Revealing *OOH key intermediates and regulating H2O2 photoactivation by surface relaxation of Fenton-like catalysts.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) molecules play important roles in many green chemical reactions. However, the high activation energy limits their application efficiency, and there is still huge controversy about the activation path of H2O2 molecules over the presence of *OOH intermediates. Here, we confirmed the formation of the key species *OOH in the heterogeneous system, via in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS), isotope labeling, and theoretical calculation. In addition, we found that compared with *H2O2, *OOH was more conducive to the charge transfer behavior with the catalyst and the activation of an O-O bond. Furthermore, we proposed to improve the local coordination structure and electronic density of the YFeO3 catalyst by regulating the surface relaxation with Ti modification so as to reduce the activation barrier of H2O2 and to improve the production efficiency of •OH. As a result, the kinetics rates of the Fenton-like (photo-Fenton) reaction had been significantly increased several times. The •OH free radical activity mechanism and molecular transformation pathways of 4-chloro phenol (4-CP) were also revealed. This may provide a clearer vision for the further study of H2O2 activation and suggest a means of designing catalysts for efficient H2O2 activation.

Recent advances in oxidative phenol coupling for the total synthesis of natural products.

Covering: 2008 to 2023This review will describe oxidative phenol coupling as applied in the total synthesis of natural products. This review covers catalytic and electrochemical methods with a brief comparison to stoichiometric and enzymatic systems assessing their practicality, atom economy, and other measures. Natural products forged by C-C and C-O oxidative phenol couplings as well as from alkenyl phenol couplings will be addressed. Additionally, exploration into catalytic oxidative coupling of phenols and other related species (carbazoles, indoles, aryl ethers, etc.) will be surveyed. Future directions of this particular area of research will also be assessed.

Hydroxylase-like Biomimetic Nanozyme Synthesized via a Urea-Mediated MOF Pyrolytic Reconstruction Strategy for Non-"o-Phenol hydroxyl"-Dependent Dopamine Electrochemical Sensing.

Dopamine (DA), an essential neurotransmitter, is closely associated with various neurological disorders, whose real-time dynamic monitoring is significant for evaluating the physiological activities of neurons. Electrochemical sensing methods are commonly used to determine DA, but they mostly rely on the redox reaction of its o-phenolic hydroxyl group, which makes it difficult to distinguish it from substances with this group. Here, we design a biomimetic nanozyme inspired by the coordination structure of the copper-based active site of dopamine ß-hydroxylase, which was successfully synthesized via a urea-mediated MOF pyrolysis reconstruction strategy. Experimental studies and theoretical calculations revealed that the nanozyme with Cu-N3 coordination could hydroxylate the carbon atom of the DA ß-site at a suitable potential and that the active sites of this Cu-N3 structure have the lowest binding energy for the DA ß-site. With this property, the new oxidation peak achieves the specific detection of DA rather than the traditional electrochemical signal of o-phenol hydroxyl redox, which would effectively differentiate it from neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine. The sensor exhibited good monitoring capability in DA concentrations from 0.05 to 16.7 µM, and its limit of detection was 0.03 µM. Finally, the sensor enables the monitoring of DA released from living cells and can be used to quantitatively analyze the effect of polystyrene microplastics on the amount of DA released. The research provides a method for highly specific monitoring of DA and technical support for initial screening for neurocytotoxicity of pollutants.

Bio-phenols determination in olive oils: Recent mass spectrometry approaches.

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is largely used in Mediterranean diet, and it is also worldwide apprised not only for its organoleptic properties but also for its healthy effects mainly attributed to the presence of several naturally occurring phenolic and polyphenolic compounds (bio-phenols). These compounds are characterized by the presence of multiple phenolic groups in more or less complex structures. Their content is fundamental in defining the healthy qualities of EVOO and consequently the analytical methods for their characterization and quantification are of current interest. Traditionally their determination has been conducted using a colorimetric assay based on the reaction of Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) reagent with the functional hydroxy groups of phenolic compounds. Identification and quantification of the bio-phenols in olive oils requires certainly more performing analytical methods. Chromatographic separation is now commonly achieved by HPLC, coupled with spectrometric devices as UV, FID, and MS. This last approach constitutes an actual cutting-edge application for bio-phenol determination in complex matrices as olive oils, mostly on the light of the development of mass analyzers and the achievement of high resolution and accurate mass measurement in more affordable instrument configurations. After a short survey of some rugged techniques used for bio-phenols determination, in this review have been described the most recent mass spectrometry-based methods, adopted for the analysis of the bio-phenols in EVOOs. In particular, the sample handling and the results of HPLC coupled with low- and high-resolution MS and MS/MS analyzers, of ion mobility mass spectrometry and ambient mass spectrometry have been reported and discussed.

Effective growth hormone replacement with once-weekly somapacitan in Japanese children with growth hormone deficiency: Results from REAL4, a phase 3 clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Somapacitan is a long-acting growth hormone (GH) derivative developed for the treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). This study evaluates the efficacy and tolerability of somapacitan in Japanese children with GHD after 104 weeks of treatment and after switch from daily GH. DESIGN: Subanalysis on Japanese patients from a randomised, open-labelled, controlled parallel-group phase 3 trial (REAL4, NCT03811535). PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS: Thirty treatment-naïve patients were randomised 2:1 to somapacitan (0.16 mg/kg/week) or daily GH (0.034 mg/kg/day) up to Week 52, after which all patients received somapacitan. Height velocity (HV; cm/year) at Weeks 52 and 104 were the primary measurements. Additional assessments included HV SD score (SDS), height SDS, bone age, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) SDS, and observer-reported outcomes. RESULTS: At Week 52, observed mean HV was similar between treatment groups (10.3 vs. 9.8 cm/year for somapacitan and daily GH, respectively). Similar HVs between groups were also observed at Week 104: 7.4 cm/year after continuous somapacitan treatment (soma/soma) and 7.9 cm/year after 1-year somapacitan treatment following switch from daily GH (switch). Other height-related endpoints supported continuous growth. IGF-I SDS increased in both groups with mean IGF-I SDS within -2 and +2 during the study. Somapacitan was well tolerated, one mild injection site reaction was reported, with no reports of injection site pain. Patient preference questionnaires showed that most patients and their caregivers (90.9%) who switched treatment at Week 52 preferred once-weekly somapacitan over daily GH treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Somapacitan showed sustained efficacy in Japanese children with GHD over 104 weeks and for 52 weeks after switching from daily GH. Somapacitan was well tolerated and preferred over daily GH.

A phenol-chloroform free method for cfDNA isolation from cell conditioned media: development, optimization and comparative analysis.

The non-invasive invasive nature of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) as diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic biomarkers has gained immense popularity in recent years. The clinical utility of cfDNA biomarkers may depend on understanding their origin and biological significance. Apoptosis, necrosis, and/or active release are possible mechanisms of cellular DNA release into the cell-free milieu. In-vitro cell culture models can provide useful insights into cfDNA biology. The yields and quality of cfDNA in the cell conditioned media (CCM) are largely dependent on the extraction method used. Here, we developed a phenol-chloroform-free cfDNA extraction method from CCM and compared it with three others published cfDNA extraction methods and four commercially available kits. Real-Time PCR (qPCR) targeting two different loci and a fluorescence-based Qubit assay were performed to quantify the extracted cfDNA. The absolute concentration of the extracted cfDNA varies with the target used for the qPCR assay; however, the relative trend remains similar for both qPCR assays. The cfDNA yield from CCM provided by the developed method was found to be either higher or comparable to the other methods used. In conclusion, we developed a safe, rapid and cost-effective cfDNA extraction protocol with minimal hands-on time; with no compromise in cfDNA yields.

Foliar phenols and flavonoids level in pteridophytes: an insight to culturable fungal endophyte colonisation.

There are many available reports of secondary metabolites as bioactive molecules from culturable endophytes, nevertheless, there are scarce research pertaining to the levels of metabolites in plants with respect to the incidence and colonisation of fungal endophytes in the same foliar tissues. Therefore, the study was focussed to examine whether fungal endophyte colonisation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and phenols, in the plants are related in any way. For this reason, the study aims to analyse phenols and flavonoids from the fronds of eleven pteridophytes along with the culture-dependent isolation of fungal endophytes from the host plants subsequently assigning them to morphological category and their quantitative analysis and further resolving its identities through molecular affiliation. The results revealed that nine morpho-categories of fungal endophytes were allotted based on culture attributes, hyphal patterns and reproductive structural characters. Highest numbers of species were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris and least was recorded from Pteris vittata and Dicranopteris linearis. Maximum phenol content was analysed from the fronds of P. vittata and lowest was recorded in A. capillus-veneris. Highest flavonoid content was measured in D. linearis and lowest was detected in Christella dentata. Significant negative correlation was observed between phenol content of ferns and species richness of fungi. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed with the relative abundance of Chaetomium globosum and flavonoid content of ferns and negative significant relation was found between relative abundance of Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis and phenol content of pteridophytes. The occurrence and the quantitative aspects of endophytes in ferns and their secondary metabolites are discussed.

Taxonomic identification, phenol biodegradation and soil remediation of the strain Rhodococcus sacchari sp. nov. Z13T.

Phenols are highly toxic chemicals that are extensively used in industry and produce large amounts of emissions. Notably, phenols released into the soil are highly persistent, causing long-term harm to human health and the environment. In this study, a gram-positive, aerobic, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, Z13T, with efficient phenol degradation ability, was isolated from the soil of sugarcane fields. Based on the physiological properties and genomic features, strain Z13T is considered as a novel species of the genus Rhodococcus, for which the name Rhodococcus sacchari sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Z13T (= CCTCC AB 2022327T = JCM 35797T). This strain can use phenol as its sole carbon source. Z13T was able to completely degrade 1200 mg/L phenol within 20 h; the maximum specific growth rate was µmax = 0.93174 h-1, and the maximum specific degradation rate was qmax = 0.47405 h-1. Based on whole-genome sequencing and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, strain Z13T contains a series of phenol degradation genes, including dmpP, CatA, dmpB, pcaG, and pcaH, and can metabolize aromatic compounds. Moreover, the potential of strain Z13T for soil remediation was investigated by introducing Z13T into simulated phenol-contaminated soil, and the soil microbial diversity was analyzed. The results showed that 100% of the phenol in the soil was removed within 7.5 d. Furthermore, microbial diversity analysis revealed an increase in the relative species richness of Oceanobacillus, Chungangia, and Bacillus.

Efficient flocculation pretreatment of coal gasification wastewater by halophilic bacterium Halovibrio variabilis TG-5.

The isolated halophilic bacterial strain Halovibrio variabilis TG-5 showed a good performance in the pretreatment of coal gasification wastewater. With the optimum culture conditions of pH = 7, a temperature of 46 °C, and a salinity of 15%, the chemical oxygen demand and volatile phenol content of pretreated wastewater were decreased to 1721 mg/L and 94 mg/L, respectively. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand and volatile phenol were over 90% and 70%, respectively. At the optimum salinity conditions of 15%, the total yield of intracellular compatible solutes and the extracellular transient released yield under hypotonic conditions were increased to 6.88 g/L and 3.45 g/L, respectively. The essential compatible solutes such as L-lysine, L-valine, and betaine were important in flocculation mechanism in wastewater pretreatment. This study provided a new method for pretreating coal gasification wastewater by halophilic microorganisms, and revealed the crucial roles of compatible solutes in the flocculation process.

Isolation and characterization of Candida tropicalis B: a promising yeast strain for biodegradation of petroleum oil in marine environments.

The increasing interest in environmental protection laws has compelled companies to regulate the disposal of waste organic materials. Despite efforts to explore alternative energy sources, the world remains heavily dependent on crude petroleum oil and its derivatives. The expansion of the petroleum industry has significant implications for human and environmental well-being. Bioremediation, employing living microorganisms, presents a promising approach to mitigate the harmful effects of organic hydrocarbons derived from petroleum. This study aimed to isolate and purify local yeast strains from oil-contaminated marine water samples capable of aerobically degrading crude petroleum oils and utilizing them as sole carbon and energy sources. One yeast strain (isolate B) identified as Candida tropicalis demonstrated high potential for biodegrading petroleum oil in seawater. Physiological characterization revealed the strain's ability to thrive across a wide pH range (4-11) with optimal growth at pH 4, as well as tolerate salt concentrations ranging from 1 to 12%. The presence of glucose and yeast extract in the growth medium significantly enhanced the strain's biomass formation and biodegradation capacity. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the yeast cell diameter varied based on the medium composition, further emphasizing the importance of organic nitrogenous sources for initial growth. Furthermore, the yeast strain exhibited remarkable capabilities in degrading various aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, with a notable preference for naphthalene and phenol at 500 and 1000 mg/l, naphthalene removal reached 97.4% and 98.6%, and phenol removal reached 79.48% and 52.79%, respectively. Optimization experiments using multi-factorial sequential designs highlighted the influential role of oil concentration on the bioremediation efficiency of Candida tropicalis strain B. Moreover, immobilized yeast cells on thin wood chips demonstrated enhanced crude oil degradation compared to thick wood chips, likely due to increased surface area for cell attachment. These findings contribute to our understanding of the potential of Candida tropicalis for petroleum oil bioremediation in marine environments, paving the way for sustainable approaches to address oil pollution.

Influence of Divalent Cation Inhibition and Dissolved Organic Matter Enhancement on Phenol Oxidation Kinetics by Manganese Oxides.

Manganese oxides can oxidize organic compounds, such as phenols, and may potentially be used in passive water treatment applications. However, the impact of common water constituents, including cations and dissolved organic matter (DOM), on this reaction is poorly understood. For example, the presence of DOM can increase or decrease phenol oxidation rates with manganese oxides. Furthermore, the interactions of DOM and cations and their impact on the phenol oxidation rates have not been examined. Therefore, we investigated the oxidation kinetics of six phenolic contaminants with acid birnessite in ten whole water samples. The oxidation rate constants of 4-chlorophenol, 4-tert-octylphenol, 4-bromophenol, and phenol consistently decreased in all waters relative to buffered ultrapure water, whereas the oxidation rate of bisphenol A and triclosan increased by up to 260% in some waters. Linear regression analyses and targeted experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of phenol oxidation is largely determined by cations. Furthermore, quencher experiments indicated that radical-mediated interactions from oxidized DOM contributed to enhanced oxidation of bisphenol A. The variable changes between compounds and water samples demonstrate the challenge of accurately predicting contaminant transformation rates in environmentally relevant systems based on experiments conducted in the absence of natural water constituents.

Hypercrosslinked Hydrogel Composite Membranes Targeted for Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds via Selective Solution-Diffusion in Membrane Distillation.

Membrane distillation (MD) has attracted considerable interest in hypersaline wastewater treatment. However, its practicability is severely impeded by the ineffective interception of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which seriously affects the product water quality. Herein, a hypercrosslinked alginate (Alg)/aluminum (Al) hydrogel composite membrane is facilely fabricated via Alg pregel formation and ionic crosslinking for efficient VOC interception. The obtained MD membrane shows a sufficient phenol rejection of 99.52% at the phenol concentration of 100 ppm, which is the highest rejection among the reported MD membranes. Moreover, the hydrogel composite membrane maintains a high phenol interception (>99%), regardless of the feed temperature, initial phenol concentration, and operating time. Diffusion experiments and molecular dynamics simulation verify that the selective diffusion is the dominant mechanism for VOCs-water separation. Phenol experiences a higher energy barrier to pass through the dense hydrogel layer compared to water molecules as the stronger interaction between phenol-Alg compared with water-Alg. Benefited from the dense and hydratable Alg/Al hydrogel layer, the composite membrane also exhibits robust resistance to wetting and fouling during long-term operation. The superior VOCs removal efficiency and excellent durability endow the hydrogel composite membrane with a promising application for treating complex wastewater containing both volatile and nonvolatile contaminants.

Effect of Lignin Structure Characteristics on the Performance of Lignin Based Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesives.

As the second most abundant biopolymer, lignin remains underutilized in various industrial applications. Various forms of lignin generated from different methods affect its physical and chemical properties to a certain extent. To promote the broader commercial utilization of currently available industrial lignins, lignin sulfonate (SL), kraft lignin (KL), and organosolv lignin (OL) are utilized to partially replace phenol in the synthesis of phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. The impact of lignin production process on the effectiveness of lignin-based phenolic (LPF) adhesives is examined based on the structural analysis of the selected industrial lignin. The results show that OL has more phenolic hydroxyl groups, lower molecular weight, and greater number of reactive sites than the other two types of lignins. The maximum replacement rate of phenol by OL reaches 70% w/w, resulting in organosolv lignin phenolic (OLPF) adhesives with a viscosity of 960 mPa·s, a minimal free formaldehyde content of 0.157%, and a shear strength of 1.84 MPa. It exhibits better performance compared with the other two types of lignin-based adhesives and meets the requirements of national standards.

Design, synthesis, and histone deacetylase inhibition study of novel 4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol derivatives.

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified as promising targets for anticancer treatment. The study demonstrates virtual screening, molecular docking, and synthesis of 4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol derivatives as HDAC inhibitors. The virtual screening and molecular docking analysis led to the identification of 10 representative compounds, which were evaluated based on their drug-like properties. The results demonstrated that these compounds effectively interacted with the active site pocket of HDAC 3 through π-stacking, Zn2+ coordination, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions with catalytic residues. Furthermore, a series of 4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol derivatives were synthesized, and their HDAC inhibitory activity was evaluated. Compounds 18 and 20 showed significant HDAC inhibitory activity of 64.94 ± 1.17% and 52.45 ± 1.45%, respectively, compared to the solvent control. The promising results of this study encourage further research on 4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol derivatives and may provide significant insight into the design of novel small molecule HDAC inhibitors to fight against target-specific malignancies of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and nonsmall cell lung cancer in the future.

Effective degradation of phenol by activating PMS with bimetallic Mo and Ni Co-doped g C3N4 composite catalyst: A Fenton-like degradation process promoted by non-free radical 1O2.

The application of bimetal supported graphite phase carbon nitride in activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) process has become a research hotspot in recent years. In this study, 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni composite catalyst material was successfully prepared by doping Mo and Ni in graphite phase carbon nitride. The bimetallic active sites were formed in the catalyst, and PMS was activated by the metal valence Mo6+/Mo4+ and Ni2+/Ni(0) through redox double cycle to effectively degrade phenol. When pH was neutral, the degradation rate of 20 mg/L phenol solution with 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni (0.35 g/L) and PMS (0.6 mM) could reach 95% within 20 min. The degradation rate of 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni/PMS catalytic system could reach more than 90% within 20min under the condition of pH range of 3-11 and different anions. Meanwhile, the degradation effects of RhB, MB and OFX on different pollutants within 30min were 99%, 100% and 82%, respectively. Electron spin resonance and quenching experiments showed that in 8-g C3N4/Mo/Ni/PMS system, the degradation mechanism was mainly non-free radicals, and the main active species in the degradation process was 1O2. This study provides a new idea for the study of bimetal supported graphite phase carbon nitride activation of PMS and the theoretical study of degradation mechanism.

Water hyacinth derived hierarchical porous biochar absorbent: Ideal peroxydisulfate activator for efficient phenol degradation via an electron-transfer pathway.

In this paper, a facile hydrothermal pretreatment and molten salt activation route was presented for preparing a self-doped porous biochar (HMBC) from a nitrogenous biomass precursor of water hyacinth. With an ultrahigh specific surface area (2240 m2 g-1), well-developed hierarchical porous structure, created internal structural defects and doped surface functionalities, HMBC exhibited an excellent adsorption performance and catalytic activity for phenol removal via peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation. Specifically, the porous structure promoted the adsorption of PDS on HMBC, forming a highly active HMBC/PDS* complex and thereby increasing the oxidation potential of the system. Meanwhile, the carbon defective structure, graphitic N and CO groups enhanced the electron transfer process, favoring the HMBC/PDS system to catalyze phenol oxidation via an electron transfer dominated pathway. Thus, the system degraded phenol effectively with an ultralow activation energy of 4.9 kJ mol-1 and a remarkable oxidant utilization efficiency of 8.2 mol mol-oxidant-1 h-1 g-1. More importantly, the system exhibited excellent resistance to water quality and good adaptability for decontaminating different organic pollutants with satisfactory mineralization efficiency. This study offers valuable insights into the rational designing of a low-cost biochar catalyst for efficient PDS activation towards organic wastewater remediation.

Molecular insights into dicationic versus monocationic ionic liquids as a high hydrophobic alternative for the separation of phenol from waters.

The hydrophobic nature of an extractant is particularly critical in the treatment of wastewater. Considering that dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) are likely to be more hydrophobic, a comparative study of the separation of phenol from waters using [NTf2]- based monocationic ionic liquids (MILs) and DILs is carried out both from experimental and theoretical analysis perspectives. Experimental results revealed that DILs exhibited superior extraction ability compared to MILs, with extraction efficiencies of 93.7% and 97.4% using [BMIM][NTf2] and [C6(MIM)2][NTf2]2 as extractants, respectively. The microscopic examination through theoretical calculations elucidated the higher hydrophobicity and extraction efficiency of DILs over MILs. The results indicated that the DIL showed stronger hydrophobicity than the MIL because the hydrogen bond strength between the DIL and water was lower than that of the MIL. Although the hydrogen bond strength between the DIL and phenol was lower than that of the MIL, the stronger van der Waals forces existed between DIL and phenol, so DIL was more efficient in extracting phenol. In addition, the experimental parameters were optimized to provide basic data for application, such as mass ratio of ILs to water, extraction time and temperature, pH, and initial phenol content. Finally, the DILs were recovered using rotary evaporation apparatus, and the results demonstrated that DILs had good recovery and reuse performance. In brief, this work could provide an effective method for the treatment of phenol-containing wastewater. And the revelation of molecular mechanism is expected to positively impact the design of high-performance task-specific ILs.

Bioproduction, purification, partial characterization and phenol removal efficacy of tyrosinase enzyme from Streptomyces sp. strain MR28.

The study focused on the production of the tyrosinase enzyme from Streptomyces sp. MR28 and its potency in removal of phenol content from water using free and immobilized tyrosinase enzyme. The tyrosinase was produced by Streptomyces sp. MR28 in liquid tyrosine broth medium, and it was further purified to near its homogeneity by employing, precipitation, dialysis, and column chromatography. After the purification, 44.49% yield with a 4 fold purification was achieved. The characterization of the purified enzyme showed a single major peak on HPLC and a solitary band on SDS-PAGE. The purified tyrosinase enzyme was active at a pH of 7.0 and a temperature of 30 °C. Further immobilization of purified tyrosinase was performed using the sodium alginate entrapment method. The capacity of the purified tyrosinase to remove phenol in water was evaluated by spectrophotometric method. The free tyrosinase enzyme-treated solutions showed a gradual decrease in the concentration of phenol with increased incubation time at 30 °C and 40 °C, at 90 min of the incubation time, it showed maximum efficacy in removing phenol from the solution. At 50 °C and 60 °C, the free tyrosinase enzyme exhibited very less capacity to remove the phenol. The immobilized enzyme showed good capacity for the removal of phenol from the solutions; the concentration of phenol in the solution decreased with an increase in the incubation time. At temperatures of 40 °C and 50 °C, the immobilized tyrosinase enzyme beads showed significant removal of phenol from the solution, and at temperatures of 30 °C and 60 °C, they also exhibited good capacity for the removal of phenol. At the end of the 90 min incubation period, it exhibited good capability. The current study suggests using immobilized microbial tyrosinase enzyme can be used for the removal of phenol from the contaminated water in a greener manner.

Construction of aldehyde-based, ester-based hyper-cross-linked polar resin and its selective adsorption mechanism for phenol in coal chemical wastewater.

Efficient and precise recovery of phenol from coal chemical wastewater (CCW) poses a significant challenge, prompting the development of a novel aldehyde-based, ester-based hyper-cross-linked polar resin (DES-COOC-CHO) in this study. Two distinct functional group modification methods were employed to enhance the screening effect of the resin. SEM, FT-IR, NMR, XPS, and BET characterizations confirmed the successful construction of the hyper-cross-linked polar resin, incorporation aldehyde and ester groups, exhibiting a special surface area of 627.2 m2/g and a microporous specific surface area percentage of 29.94%. DES-COOC-CHO adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model (maximum adsorption capacity of 118.0 mg/g). Its adsorption of phenol was spontaneous chemisorption, monolayer adsorption. Notably, even after undergoing 20 adsorption-desorption cycles, the resin maintained a stable adsorption capacity, showcasing excellent recoverability. In the presence of phenols sharing similar properties, DES-COOC-CHO exhibited superior selectivity for phenol. In real CCW, it achieved a remarkable 90% selective removal rate of phenol. The primary selective mechanism relied on the hydrogen bonding effect facilitated by aldehyde and ester groups, coupled with microporous sieving of appropriate size. In comparison with other adsorbent materials, DES-COOC-CHO exhibited superior adsorption properties, coupled with a cost-effective preparation process, presenting significant potential for practical applications.

Endocrine disrupting bisphenol A, 4-tert-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol in gonads of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis wintering in the southern Baltic.

This paper focuses on determining the concentrations of phenol derivatives in the gonads of seabirds and examining the potential factors (age, sex and region) affecting the degree of their bioaccumulation. The study involved assays of bisphenol A (BPA), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in the gonads of long-tailed ducks taken as bycatch from the Southern Baltic region in 2015-2016. Among phenol derivatives, 4-NP was found to reach the highest concentrations in the gonads of long-tailed ducks, and its concentrations were in the range of <0.1-717.5 ng g-1 dw. The concentrations of BPA and 4-t-OP were similar and amounted to <0.4-181.6 ng g-1 dw and <0.1-192.4 ng g-1 dw respectively. The concentration levels of phenol derivatives in the birds' gonads were similar to the levels which had been observed to have negative endocrine effects in other authors studies. This shows that the studied xenoestrogens can interfere with the reproduction and development of birds. Moreover, adult long-tailed ducks had higher concentrations of phenol derivatives compared to immature ones, possibly resulting from long-term bioaccumulation, as well as from diverse pollution in their respective habitats. Particularly in the case of 4-NP, the median concentrations in gonads of adult birds were 2-fold higher than in immature ones. In turn, among adult long-tailed ducks, phenol derivatives were characterized by higher concentrations in males than in females, with almost 3 times and approx. 3.5 times higher median concentrations of BPA and 4-t-OP, respectively. Lower concentrations of phenol derivatives in female gonads may result from the additional elimination of pollutants from their bodies through the transfer of pollutants from mother to egg. The results show the need for further research on phenol derivatives in the gonads of birds, focusing on their impact on the reproductive system and early development.