lesions, and treatments options (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of our study, it can be said that the clinical and demographic characteristics of CL are similar in young and old patients and systemic MA treatment shows similar clinical benefit in both age groups. In addition, it can be said that systemic MA therapy can be used safely in young patients and elderly patients without contraindications. IL MA therapy can be used in elderly patients where systemic MA therapy is contraindicated.

Phylogenetic analysis and antimony resistance of Leishmania major isolated from humans and rodents.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the world's neglected diseases which is caused by Leishmania spp. The aim of this study was to assess molecular profile and antimony resistance of Leishmania isolated from human and rodent hosts. Samples were collected from suspected CL patients referred to health centres and wild rodent's traps in Gonbad-e-Qabus region, north-eastern Iran. Smears were subjected to PCR-RFLP to identify Leishmania species. In addition, ITS1-PCR products were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Clinical isolates and rodent samples were subjected to MTT assay to determine IC50 values and in vitro susceptibilities. Expression levels of antimony resistance-related genes were determined in CL isolates. Out of 1,949 suspected patients with CL and 148 rodents, 1,704 (87.4%) and 6 (4.05%) were positive with direct smear, respectively. Digestion patterns of BusRI (HaeIII) endonuclease enzyme were similar to what expected for Leishmania major. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the highest interspecies similarity was found between current L. major sequences with L. major obtained from Russia and Uzbekistan. Out of 20 L. major samples tested, 13 (65%) were resistant to meglumine antimoniate (MA) treatment, with an activity index (AI) exceeding 4. The remaining 7 samples (35%) responded to MA treatment and were classified as sensitive isolates, with a confirmed sensitive phenotype based on their AI values. The comparison expression analysis of three major antimony resistance-associated genes in unresponsive clinical isolates demonstrated significant fold changes for TDR1 (4.78-fold), AQP1 (1.3-fold), and γ-GCS (1.17-fold) genes (P < 0.05). Herein, we demonstrate genetic diversity and antimony resistance of L. major isolated from human and reservoir hosts in north-eastern Iran, which could be the basis for planning future control strategies.

Leishmania spp. genetic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis antimony pentavalent drug resistance: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a neglected zoonosis caused by parasites of Leishmania spp. The main drug used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is the antimoniate of meglumine. This drug, which has strong adverse and toxic effects, is usually administered intravenously, further complicating the difficult treatment. Factors such as Leishmania gene expression and genomic mutations appear to play a role in the development of drug resistance. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review summarises the results of the literature evaluating parasite genetic markers possibly associated with resistance to pentavalent antimony in CL. METHODS: This study followed PRISMA guidelines and included articles from PubMed, SciELO, and LILACS databases. Inclusion criteria were studies that (i) investigated mutations in the genome and/or changes in gene expression of Leishmania associated with treatment resistance; (ii) used antimony drugs in the therapy of CL; (iii) used naturally resistant strains isolated from patients. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess article quality and risk of bias. FINDINGS: A total of 23 articles were selected, of which 18 investigated gene expression and nine genomic mutations. Of these 23 articles, four examined gene expression and genomic mutations in the same samples. Regarding gene expression, genes from the ABC transporter protein family, AQP1, MRPA, TDR1 and TRYR were most frequently associated with drug resistance. In one of the articles in which mutations were investigated, a mutation was found in HSP70 (T579A) and in three articles mutations were found in AQP1 (A516C, G562A and G700A). A limitation of this review is that in most of the included studies, parasites were isolated from cultured lesion samples and drug resistance was assessed using in vitro drug susceptibility testing. These approaches may not be ideal for accurate genetic evaluation and detection of treatment failure. MAIN CONCLUSIONS: The development of further studies to evaluate the genetic resistance factors of Leishmania spp. is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of the parasite and improve patient treatment and infection control.

Comparison of biosynthetic zinc oxide nanoparticle and glucantime cytotoxic effects on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER).

Currently, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles are used in nanotechnology to destroy a wide range of microorganisms. Although pentavalent antimony compounds are used as antileishmanial drugs, they are associated with several limitations and side effects. Therefore, it is always desirable to try to find new and effective treatments. The aim of this research is to determine the antileishmanial effect of ZnO particles in comparison to the Antimoan Meglumine compound on promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). After the extraction and purification of macrophages from the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice, L. major parasites were cultured in Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 culture medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) 10% and antibiotic. In this experimental study, the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles was investigated using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method, in comparison to the glucantime on promastigotes, amastigotes and healthy macrophages in the culture medium. The amount of light absorption of the obtained color from the regeneration of tetrazolium salt to the product color of formazan by the parasite was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader, and the IC50 value was calculated. IC50 after 24 h of incubation was calculated as IC50 = 358.6 µg/mL. The results showed, that the efficacy of ZnO nanoparticles was favorable and dose-dependent. The concentration of 500 µg/mL of ZnO nanoparticles induced 84.67% apoptosis after 72. Also, the toxicity of nanoparticles was less than the drug. Nanoparticles exert their cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis. They can be suitable candidates in the pharmaceutical industry in the future.

A Randomized, Controlled, Noninferiority, Multicenter Trial of Systemic vs Intralesional Treatment With Meglumine Antimoniate for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Meglumine antimoniate (MA) remains the main treatment for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Uncontrolled studies suggest that intralesional MA (IL-MA) may be noninferior and safer than systemic MA (S-MA). METHODS: Multicenter, randomized, controlled, open-label, phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of IL-MA in 3 infiltrations at 14-day intervals compared with S-MA (10-20 mg Sb5+/kg/day, 20 days) for CL, with noninferiority margin of 20%. Primary and secondary outcomes were definitive cure at day 180 and epithelialization rate at day 90 of treatment, respectively. A 2-year follow-up was performed to assess relapses and emergence of mucosal lesions. Adverse events (AEs) were monitored according to the Division of AIDS AE grading system. RESULTS: We evaluated 135 patients. The cure rates (95% confidence interval) for IL-MA and S-MA treatment were, respectively, 82.8% (70.5-91.4) and 67.8% (53.3-78.3) per protocol (PP) and 70.6% (58.3-81.0) and 59.7% (47.0-71.5) per intention to treat (ITT). The epithelialization rates of the IL-MA and S-MA treatment were, respectively, 79.3% (66.6-88 + 8) and 71.2% (57.9-82.2) PP and 69.1% (55.2-78.5) and 64.2% (50.0-74.2) ITT. AEs in the IL-MA and S-MA groups were, respectively, clinical, 45.6% and 80.6%; laboratory, 26.5% and 73.1%; and electrocardiogram, 8.8% and 25.4%. Ten participants in the S-MA group and 1 in the IL-MA group were discontinued due to severe or persistent AEs. CONCLUSIONS: IL-MA provides a similar cure rate and results in less toxicity compared with S-MA and may be used as first-line therapy for CL patients. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: REBEC: RBR-6mk5n4.

Quantum Dynamics and Bi Metal Force Field Parameterization Yielding Significant Antileishmanial Targets.

Amid emerging drug resistance to metal inhibitors, high toxicity, and onerous drug delivery procedures, the computational design of alternate formulations encompassing functional metal-containing compounds greatly relies on large-scale atomistic simulations. Simulations particularly with Au(I), Ag, Bi(V), and Sb(V) pose a major challenge to elucidate their molecular mechanism due to the absence of force field parameters. This study thus quantum mechanically derives force field parameters of Bi(V) as an extension of the previous experimental study conducted on heteroleptic triorganobismuth(V) biscarboxylates of type [BiR3(O2CR')2]. We have modeled two organo-bismuth(V) carboxylates, which are optimized and parameterized along with the famous pentavalent antimonial drug: meglumine antimoniate using quantum mechanics original Seminarian methods with the SBKJC effective core potential (ECP) basis set. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bismuth- and antimony-containing compounds in complex with two enzymes, trypanothione synthetase-amidase (TSA) and trypanothione reductase, are performed to target the (T(SH)2) pathway at multiple points. MD simulations provide novel insights into the binding mechanism of TSA and highlight the role of a single residue Arg569 in modulating the ligand dynamics. Moreover, the presence of an ortho group in a ligand is emphasized to facilitate interactions between Arg569 and the active site residue Arg313 for higher inhibitory activity of TSA. This preliminary generation of parameters specific to bismuth validated by simulations in replica will become a preamble of future computational and experimental research work to open avenues for newer and suitable drug targets.

Antiproliferative Activity and Ultrastructural Changes in Promastigote and Amastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis Caused by Limonene-Acylthiosemicarbazide Hybrids.

Leishmaniasis is a tropical zoonotic disease. It is found in 98 countries, with an estimated 1.3 million people being affected annually. During the life cycle, the Leishmania parasite alternates between promastigote and amastigote forms. The first line treatment for leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, such as N-methylglucamine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®). These drugs are commonly related to be associated with dangerous side effects such as cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and pancreatitis. Considering these aspects, this work aimed to obtain a new series of limonene-acylthiosemicarbazides hybrids as an alternative for the treatment of leishmaniasis. For this, promastigotes, axenic amastigotes, and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis were used in the antiproliferative assay; J774-A1 macrophages for the cytotoxicity assay; and electron microscopy techniques were performed to analyze the morphology and ultrastructure of parasites. ATZ-S-04 compound showed the best result in both tests. Its IC50 , in promastigotes, axenic amastigotes and intracellular amastigotes was 0.35±0.08 µM, 0.49±0.06 µM, and 15.90±2.88 µM, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay determined a CC50 of 16.10±1.76 µM for the same compound. By electron microscopy, it was observed that ATZ-S-04 affected mainly the Golgi complex, in addition to morphological changes in promastigote forms of L. amazonensis.

Clinicopathological characteristics of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in patients treated with TNF-α inhibitors.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing use of biologics in the treatment of inflammatory diseases has led to more cases of leishmaniasis in patients subjected to iatrogenic immunosuppression. The main objective was to describe the characteristics of the patients with cutaneous (CL) or mucocutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis who were receiving a biological therapy at the time of diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter retrospective study was design based on a cohort of patients diagnosed with CL or MCL. All patients who were being treated with biologicals were included. For each case, two matched non-exposed patients were included for comparison. RESULTS: 38 patients were diagnosed with CL or MCL while being treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors. Leishmaniasis presented more frequently as a plaque (58.3%) with a larger median lesion size (2.5 cm), ulceration (92.1%), and required a greater median number of intralesional meglumine antimoniate infiltrations (3 doses) (P < 0.05) than in non-exposed patients. We found no systemic involvement in patients being treated with anti-TNF-α. We did not find differences regarding the treatment characteristics whether biologic therapy was modified or not. CONCLUSIONS: Although management should be individualized, maintenance of biologic therapy does not seem to interfere with treatment of CL or MCL.

Long-term follow-up of a case of feline leishmaniosis treated with a combination of allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate.

A 9-year-old domestic cat, positive for antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), was brought to a veterinary clinic with alopecia, ulcerative skin lesions, and upper respiratory tract (URT) signs. This was after being treated for suspected allergic dermatitis, without clinical improvement, for 2 y. Biopsy of the skin and fine-needle aspirates of the spleen and of the lymph nodes were taken which detected the presence of Leishmania amastigotes. Leishmania infection was further confirmed by detection of a high titer of anti-Leishmania antibodies (≥ 3200) with an indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) serology. After the diagnosis of feline leishmaniosis (FeL) was made, allopurinol and meglumine antimoniate were started and led to quick and complete clinical improvement. After 7 mo, allopurinol administration was briefly interrupted but was resumed following relapse of the skin lesions. One month later, the cat was treated for suspected acute kidney injury, which prompted reduction of the total daily dose of allopurinol by 50%. The cat remained clinically well, with complete resolution of the cutaneous and URT signs, for nearly 24 mo after the diagnosis of FeL; at which point it was euthanized for worsening cardiac disease. To our knowledge, this represents a rare case of successful treatment of FeL with a suspected nephrotoxic effect associated with long-term use of allopurinol. Further studies are required to clarify the relationship, if any, between leishmaniosis and congestive heart failure in cats.

Suivi à long terme d'un cas de leishmaniose féline traité par une association d'allopurinol et d'antimoniate de méglumine. Un chat domestique de 9 ans, positif pour les anticorps contre le virus de l'immunodéficience féline (FIV), a été présenté dans une clinique vétérinaire avec une alopécie, des lésions cutanées ulcéreuses et des signes des voies respiratoires supérieures (URT). Ceci après avoir été traité pour une suspicion de dermatite allergique sans amélioration clinique, pendant 2 ans. Une biopsie de la peau et des ponctions à l'aiguille fine de la rate et des ganglions lymphatiques ont été réalisées et ont détecté la présence d'amastigotes de Leishmania. L'infection à Leishmania a été confirmée par la détection d'un titre élevé d'anticorps sériques anti-Leishmania (≥ 3200) par une technique d'immunofluorescence indirecte (IFAT). Après le diagnostic de leishmaniose féline (FeL), un traitement à l'allopurinol et l'antimoniate de méglumine a été instauré et a entraîné une amélioration clinique rapide et complète. Après 7 mois, l'administration d'allopurinol a été brièvement interrompue mais a été reprise après la rechute des lésions cutanées. Un mois plus tard, le chat a été traité pour une lésion rénale aiguë suspectée, ce qui a entraîné une réduction de 50 % de la dose quotidienne totale d'allopurinol. Le chat est resté cliniquement en bonne santé, avec une résolution complète des signes cutanés et urinaires, pendant près de 24 mois après le diagnostic de FeL; à quel point il a été euthanasié pour aggravation de la maladie cardiaque.À notre connaissance, ceci représente un cas rare de traitement réussi de FeL avec un effet néphrotoxique suspecté associé à une utilisation à long terme d'allopurinol. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour clarifier la relation, le cas échéant, entre la leishmaniose et l'insuffisance cardiaque congestive chez les chats.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Leishmania amazonensis from distinct clinical forms/hosts has polymorphisms in Lipophosphoglycans, displays variations in immunomodulatory properties and, susceptibility to antileishmanial drugs.

Lipophosphoglycan (LPG), the major Leishmania glycoconjugate, induces pro-inflammatory/immunosuppressive innate immune responses. Here, we evaluated functional/biochemical LPG properties from six Leishmania amazonensis strains from different hosts/clinical forms. LPGs from three strains (GV02, BA276, and LV79) had higher pro-inflammatory profiles for most of the mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6. For this reason, glycoconjugates from all strains were biochemically characterized and had polymorphisms in their repeat units. They consisted of three types: type I, repeat units devoid of side chains; type II, containing galactosylated side chains; and type III, containing glucosylated side chains. No relationship was observed between LPG type and the pro-inflammatory properties. Finally, to evaluate the susceptibility against antileishmanial agents, two strains with high (GV02, BA276) and one with low (BA336) pro-inflammatory activity were selected for chemotherapeutic tests in THP-1 cells. All analyzed strains were susceptible to amphotericin B (AmB) but displayed various responses against miltefosine (MIL) and glucantime (GLU). The GV02 strain (canine visceral leishmaniasis) had the highest IC50 for MIL (3.34 µM), whereas diffuse leishmaniasis strains (BA276 and BA336) had a higher IC50 for GLU (6.87-12.19 mM). The highest IC50 against MIL shown by the GV02 strain has an impact on clinical management. Miltefosine is the only drug approved for dog treatment in Brazil. Further studies into drug susceptibility of L. amazonensis strains are warranted, especially in areas where dog infection by this species overlaps with those caused by Leishmania infantum.

Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) exacerbates dermal lesions caused by Leishmania major and comparatively unresponsive to meglumine antimoniate treatment.

PURPOSE: The present study investigated the possible role of Leishmania RNA virus 2 (LRV2) in the severity of dermal lesions and treatment failure due to Leishmania major. METHODS: The drug susceptibility of 14 clinical isolates of L.major, including resistant (n = 7) and sensitive (n = 7) isolates, was checked in the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. The presence of LRV2 among isolates was investigated by the RdRp gene and semi-nested PCR. Moreover, 1 × 106 sensitive L. major LRV2+ and LRV2- promastigotes were inoculated subcutaneously into the base tails of the 40 BALB/c mice divided into 4 groups (n = 10 in each group), including clinical LRV2+, clinical LRV2-, positive control LRV2+ and negative control LRV2-. The groups were infected with a unique isolate. The lesion size and parasite burden were evaluated. RESULTS: Sensitive and resistant isolates were determined by the drug susceptibility method. A higher presence of LRV2 was observed among MA-resistant isolates (6/7) compared with susceptible isolates (4/7), which was not statistically significant (P = 0.237). On the other hand, a comparison of the lesion sizes between the LRV2+ and LRV2- BALB/c mice groups revealed that the mean size of the lesion in the LRV2+ groups was significantly higher than the LRV2- (P = 0.034). In the same direction, there was an increased parasite burden in mice inoculated with LRV2+ groups compared with the LRV2- BALB/c mice groups (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings showed that the presence of LRV2 could be one of the factors contributing to exacerbating CL. Although we found a higher presence of LRV2 in the resistant isolates, it seems that further investigations are recommended to determine the detailed association between lesions' aggravation and being comparatively unresponsive to treatment.

Eugenol derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole moieties: Oral treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and a quantitative structure-activity relationship model for their leishmanicidal activity.

Leishmaniasis is a group of neglected vector-borne tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that multiply within phagocytic cells and have a wide range of clinical manifestations. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious public health that affects more than 98 countries, putting 350 million people at risk. There are no vaccines that have been proven to prevent CL, and the treatment relies on drugs that often have severe side effects, justifying the search for new antileishmanial treatments. In the present investigation, it is demonstrated that 4-(3-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole (7k) presents significant antileishmanial activity (IC50 of 7.4 µmol L-1 and 1.6 µmol L-1 for promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively), low cytotoxicity against macrophage cells (IC50 of 211.9 µmol L-1), and a selective index of 132.5. Under similar conditions, compound 7k outperformed glucantime and pentamidine, two commonly used drugs in clinics. In vivo assays on CL-infected female BALB/c mice demonstrated that compound 7k had activity similar to intralesional glucantime when administered orally, with decreased lesion and parasitic load, and a low systemic toxic effect. Given the importance of understanding the relationship between compound structure and biological activity in the research and development of new drugs, the development of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for the leishmanicidal activity presented by the eugenol derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole functionalities is also described herein. This study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of orally active eugenol derivatives against CL and provides useful insights into the relationship between the chemical structures of triazolic eugenol derivatives and their biological profile.

Global distribution of treatment resistance gene markers for leishmaniasis.

BACKGROUND: Pentavalent antimonials (Sb(V)) such as meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®) and sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) are used as first-line treatments for leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with second-line drugs such as amphotericin B (Amp B), miltefosine (MIL), methotrexate (MTX), or cryotherapy. Therapeutic aspects of these drugs are now challenged because of clinical resistance worldwide. METHODS: We reviewedthe recent original studies were assessed by searching in electronic databases such as Scopus, Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science. RESULTS: Studies on molecular biomarkers involved in drug resistance are essential for monitoring the disease. We reviewed genes and mechanisms of resistance to leishmaniasis, and the geographical distribution of these biomarkers in each country has also been thoroughly investigated. CONCLUSION: Due to the emergence of resistant genes mainly in anthroponotic Leishmania species such as L. donovani and L. tropica, as the causative agents of ACL and AVL, respectively, selection of an appropriate treatment modality is essential. Physicians should be aware of the presence of such resistance for the selection of proper treatment modalities in endemic countries.

Influence of Obesity on Clinical Manifestations and Response to Therapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania braziliensis.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis is characterized by a single ulcer or multiple cutaneous lesions with raised borders. Cure rates <60% are observed in response to meglumine antimoniate therapy. We investigated the impact of obesity on CL clinical presentation and therapeutic response. METHODS: A total of 90 age-matched patients with CL were included (30 obese, 30 overweight, and 30 with normal body mass index [BMI]). CL was diagnosed through documentation of L. braziliensis DNA by polymerase chain reaction or identification of amastigotes in biopsied skin-lesion samples. Serum cytokine levels were determined by chemiluminescence. Antimony therapy with Glucantime (Sanofi-Aventis; 20 mg/kg/day) was administered for 20 days. RESULTS: Obese CL patients may present hypertrophic ulcers rather than typical oval, ulcerated lesions. A direct correlation between BMI and healing time was noted. After 1 course of antimony, cure was achieved in 73% of patients with normal BMI, 37% of overweight subjects, yet just 18% of obese CL patients (P < .01). Obese CL cases additionally presented higher leptin levels than overweight patients or those with normal BMI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity modifies the clinical presentation of CL and host immune response and is associated with greater failure to therapy.

Immuno-pharmacokinetics of Meglumine Antimoniate in Patients With Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania (Viannia).

BACKGROUND: Control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) relies on chemotherapy, yet gaps in our understanding of the determinants of therapeutic outcome impede optimization of antileishmanial drug regimens. Pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of antimicrobials are based on the relationship between drug concentrations/exposure and microbial kill. However, viable Leishmania persist in a high proportion of individuals despite clinical resolution, indicating that determinants other than parasite clearance are involved in drug efficacy. METHODS: In this study, the profiles of expression of neutrophils, monocytes, Th1 and Th17 gene signatures were characterized in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during treatment with meglumine antimoniate (MA) and clinical cure of human CL caused by Leishmania (Viannia). We explored relationships of immune gene expression with plasma and intracellular antimony (Sb) concentrations. RESULTS: Our findings show a rapid and orchestrated modulation of gene expression networks upon exposure to MA. We report nonlinear pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationships of Sb and gene expression dynamics in PBMCs , concurring with a time lag in the detection of intracellular drug concentrations and with PK evidence of intracellular Sb accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results quantitatively portray the immune dynamics of therapeutic healing, and provide the knowledge base for optimization of antimonial drug treatments, guiding the selection and/or design of targeted drug delivery systems and strategies for targeted immunomodulation.

AgNP-PVP-meglumine antimoniate nanocomposite reduces Leishmania amazonensis infection in macrophages.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania and presents different clinical manifestations. The adverse effects, immunosuppression and resistant strains associated with this disease necessitate the development of new drugs. Nanoparticles have shown potential as alternative antileishmanial drugs. We showed in a previous study the biosynthesis, characterization and ideal concentration of a nanocomposite that promoted leishmanicidal activity. In the present study, we conducted a specific analysis to show the mechanism of action of AgNP-PVP-MA (silver nanoparticle-polyvinylpyrrolidone-[meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®)]) nanocomposite during Leishmania amazonensis infection in vitro. RESULTS: Through ultrastructural analysis, we observed significant alterations, such as the presence of small vesicles in the flagellar pocket and in the extracellular membrane, myelin-like structure formation in the Golgi complex and mitochondria, flagellum and plasma membrane rupture, and electrodense material deposition at the edges of the parasite nucleus in both evolutive forms. Furthermore, the Leishmania parasite infection index in macrophages decreased significantly after treatment, and nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production levels were determined. Additionally, inflammatory, and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine production levels were evaluated. The IL-4, TNF-α and MIP-1α levels increased significantly, while the IL-17 A level decreased significantly after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we demonstrate in this study that the AgNP-PVP-MA nanocomposite has leishmanial potential, and the mechanism of action was demonstrated for the first time, showing that this bioproduct seems to be a potential alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.

The potential therapeutic role of PTR1 gene in non-healing anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica.

BACKGROUND: Drug resistance is a common phenomenon frequently observed in countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. Due to the production of the pteridine reductase enzyme (PTR1), drugs lose their efficacy, and consequently, the patient becomes unresponsive to treatment. This study aimed to compare the in vitro effect of meglumine antimoniate (MA) on non- healing Leishmania tropica isolates and on MA transfected non-healing one to PTR1. METHODS: Two non-healing and one healing isolates of L. tropica were collected from patients who received two courses or one cycle of intralesional MA along with biweekly liquid nitrogen cryotherapy or systemic treatment alone, respectively. After confirmation of L. tropica isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the recombinant plasmid pcDNA-rPTR (antisense) was transfected via electroporation and cultured on M199. Isolates in form of promastigotes were treated with different concentrations of MA and read using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) reader and the half inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) value was calculated. The amastigotes were grown in mouse macrophages and were similarly treated with various concentrations of MA. The culture glass slides were stained, and the mean number of intramacrophage amastigotes and infected macrophages were assessed in triplicate for both stages. RESULTS: All three transfected isolates displayed a reduction in optical density compared with the promastigotes in respective isolates, although there was no significant difference between non-healing and healing isolates. In contrast, in the clinical form (amastigotes), there was a significant difference between non-healing and healing isolates (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the PTR1 gene reduced the efficacy of the drug, and its inhibition by antisense and could improve the treatment of non-healing cases. These findings have future implications in the prophylactic and therapeutic modality of non- healing Leishmania isolates to drug.