Carcinoma ductal infiltrante na gestação, desafio diagnóstico e terapêutico: relato de caso / Infiltrating ductal carcinoma during pregnancy, diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: a case report

Introdução: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais frequentemente diagnosticada no mundo, sendo a segunda que mais afeta a mulher no ciclo gravídico-puerperal e a principal causa de morte por câncer em mulheres. O câncer de mama associado à gravidez refere-se àquele diagnosticado durante a gravidez ou no primeiro ano pós-parto. A incidência está aumentando à medida que as mulheres atrasam a primeira gestação. Descrição: O artigo traz o relato do caso de uma gestante com câncer de mama na cidade de Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussão: A gestação deve ser considerada como agravante do câncer de mama, sendo o tratamento semelhante ao da população geral. Prematuridade e baixo peso ao nascer são os eventos indesejáveis mais comuns. Conclusão: A abordagem multidisciplinar é fundamental para estabelecer um plano de tratamento individualizado e a paciente ser acolhida, orientada e participar de todo o processo de decisão terapêutica.(AU)

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in the world, being the second that most affects women in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle and the leading cause of cancer death in women. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer refers to cancer diagnosed during pregnancy or in the first year postpartum. The incidence is increasing as women delay first pregnancy. Description: The article reports the case of a pregnant woman with breast cancer in the city of Juiz de Fora, MG. Discussion: Pregnancy should be considered as aggravating breast cancer, being the treatment similar to the general population. Prematurity and low birth weight are the most common undesirable events. Conclusion: The multidisciplinary approach is fundamental to establish an individualized treatment plan and the patient to be welcomed, guided and to participate in the whole therapeutic decision process.(AU)

Gigantomastia extrema / Extreme gigantomastia

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Fallo hepático fulminante por carcinoma ductal mamario de tipo inflamatorio / Acute liver failure due to inflammatory ductal carcinoma of the breast

Presentamos el caso de una paciente intervenida de mastectomía radical modificada por carcinoma ductal infiltrante de tipo inflamatorio, que durante el postoperatorio inmediato presenta un empeoramiento clínico generalizado secundario a un fallo hepático fulminante desencadenado por la aparición de múltiples metástasis. La paciente fallece a las horas del comienzo del cuadro por fallo multiorgánico

We present the case of a woman who underwent a modified radical mastectomy due to an infiltrating inflammatory ductal carcinoma and who, during the immediate postoperative period showed clinical deterioration due to acute liver failure caused by the presence of multiple metastases. The patient died a few hours after the onset of multiorgan failure

Extensión metastásica gástrica de carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama con presentación endoscópica atípica / Gastric metastatic extension of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast with atypical endoscopic presentation

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Reconstrução de parede torácica com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos em pacientes com câncer de mama localmente avançado e metastático / Thoracic wall reconstruction using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps in patients with locally advanced and metastatic breast cancer

Introdução: Câncer de mama localmente avançado é caracterizado pelos estádios clínicos IIIb ou IV e representam de 20 a 25% de todos os casos. A reconstrução dos defeitos é feita com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos, sendo os mais utilizados o latíssimo do dorso e o reto abdominal. O objetivo é avaliar resultados das reconstruções de parede torácica em câncer de mama localmente avançados com retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional descritivo, em único centro. Variáveis estudadas: dimensões do defeito e do retalho, tipo de retalho utilizado para a reconstrução, metástases cutâneas e viscerais, evolução pós-operatória e complicações. Resultados: 11 pacientes, com média de idade de 49 anos, com o lado esquerdo mais acometido. O tipo tumoral mais encontrado foi o carcinoma ductal invasivo. Os retalhos realizados foram: 2 latíssimos do dorso com desenho VY (LDVY), 2 latíssimos do dorso associados a retalho toracoabdominal (LDVYTA), 4 verticais do músculo reto do abdome (VRAM) e 3 toracoabdominais (TA). A área média dos defeitos foi 421,72cm2 e a área média dos retalhos utilizados foi de 451cm2. A complicação mais frequente foi deiscência parcial da ferida operatória, presente em 7 pacientes. Da amostra, 6 pacientes atingiram êxito letal. VRAM foi o retalho que apresentou mais complicações. A sobrevida média para VRAM foi de 25,5 meses, para LDVY de 17 meses, TA de 17 meses e LDVYTA de 20,5 meses. Conclusão: Os retalhos musculocutâneos e fasciocutâneos são eficazes para a reconstrução da parede torácica após a ressecção de neoplasias mamárias localmente avançadas.

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide. Locally advanced breast cancer is characterized by clinical stage IIIb or IV and accounts for 20­25% of all cases. Defects are reconstructed using myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps, primarily from the latissimus dorsi and rectus abdominis muscles. The objective is to evaluate the results of thoracic wall reconstructions in cases of locally advanced breast cancer using fasciocutaneous and myocutaneous flaps. Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, and descriptive single-center study. Variables studied included defect size and flap dimensions, myocutaneous flap type, presence of cutaneous and visceral metastasis, postoperative evolution, and complications. Results: We selected 11 patients with a mean age of 49 years; the left side was the most commonly affected. The most common tumor type was invasive ductal carcinoma. The flaps were made of latissimus dorsi VY (LDVY) in two patients, latissimus dorsi associated with thoracoabdominal flaps (LDVYTA) in two, vertical rectus abdominus myocutaneous flap (VRAM) in four, and thoracoabdominal flaps (TA) in three. The mean defect area was 421.72 cm2, while the mean flap area was 451 cm2. The most frequent complication was partial dehiscence (seven patients). Six patients achieved lethal exit. VRAM flaps presented more complications. The mean survival for VRAM was 25.5 months, LDVY was 17 months, TA was 17 months, LDVYTA was 20.5 months. Conclusion: Myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps are effective for chest wall reconstruction after locally advanced breast cancer resection.

¿Cuál es su diagnóstico? / What would your diagnosis be?

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Ascitis quilosa secundaria a carcinomatosis peritoneal en paciente con cáncer de mama diseminado, un hallazgo inesperado / Chylous ascites secondary to peritoneal carcinomatosis in a patient with metastasic breast cancer: an unexpected finding

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Signet ring cell carcinoma of the jejunum: an uncommon finding within the reach of capsule endoscopy

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Metástasis cutáneas como primer hallazgo clínico de un carcinoma de mama / Skin metastasis as the first clinical manifestation of breast carcinoma

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Metástasis en coraza de carcinoma de mama simulando dermatitis en paciente octogenaria / Breast carcinoma en cuirasse simulating dermatitis in an octogenarian patient

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Syndrome in question

Abstract: Dermatomyositis is a rare inflammatory disease, autoimmune, with proximal myopathy associated with characteristic dermatological manifestations. In adults, 20-50% of the cases are paraneoplastic manifestation, being mandatory the workup for malignancy Herein we report a case of a woman with classic dermatological presentation of dermatomyositis and newly diagnosed breast cancer. In general, the clinical presentation of paraneoplastic dermatomyositis is more exuberant and manifestations may precede, concur or succeed the diagnosis of neoplasia. The prognosis of cases associated with breast cancer is worse than the idiopathic form. Treatment is based mainly on the resolution of the underlying disease, beyond immunosuppressants.

Panhipopituitarismo secundario a metástasis hipofisaria en una paciente con cáncer de mama / Panhypopituitarism secondary to pituitary metastasis in a patient with breast cancer

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Metástasis ganglionares axilares contalaterales en cáncer de mama: controversia sobre su vía de diseminación, manejo y pronóstico / Contralateral axillary lymph node metastases in breast cancer: controversy on its route of spread, management and prognosis

Las metástasis ganglionares axilares contralaterales son un fenómeno poco frecuente en el cáncer de mama. Aunque se considera un estadio iv de la enfermedad, hay hipótesis que postulan que la diseminación de las células tumorales hasta los ganglios axilares contralaterales podría producirse mediante vía linfática y no por vía hematógena. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 35 años, diagnosticada de carcinoma ductal infiltrante de mama en estadio iii y tratada con quimioterapia neoadyuvante, mastectomía radical modificada, radioterapia y hormonoterapia. Siete meses después del tratamiento quirúrgico la enfermedad progresó con metástasis axilares contralaterales, sin evidencia de otra afectación a distancia. Se trata de una evolución inusual del cáncer de mama, y por tanto su manejo no está estandarizado. Hemos realizado una revisión de la literatura para buscar la mejor opción terapéutica en pacientes que presentan esta situación clínica (AU)

Contralateral axillary lymph node metastases are a rare presentation in breast cancer. Although they are considered stage IV of the disease, it has been postulated that the spread of tumour cells to the contralateral axillary lymph nodes could occur through the lymph vessels and not through the bloodstream. We report the case of a 35-year-old woman who was diagnosed with a stage III invasive breast carcinoma and was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy and hormone therapy. Seven months after the surgery, the disease progressed, showing contralateral axillary lymph node metastases with no evidence of any other distant disease. This is an unusual progression of breast cancer and thus its management is not standardized. We reviewed the literature to search for evidence on how to treat this very special clinical situation (AU)

Seudotumor inflamatorio hepático: difícil diagnóstico preoperatorio en paciente oncológico / Hepatic inflammatory pseudotumor: A difficult preoperative diagnosis in an oncological patient

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Tuberculosis axillary lymph node coexistent breast cancer in adjuvant treatment: case report / Tuberculose linfonodal axilar coexistente com carcinoma mamário em tratamento adjuvante: relato de caso

Coexistence of breast cancer and tuberculosis is rare. In most cases, involvement by tuberculosis occurs in axillary lymph nodes. We report a case of a 43-years-old patient who had undergone adenomastectomy and left sentinel lymph node biopsy due to a triple negative ductal carcinoma. At the end of adjuvant treatment, the patient had an atypical lymph node in the left axilla. Lymph node was excised, and after laboratory analysis, the diagnosis was ganglion tuberculosis. The patient underwent treatment for primary tuberculosis. The development of these two pathologies can lead to problems in diagnosis and treatment. An accurate diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary surgical procedures.

A coexistência de câncer de mama e tuberculose é rara. Na maioria das vezes, o acometimento pela tuberculose ocorre nos linfonodos axilares. Relatamos caso clínico de paciente de 43 anos submetida à adenomastectomia e à biópsia de linfonodo sentinela à esquerda devido a um carcinoma ductal triplo negativo. Ao final do tratamento adjuvante, a paciente apresentou linfonodomegalia atípica em axila esquerda. Foi realizado exérese do linfonodo e, após análises laboratoriais, diagnosticou-se tuberculose ganglionar. A paciente foi submetida a tratamento para tuberculose primária. O desenvolvimento dessas duas patologias pode acarretar problemas quanto ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento. O diagnóstico acurado é importante para evitar procedimentos cirúrgicos desnecessários.

Chronic psychological stress and its impact on the development of aggressive breast cancer / Estresse psicológico crônico e seu impacto no desenvolvimento de neoplasia mamária agressiva

Objective To investigate the clinicopathological findings of women diagnosed with breast cancer and study the impact of chronic psychological stress on the pathological characteristics of these tumors.Methods We investigated a cohort composed of women diagnosed with breast cancer and divided into two groups. One group was categorized as presenting with chronic psychological stress (by using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire − SRQ-20). Another group of women with breast cancer, but with no previous history of chronic psychological stress, comprised the Control Group. Clinical and pathological data were assessed.Results Women presenting with a history of chronic distress were significantly overweight when compared to the Control Group. Furthermore, it was observed that these stressed women also had a significant percentage of aggressive breast cancer subtype, the HER2 amplified tumor, which could be putatively associated with the loss of immunosurveillance.Conclusion Our findings suggested an interaction among chronic psychological stress, overweight, and the development of more aggressive breast tumors.

Objetivo Investigar os achados clínico-patológicos de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e estudar o impacto do estresse psicológico crônico nas características patológicas desses tumores.Métodos Investigamos uma coorte composta por mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama divididas em dois grupos. O primeiro foi classificado pela apresentação de estresse psicológico crônico (por meio do Self-Reporting Questionnaire− SRQ-20). Outro grupo de mulheres com câncer de mama, mas sem história prévia de estresse psicológico crônico, foi denominado Grupo Controle. Os dados clínicos e patológicos foram avaliados.Resultados As mulheres com histórico de estresse crônico apresentaram-se significativamente acima do peso quando comparadas com o Grupo Controle. Além disso, verificou-se que estas mulheres estressadas apresentaram um porcentual significativo de um subtipo de câncer de mama agressivo, o HER2, o que poderia estar associado à possível perda da imunovigilância.Conclusão Nossos resultados sugeriram uma ligação entre o estresse psicológico crônico, o excesso de peso e o desenvolvimento de tumores de mama com maior agressividade.

Quilopericardio y quilotórax bilateral en una mujer con cáncer de mama / Chylopericardium and bilateral chylothorax in a breast cancer patient

El quilopericardio no traumático suele deberse a enfermedades infecciosas, congénitas o neoplásicas que infiltran los ganglios mediastinales, alteran el flujo linfático normal y acumulan quilo en la cavidad pericárdica. Se asocia a quilotórax en, aproximadamente, un 3% de los casos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 52 años con cáncer de mama avanzado que ingresa con derrame pleural bilateral y signos ecocardiográficos de taponamiento cardíaco. La TC mostró múltiples adenopatías en mediastino. El dosaje de triglicéridos en líquido pleural fue 372 mg/ dl. Por pericardiocentesis se obtuvo un líquido lechoso con triglicéridos de 984 mg/dl y colesterol 90 mg/dl. Se modificó el esquema terapéutico. Se revisan la fisiopatología, los criterios diagnósticos y el tratamiento de esta rara entidad.

Non traumatic chylopericar dium is mostly secondary to infection, congenital or neoplastic disease that invade mediastinal lymph nodes and modify the normal lymphatic flow. It is associated to chylothorax in approximately 3% of cases. We report the case of a 52 years old woman with diagnosis of advanced breast cancer. She was admitted with bilateral pleural effusion and echocardiographic signs of cardiac tamponade. A CT scan disclosed multiple mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The level of tryglicerides in pleural effusion was 372 mg/dl. A percutaneous pericardiocentesis was performed, obtaining chyle, with 984 mg/dl of tryglicerides and cholesterol 90 mg/dl levels. Treatment strategy was modified. We reviewed pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment of this rare entity.

Factores implicados en la localización intraoperatoria del ganglio centinela en pacientes intervenidas por cáncer de mama / Factors affecting intraoperative sentinel lymph node identification in patients undergoing surgery for breast cancer

Objetivos. Existe un número de pacientes en las que no es posible la localización del ganglio centinela, y el objetivo de nuestro estudio fue analizar los distintos factores que afectan a su localización. Material y métodos. Entre junio de 2003 y junio de 2011 realizamos un estudio prospectivo observacional con una serie de 588 pacientes diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama, sin afectación axilar clínica. Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, tamaño tumoral, tipo histológico y datos relativos al trazador linfático (radiotrazador o colorante), tipo de cirugía (conservadora o mastectomía), región de drenaje linfático (axilar, mamaria interna), migración preoperatoria del isótopo, sistema de localización con distintos tipos de gammacámara, la afectación ganglionar y la experiencia del cirujano. La localización se realizó mediante coloides marcados con radiotrazador (99mTc) y administración intraoperatoria de colorante (azul de metileno) en el 35% de los casos. Resultados. Se han intervenido 588 pacientes. La mediana de edad fue 58 años, índice de masa corporal medio 26,8. El tipo tumoral más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma ductal invasivo (54%). En 22 pacientes no se pudo localizar el ganglio centinela (3,7%). El análisis multivariante muestra que el índice de masa corporal de las pacientes (p = 0,007), el tipo de drenaje linfático (p < 0,001) y la no migración preoperatoria del isótopo (p < 0,001) presentan una asociación significativa con la no identificación del ganglio centinela. Conclusión. Este estudio identificó el índice de masa corporal y la no migración del radioisótopo como factores asociados a la no localización del ganglio centinela. Por el contrario, no encontró asociación en otros factores propuestos, como la edad o la experiencia del cirujano (AU)

Objectives. In some patients, the sentinel lymph node cannot be identified. The aim of our study was to analyze the various factors that affect its detection. Material and methods. Between June 2003 and June 2011, we conducted a prospective observational study in a series of 588 patients diagnosed with breast cancer without clinical axillary involvement. We collected data on epidemiological factors, tumoral size, histological type, the technique (radiotracer or dye), type of surgery (conservative or mastectomy), region of lymphatic drainage, preoperative isotope migration, localization system (type of gamma camera), lymph node involvement, and surgeon experience. Localization was performed using colloids marked with radiotracer (99mTc) and intraoperative dye administration (methylene blue) in 35% of the patients. Results. A total of 588 patients were studied. The mean age was 58 years, and the mean body mass index was 26.8. The most common tumor type was invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (54%). The sentinel lymph node could not be located in 22 patients (3.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that the factors significantly associated with failure to locate the sentinel lymph node were body mass index (P = .007), type of lymphatic drainage (P < .001), and the absence of preoperative isotope migration (P < .001). Conclusion. In this study, the factors associated with failure to identify the sentinel lymph node were body mass index and the absence of radioisotope migration. No association was found in other factors analyzed, such as age or surgeon experience (AU)

Pseudoaneurisma de la arteria mamaria interna como complicación de una biopsia selectiva de ganglio centinela / Internal mammary artery pseudoaneurysm as a complication of sentinel node biopsy

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Mejora en el control local en mujeres jóvenes con cáncer de mama precoz añadiendo una sola fracción de braquiterapia de alta tasa de dosis / Improved local control in young women with early-stage breast cancer by adding a single fraction of high-dose-rate brachytherapy

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de la braquiterapia con iridio-192 de alta tasa de dosis con una sola fracción como sobreimpresión después de irradiar la mama en mujeres de hasta 45 años. Pacientes y métodos. Se estudiaron 167 pacientes consecutivas con tumores T1-2, entre 26-45 años, sometidas a cirugía conservadora con bordes libres y radioterapia (46-50 Gy) por carcinoma de mama infiltrante entre 1999 y 2008. Se realizó implante con agujas metálicas paralelas bajo anestesia local y sedación de forma ambulatoria. La quimioterapia se utilizó en el 85% (66% adyuvante, 19% neoadyuvante) y la hormonoterapia en el 77%. Se administró una dosis única de 7 Gy con braquiterapia de alta tasa de dosis (fast-boost). Resultados. El seguimiento mediano fue de 69 meses. Ocho pacientes recayeron en el lecho o en el margen tumoral con un control actuarial local de 95,6% a 10 años (tasa de recaída 4,4%). Hubo una recaída en otro cuadrante, por tanto, el control local en la mama fue de 94,1%. Las pacientes hasta 40 años recayeron en la mama en un 6,9% a los 10 años. Ventidós pacientes desarrollaron metástasis. La supervivencia libre de enfermedad y global fue de 85,5 y 92%, respectivamente. Los resultados cosméticos fueron buenos/excelentes en el 97%. La toxicidad aguda y tardía fueron mínimas. Conclusiones. El fast-boost con una sola fracción es una técnica rápida, sencilla y eficaz cuando los márgenes quirúrgicos están libres. El control local en las mujeres jóvenes se ha mejorado respecto a la literatura, por lo que se recomienda la preservación de la mama con este esquema

Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a single fraction of high-dose-rate iridium-192 brachytherapy as a boost after irradiation of the breast in women aged 45 or less. Patients and methods. We studied 167 consecutive patients with T1-2 tumors, aged between 26 and 45 years undergoing conservative surgery with free margins and radiotherapy (46-50 Gy) for invasive breast carcinoma between 1999 and 2008. Parallel metal needles were implanted under local anesthesia and sedation on an outpatient basis. Chemotherapy was used in 85% (66% adjuvant and 19% neoadjuvant) and hormonal therapy in 77%. A single 7 Gy-dose of high-dose rate brachytherapy ("fast boost") was administered. Results. The median follow-up was 69 months. In 8 patients, recurrences occurred in the tumor bed or in the margin with an actuarial local control of 95.6% at 10 years (relapse rate 4.4%). There was a relapse in another quadrant and therefore breast control was 94.1%. In patients aged up to 40 years, the breast failure rate was 6.9% at 10 years. Metastases developed in 22 patients. Disease-free survival was 85.5% and overall survival was 92%. Cosmetic results were good or excellent in 97% and acute and late toxicity was minimal. Conclusions. The fast boost technique with a single fraction is fast, simple, and effective when surgical margins are free. Local control in young women has improved compared with prior reports in the literature. Therefore, this technique can be recommended for breast preservation