6,19-Sulfur-bridged progesterone analogues with antiimmunosuppressive activity.

Sulfur-bridged pregnanes 6,19-epithioprogesterone, 21-hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone, and the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones were synthesized and tested as blockers of the immunosuppresive activity of dexamethasone in rat thymocytes. A new one-pot procedure is described for the preparation of 6,19-epithioprogesterone and related compounds by iodocyclization of a 19-sulfanylpregn-5-ene. Antiimmunosuppresive activity was evaluated by the ability of the different steroids to block dexamethasone-mediated apoptosis in thymocytes and dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of the NFkappa-B transcription factor activity. DNA fragmentation and annexin V-FITC positive cells were taken as parameters of apoptosis whereas NFkappa-B activity was tested by the expression of the reporter vector kappaB-luciferase by TNF-alpha in Hela cells. 21-Hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone S,S-dioxide had improved activity in both parameters, while 21-hydroxy-6,19-epithioprogesterone had improved activity only in blocking dexamethasone-induced programmed cell death.

Synthesis, metabolism, and pharmacological activity of 3 alpha-hydroxy steroids which potentiate GABA-receptor-mediated chloride ion uptake in rat cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes.

Certain 3 alpha-hydroxy steroids have recently been shown to bind to the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor gated chloride ion channel with high affinity and to potentiate the inhibitory effects of GABA when measured both in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, a series of natural and synthetic 3 alpha-hydroxy steroids were tested for their ability to potentiate GABA-receptor-mediated chloride ion (Cl-) uptake into cerebral cortical synaptoneurosomes. The naturally occurring metabolites 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) and 3 alpha,21-dihydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one (allotetrahydroDOC) were found to be the most active in augmenting GABAA-receptor-mediated Cl- uptake. Pharmacological activity was reduced in the corresponding isomers with the 5 beta-pregnane configuration and by some, but not all, modifications of the side chain. The ability of these steroids to potentiate muscimol-stimulated Cl- uptake is lost by acetylation at C3, introduction of unsaturation at C9(11), inversion to the 3 beta-hydroxy isomer, or inversion of configuration at C17. A facile procedure is reported for the synthesis of unlabeled and tritium-labeled allopregnanolone and allotetrahydroDOC. The 9 alpha,11 alpha,12 alpha-3H-labeled derivatives of allopregnanolone and allotetrahydroDOC were used to identify the distribution and metabolic products of these active steroids. Uptake of the more hydrophobic [3H]allopregnanolone into brain was significantly greater than that of [3H]allotetrahydroDOC. The principal 3H-labeled metabolites recovered from brain were the 3-ketone derivatives of allopregnanolone and allotetrahydroDOC, which are both inactive on GABA-receptor-mediated Cl- flux. Molecular modeling of the active steroids based on quantitative structure-activity relationships provides evidence to support the stereospecificity of the binding interactions and suggests that there may be more than one type of steroid binding site associated with the GABAA-receptor-mediated chloride ionophore.

Synthesis of 4,19-disubstituted derivatives of DOC. Radioreceptor assay of some corticosteroid derivatives in human mononuclear leukocytes.

Several new 4,19-substituted steroids and previously synthesized corticosteroids were assayed for affinity to type 1 receptors in human mononuclear leukocytes. 11 beta,19-epoxy-4,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (2) was hydrogenated with Pd-C to yield a mixture of all four dihydro derivatives 5, accompanied by 4,21-diacetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-3-hydroxypregnan-20-one (6) and 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxy-4-hydroxypregnane-3,20-dione (7). With hot acetic + p-toluenesulfonic acid 5 underwent rearrangement to 21-acetoxy-11 beta,19-epoxypregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (8) Pd-C hydrogenation of 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregna-2,9(11)-diene-4,20-dione (10) gave 3,21-diacetoxy-5 beta,19-cyclopregn-5-ene-4,20-dione (11) and the 9,11-dihydro derivative of the latter. Treatment of 10 with warm HCl furnished 19-chloro-4,21-dihydroxypregna-4,9(11)-diene-3,20-dione (13). Pd-C hydrogenation of its diacetate 14 afforded the 4,5-dihydro derivative 18, 19-chloro-21-acetoxypregn-9(11)-en-20-one (15), its 4-acetoxy derivative 16 and the 3,4-diacetoxy derivative 17. When tested in a radioreceptor assay in human mononuclear leukocytes the synthesized compounds showed only low relative binding affinities (RBA) to type 1 receptor, the highest being 0.72% for 13 (aldosterone = 100%). For comparison, other RBA in this system were: 19-noraldosterone, 20%; 18-deoxyaldosterone, 5.8%; 18-deoxy-19-noraldosterone, 4.7%; 18,21-anhydroaldosterone, 0.37%; 17-isoaldosterone, 7.6% and apoaldosterone, 4.3%

Structural analysis of 21-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (deoxycorticosterone) derivative compounds. Part I: Synthesis and circular dichroism identification.

Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) derivative compounds (DOC, DOC 21-acetate, and 7-mercaptopropionic DOC) have been prepared and purified by high pressure liquid chromatography. Synthesis products have been identified, and three chromophores have been displayed by their n----II and II----II dichroic transitions. A normal half-chair conformation is favored in ring A.

Synthesis and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of reduced compounds derived from 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone.

A series of thirty two 6-hydroxylated steroids were synthesized by selective reduction of the 4-5 double bond, the 3-oxo group, and/or the 20-oxo group of 6 alpha- and 6 beta-hydroxyDOC. The different reactions leading to the production of specific isomers are discussed. The gas chromatographic and spectrometric characteristics of the methoxime-trimethylsilyl (MO-TMS) or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the isomers obtained are given. The gas chromatographic separation of the syn- and anti-isomers of the methoxime in position 3 was found to be characteristic of the configuration of the hydroxyl in position 6. The difference between methylene unit values of syn- and anti- isomers is much larger for the 6 alpha-series than for the 6 beta-series. The mass spectral analysis showed that many ions are specific of the MO-TMS derivatives of steroids with 3,6-dihydroxy-4-ene or 3-oxo-6-hydroxy-4-ene structure. In the case of steroids with a saturated ring A no significant ions characteristic of the presence of a 6-trimethylsilyloxy substituent were found. This work provides previously unavailable reference data on 6-hydroxylated steroids which should facilitate the study of corticosteroid metabolism.

Synthesis of 7 alpha- and beta-carboxymethyl derivatives of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and cortisone. Immunogenic properties of cortisol, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone derivatives.

7 alpha- and 7 beta-Carboxymethylderivatives of cortisol, corticosterone and deoxycorticosterone have been synthetized. After coupling to bovine serum albumin, they were used to elicit antibodies in rabbits. Highly specific antisera were obtained which may possibly be used for a direct radioimmunoassay of these steroids in human and rodent plasma. In the case of the derivatives of cortisol and corticosterone and stereoisomery of the coupling had an effect on the affinity and the specificity of the antisera. In all immunized rabbits the antisera obtained with the 7 alpha-derivative had a higher affinity and a narrower specificity than the antiserum obtained with the 7 beta-derivative.