RESUMO
Diarrhea is a distressing symptom which limits the quality of life in patients receiving palliative care and is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In patients with AIDS, it is a more common problem than for other entities (e.g., cancer). Loperamide is considered the first choice medication for the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. This literature review examines the efficacy of loperamide in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea in palliative care. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched through June 2012. A total of 286 studies were identified, but only 7 met the inclusion criteria (1 cohort and 6 experimental studies) in which loperamide (alone or in combination) was tested. There is a lack of significant studies which investigate the efficacy of loperamide in the symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. Two trials indicated superiority of loperamide over placebo. In comparison with octreotide, the results were contradictory. The combination of acetorphan with loperamide was more effective than acetorphan alone, but the combination of loperamide with diphenoxylate was inferior to octreotide. The identified studies revealed methodical problems. A definite recommendation for administration of loperamide can, therefore, not be derived from this work.The English full-text version of this article is available at SpringerLink (under "Supplemental").
Assuntos
Antidiarreicos/uso terapêutico , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Loperamida/uso terapêutico , Cuidados Paliativos , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Antidiarreicos/efeitos adversos , Ensaios Clínicos Controlados como Assunto , Diarreia/etiologia , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Loperamida/efeitos adversos , Octreotida/efeitos adversos , Octreotida/uso terapêutico , Tiorfano/efeitos adversos , Tiorfano/análogos & derivados , Tiorfano/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Antimicrobial and antimotility agents are not recommended for the treatment of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection. In our study, many persons with Shiga toxin-producing E. coli O157 infection took antimicrobial (62%) and antimotility agents (32%); 43 (29%) of 146 reported commencing antimicrobial treatment after laboratory confirmation. Efforts are needed to promote practice guidelines.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Escherichia coli O157/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/etiologia , Parassimpatolíticos/efeitos adversos , Toxinas Shiga/biossíntese , Adolescente , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/complicações , Infecções por Escherichia coli/epidemiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/epidemiologia , Síndrome Hemolítico-Urêmica/microbiologia , Humanos , Loperamida/efeitos adversos , Loperamida/uso terapêutico , Parassimpatolíticos/uso terapêutico , Vigilância da População/métodos , Padrões de Prática Médica , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The prebiotics inulin (INU) and isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO) influence intestinal health and immunity, but their effects on constipation are not clearly established. We evaluated the effects of INU and IMO in a rat model of diphenoxylate-induced constipation. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups: basal diet (Con), 40 mg kg-1 diphenoxylate (PCon), 20 g kg-1 INU and treated with 40 mg kg-1 diphenoxylate, and 20 g kg-1 IMO and treated with 40 mg kg-1 diphenoxylate. INU and IMO increased the number, weight, and water content of fecal pellets, and decreased the time to the first black stool in rats with constipation. Serum levels of the gastrointestinal motility-related hormones adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), motilin (MTL), and Substance P (SP) were higher and corticosterone (CORT), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were lower in rats treated with prebiotics than in untreated rats. Colon tissue levels of MTL and SP were increased, and VIP and CGRP were decreased by prebiotics. Furthermore, in rats with constipation, INU and IMO increased the colonic contents of short-chain fatty acids. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes was lower in the prebiotics groups than in the Con and PCon groups. Lactobacillus was more abundant in the INU and IMO groups than in PCon rats. Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus intestinalis were more abundant in the IMO group than in the PCon group (P < 0.01), and L. intestinalis was more abundant in the INU group than in the PCon group (P < 0.01). In summary, INU and IMO improved constipation and altered the intestinal microbiota in a rat model of constipation.
Assuntos
Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis/metabolismo , Hormônios Gastrointestinais/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/microbiologia , Inulina/administração & dosagem , Oligossacarídeos/administração & dosagem , Prebióticos/análise , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Constipação Intestinal/induzido quimicamente , Constipação Intestinal/microbiologia , Constipação Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Fezes/microbiologia , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Intestinos/fisiopatologia , Masculino , RatosRESUMO
The aim of this study is to probe new functions of a polysaccharide from Spirulina platensis (PSP) on constipation and intestinal microbiota in mice. Diphenoxylate-induced constipation in mice was treated with different doses of PSP, followed by examining the defecation patterns, levels of acetyl cholinesterase (AchE), nitric oxide (NO), and tissue section histopathology. The composition of intestinal microbiota was determined by genome sequencing analysis of the 16S rDNA. This study found that the average molecular weight of PSP was 29, 600â¯Da, and mainly monosaccharides of PSP were rhamnose (24.7%), glucose (16.15%) and galactose (13.32%). The beneficial effects of PSP treatment include defecation improvement, increase of AchE activity, reduction of NO concentration, renovation of the damaged intestinal villus and affection on the expression of some related genes in the constipated mice. In addition, PSP had significant effects on the gut microbiota, showing the enhancement in abundance of beneficial bacteria including Akkermansia, Lactobacillus, Butyricimonas, Candidatus Arthromitus and Prevotella, and the reduction in abundance of harmful bacteria such as Clostridium and Dorea. The present s uncovered a new function of PSP, indicating that PSP could be used in constipation therapies.
Assuntos
Constipação Intestinal/induzido quimicamente , Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/farmacologia , Spirulina/química , Animais , Vilosidades Coriônicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Vilosidades Coriônicas/metabolismo , Constipação Intestinal/metabolismo , Constipação Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Defecação/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Intestinos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos ICR , Neurotransmissores/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/uso terapêutico , Água/metabolismoRESUMO
Objective: To investigate the prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse and related factors of forced drug abstainer in Gansu province. Methods: By using a self-designed questionnaire, an epidemiologic investigation was carried out among 2 108 forced drug abstainer selected from the compulsory isolation detoxification center of Gansu province. A case-control study was conducted to analyze the factors related with diphenoxylate abuse. Results: The diphenoxylate abuse rate among forced drug abstainer in Gansu was 19.8% (406/2 046), ranking first in medical drug abuse. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that factors as relieving withdrawal symptoms (OR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.01- 4.32), ways to obtain diphenoxylate (other ways: OR=1.00; regular clinic: OR=27.67, 95%CI: 2.64-289.82; friend: OR=0.01, 95%CI: 0.01-0.03), degree of euphoria (high: OR=1.00; medium: OR =3.36, 95%CI: 1.18-9.55; low: OR=26.16, 95%CI: 10.30-66.42), years of drug abuse (<5 years: OR=1.00; 10-15 years: OR=2.48, 95%CI: 1.02-6.04), abuse at home or in friend's house (OR=3.04, 95%CI: 1.08-8.68), abuse in car (OR=0.05, 95%CI: 0.00-0.68) and detoxification for the first time (OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.43-0.86) were the possible influencing factors for diphenoxylate abuse. Conclusions: The prevalence of diphenoxylate abuse in forced drug abstainer in Gansu was relatively high. Reasons of abusing, the way to obtain diphenoxylate, whether using drug together with friends, degree of euphoria, years of abuse, abuse place and times for detoxification were related factors influencing the abuse of diphenoxylate.
Assuntos
Analgésicos Opioides/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias , Analgésicos Opioides/provisão & distribuição , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China , Difenoxilato/provisão & distribuição , Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
This study was to probe the effects of bacterial cellulose (BC) on diphenoxylate-induced constipation in rats. Administration with BC at 500 mg/kg of body weight in diphenoxylate-induced constipation rats distinctly improved the carmine propulsion rate (83.5 ± 5.2%), shortened the defecating time of the first red feces (249.0 ± 23.3 min), and increased the weight of carmine red feces within 5 h (2.7 ± 1.3 g). The levels of aquaporins (AQP-2, AQP-3, and AQP-4) and inhibitory neurotransmitters (nitric oxide, nitric oxide synthetase, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and arginine vasopressin) in the BC-treated groups reduced by 31.9-40.0% ( p < 0.01) and 21.1-67.7% ( p < 0.01) compared to those in the constipation group, respectively. However, the secretion of excitability neurotransmitters (substance P and motilin) in the BC-treated groups was increased by 20.0-39.9% ( p < 0.01). The activities of ATPases in the colon of constipation rats were significantly weakened by BC administration ( p < 0.01). Histological morphology of the colon showed that BC supplementation could effectively increase the length of villus cells and the thickness of colonic mucosa and muscle ( p < 0.01). Moreover, BC supplementation could protect colonic smooth muscle cells against apoptosis. All of the findings suggest that BC supplementation effectively relieves constipation in rats and BC would be used as a great promising dietary fiber for alleviating constipation.
Assuntos
Acetobacteraceae/metabolismo , Celulose/administração & dosagem , Constipação Intestinal/tratamento farmacológico , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Acetobacteraceae/química , Animais , Aquaporinas/metabolismo , Celulose/metabolismo , Constipação Intestinal/etiologia , Constipação Intestinal/metabolismo , Constipação Intestinal/fisiopatologia , Defecação/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Mucosa Intestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Masculino , Motilina/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Substância P/metabolismoRESUMO
We report two cases of unintentional poisoning with anticholinergic agents. The first patient, a 7-year-old girl, was prescribed four different medications by a general practitioner for treatment of abdominal colic and diarrhoea. All drugs had anticholinergic properties. The second patient, a 16-month-old boy, ingested his mother's cyproheptadine tablets. Both children presented with central and peripheral symptoms and signs compatible with acute anticholinergic syndrome. They recovered spontaneously following intravenous fluid replacement and close observation. Gastric lavage was also performed on the boy. Poisoning with cholinergic antagonists in children is a potentially serious hazard in Hong Kong. It may be avoided by careful prescribing on the part of general practitioners and safe storage of all medicinal products in the home environment.
Assuntos
Antidiarreicos/efeitos adversos , Atropina/efeitos adversos , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/efeitos adversos , Ciproeptadina/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Antidiarreicos/intoxicação , Antidiarreicos/uso terapêutico , Atropina/intoxicação , Atropina/uso terapêutico , Criança , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/intoxicação , Antagonistas Colinérgicos/uso terapêutico , Cólica/diagnóstico por imagem , Cólica/tratamento farmacológico , Ciproeptadina/intoxicação , Ciproeptadina/uso terapêutico , Difenoxilato/intoxicação , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Overdose de Drogas/prevenção & controle , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Lavagem Gástrica , Hong Kong , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Erros de Medicação , RadiografiaAssuntos
Antidiarreicos/administração & dosagem , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Disenteria/terapia , Viagem , Adulto , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Atropina/efeitos adversos , Atropina/uso terapêutico , Bismuto/efeitos adversos , Bismuto/uso terapêutico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Disenteria/epidemiologia , Disenteria/etiologia , Hidratação , Fluoroquinolonas/efeitos adversos , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Loperamida/efeitos adversos , Loperamida/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/efeitos adversos , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Salicilatos/efeitos adversos , Salicilatos/uso terapêuticoAssuntos
Antidiarreicos , Difenoxilato , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico , Adulto , Antidiarreicos/efeitos adversos , Clonidina/uso terapêutico , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Masculino , Metadona/uso terapêutico , Entorpecentes/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/reabilitação , Psicoterapia , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/reabilitaçãoAssuntos
Atropina/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Ceratoconjuntivite Seca/induzido quimicamente , Atropina/administração & dosagem , Atropina/uso terapêutico , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Difenoxilato/administração & dosagem , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeAssuntos
Atropina/efeitos adversos , Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Ácidos Isonipecóticos/efeitos adversos , Atropina/administração & dosagem , Atropina/uso terapêutico , Criança , Difenoxilato/administração & dosagem , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Disenteria Bacilar/tratamento farmacológico , HumanosAssuntos
Colite Ulcerativa/complicações , Diarreia/etiologia , Icterícia/complicações , Sepse/complicações , Colite Ulcerativa/diagnóstico por imagem , Colo/patologia , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Fígado/patologia , Megacolo Tóxico/diagnóstico por imagem , Megacolo Tóxico/etiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , RadiografiaAssuntos
Colite Ulcerativa/tratamento farmacológico , Constipação Intestinal/induzido quimicamente , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Isonipecóticos/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , PlacebosRESUMO
Along with the dizzying rise in the world's population and economic globalization, travel activity has also increased. Travelers' diarrhea, caused by changed sanitary conditions, has a very different pathogenic spectrum and clinical course from those of our native forms of infectious enterocolitis. Awareness of the warning signs of complications in the clinical course and of the differential diagnoses is therefore a prerequisite for rational therapy. This covers oral rehydration, motility inhibitors, adsorbents, antisecretory agents, probiotics, and last but not least the use of antibiotics, which make an essential contribution if correctly used. There are interesting developments in the form of nonabsorbable antibiotics and new antisecretory agents, which inhibit protein synthesis and enzymes and are increasingly used as antidiarrheal agents with few side effects. In the combination of various therapeutic options in travelers' diarrhea there is still much scope for research. The priority is the correct implementation of the options available today, in order to avoid, as far as possible, therapeutic setbacks and the development of resistance.
Assuntos
Disenteria/terapia , Viagem , Adulto , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Atropina/efeitos adversos , Atropina/uso terapêutico , Bismuto/efeitos adversos , Bismuto/uso terapêutico , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Combinação de Medicamentos , Disenteria/epidemiologia , Disenteria/etiologia , Hidratação , Fluoroquinolonas/efeitos adversos , Fluoroquinolonas/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Loperamida/efeitos adversos , Loperamida/uso terapêutico , Compostos Organometálicos/efeitos adversos , Compostos Organometálicos/uso terapêutico , Probióticos/uso terapêutico , Fatores de Risco , Salicilatos/efeitos adversos , Salicilatos/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The pharmacological properties of difenoxin hydrochloride, a meperidine derivative exerting antidiarrheal effect, are presented. The drug is compared with related substances such as diphenoxylate hydrochloride and loperamide. In an open multicentre study including 259 patients with acute or chronic diarrhea of various etiology, difenoxin hydrochloride removed the complaints in 63--75% of the cases and improved them in some further 20%. Mild side effects were seen in 4% of the cases. In view of the necessity to obtain immediate therapeutic results such an antidiarrheal may be prescribed in cases of traveler's diarrhea despite certain doubts. However, the patients should be warned to see a doctor if certain symptoms appeared.
Assuntos
Diarreia/tratamento farmacológico , Difenoxilato/uso terapêutico , Ácidos Isonipecóticos/uso terapêutico , Diarreia/etiologia , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Loperamida/uso terapêutico , ViagemRESUMO
A 42-year-old woman had dysentery caused by the Shiga bacillus, Shigella dysenteriae type 1, while taking diphenoxylate with atropine during and after her return from a trip to Mexico. Although she was treated with appropriate antibiotics, she suffered a prolonged and toxic acute course followed by intermittent bouts of diarrhea and abdominal cramping which persisted for two years. The risk of confusing Shiga dysentery with ulcerative colitis is illustrated by the presentation, management, and prolonged course of this patient's illness.
Assuntos
Disenteria Bacilar/diagnóstico , Adulto , Atropina/efeitos adversos , Colite Ulcerativa/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Difenoxilato/efeitos adversos , Combinação de Medicamentos/efeitos adversos , Disenteria Bacilar/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Shigella dysenteriae , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Difenoximide (SC-26100) is closely related to the antidiarrheal agent, diphenoxylate, which is a chemical congener of meperidine. It has been shown to have a greater ability than methadone to suppress opiate withdrawal in addicted mice, and it has produced less physical dependence than morphine and methadone in laboratory animals. In this study difenoximide was administered to nine active heroin addicts. A dose of 4 mg administered 4 times per day for 3 days effectively suppressed opiate withdrawal, while a dose of 8 mg produced symptoms resembling those of narcotic excess in subjects who had recently self-administered heroin. No side effect were observed at the therapeutic dosage level, and the drug was well accepted by subjects. Difenoximide was shown to be a potentially useful narcotic treatment agent in this impatient study.