RESUMO
The transcription factor Snail1 leads to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by repressing the adherent and tight junctions in epithelial cells. This process is related to an increase of cell migratory and mesenchymal properties during both embryonic development and tumor progression. Although Snail1 expression is very limited in adult animals, emerging evidence has placed Snail at the forefront of medical science. As a transcriptional repressor, Snail1 confers cancer stem cell-like traits on tumor cells and promotes drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent reports that suggest the pro-tumorigenic roles of Snail1 expression in tumor stroma. The crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells mediated by Snail1 regulates paracrine communication, pro-tumorigenic abilities of cancer cells, extracellular matrix characteristics and mesenchymal differentiation in cancer stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Therefore, understanding the regulation and functional roles of Snail1 in the tumor microenvironment will provide us with new therapies for treating metastatic disease (AU)
No disponible
Assuntos
Humanos , Tumores do Estroma Gonadal e dos Cordões Sexuais/genética , Células-Tronco Mesenquimais/patologia , Comunicação Parácrina/genética , Fibroblastos/patologia , Matriz Extracelular/patologia , Células-Tronco/patologiaRESUMO
FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), o fundador da família FGF, tem funções regulatórias na mitogênese, diferenciação, morfogênese e reparo tecidual. Diversas espécies moleculares de FGF2 compartilham uma seqüência C-terminal comum de 155 aminoácidos, pois se originam de diferentes sítios de iniciação de leitura de um único mRNA. O menor, o FGF2-18kDa, é liberado extracelularmente para se ligar a receptores específicos (FGFRs) para disparar as funções parácrinas e autócrinas pelas quais este fator é conhecido. Por outro lado, as espécies maiores (FGF2-21, 22, 22,5 e 34kDa) são intracelulares se ligam a parceiros moleculares desconhecidos para exercer funções intrácrinas ainda indefinidas. O objetivo desta tese foi produzir espécies recombinantes do FGF2-18 e FGF2-22,5, na forma de proteínas de fusão, para analisar funções biológicas e mecanismos de sinalização. Nas células malignas Y1 de camundongo, os recombinantes de FGF2-18kDa (FGF2-18, His-FGF2-18 e His-FGF2-18-ProA) dispararam uma resposta antagônica estimulando as vias de sinalização mitogênica, mas bloqueando o ciclo celular. Nos fibroblastos não tumorigênicos Balb3T3, estes mesmos recombinantes de FGF2-18kDa dispararam apenas a resposta mitogênica clássica. Todos os efeitos biológicos destes recombinantes de FGF2-18kDa foram bloqueados pelo inibidor específico da proteína quinase de tirosina dos FGFRs, PD173074, demonstrando que são respostas intermediadas pelos FGFRs. Portanto, os domínios estruturais adicionados aos recombinantes de FGF2-18kDa não impediram que estas proteínas se ligassem e ativassem os FGFRs. Por outro lado, o recombinante His-FGF2-22,5 dispara apenas as vias de sinalização mitogênica em ambas as células Y1 e 3T3, mas este efeito biológico não é inibido por PD173074. Estes resultados sugerem que a seqüência N-terminal de 55 resíduos, rica em aminoácidos básicos, impede que o FGF2-22,5kDa se ligue e/ou ative os FGFRs. Entretanto, o recombinante His-FGF2-22,5ProA dispara a resposta...
FGF2 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 2), the founder of the FGF family, has regulatory functions in mitogenesis, differentiation, morphogenesis and tissue repair. Multiple FGF2 molecular species, sharing a C-terminal sequence of 155 amino acids, are translated from different iniciation sites of the same mRNA. The smaller, the FGF2-18kD, is extracellularly released to bind to specific membrane receptors (FGFRs), performing paracrine and autocrine functions. On the other hand, the larger FGF2s (21, 22, 22.5 and 34kDa) are intracellular species that bind to unknown partners to play still undefined intracrine roles. The aim of this thesis was to produce recombinant species of FGF2-18kDa and FGF2-22,5kDa, in the form of fusion proteins, to analyze functions and signaling mechanisms. In mouse Y1 malignant cells, FGF2-18kD recombinants (FGF2-18kDa and His-FGF2-18kDaProA) triggered an antagonistic response activating mitogenic signaling pathways, but blocking the cell cycle. However, in non tumorigenic Balb3T3 fibroblasts, these same FGF2-18kD recombinants only elicited the classical mitogenic response. All biological effects of these FGF2-18kD recombinants were blocked by the specific inhibitor of FGFR-protein-tyrosine-kinases, PD173074, demonstrating that these responses are mediated by FGFRs. Therefore, the new peptide domains added to FGF2-18kD did not prevent these recombinant fusion proteins to bind and activate FGFRs. Conversely, the recombinant His-FGF2-22,5kDa triggered only mitogenic signaling pathways in both Y1 and Balb3T3 cells, a biological effect not inhibited by PD173074. These results suggested that the additional basic-rich N-terminal sequence of 55 amino acid residues, found in FGF2-22,5kDa, prevents this FGF2 species from binding and / or activate FGFRs. However, surprisingly, the recombinant His-FGF2-22kDaProA triggered the antagonistic response characteristic of FGF2-18kDa. These results imply that the ProA-domain added to the C-terminal end...