RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Due to the similarity of Strongyloides stercoralis with free-living nematodes of Rhabditis species they might be miss-diagnosed with each other in microscopical examination of stool samples. The aim of this study was molecular characterization and differentiation of human derived isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis species based on the mitochondrial gene of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) amplification. METHODS: Using parasitological methods, ten isolates of S. stercoralis and three isolates of Rhabditis spp. were obtained from fresh stool samples of patients and the genomic DNA of the samples were extracted. PCR amplification of cox1 gene was carried out for all the isolates and the products were sequenced. RESULTS: The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. isolates were placed in two distinguishable separate clades. Inter-species genetic variation between isolates of S. stercoralis and Rhabditis spp. were ranged from 13.5 to 14.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Cox1 gene was a suitable marker for discrimination of S. stercoralis from Rhabditis spp. retrieved from human in the current study. The availability of gene sequence information will be helpful in the future development and validation of discriminatory PCR-based assays of these nematodes.
Assuntos
Complexo IV da Cadeia de Transporte de Elétrons/genética , Rhabditoidea/genética , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Strongyloides stercoralis/genética , Strongyloides stercoralis/isolamento & purificação , Animais , DNA Mitocondrial/análise , DNA Mitocondrial/genética , Fezes/parasitologia , Variação Genética , Humanos , Irã (Geográfico) , Tipagem Molecular/métodos , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Subunidades Proteicas/genética , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Estrongiloidíase/diagnóstico , Estrongiloidíase/parasitologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Rhabditis (Rhabditellae) axei is a common species in soil, which has been reported repeatedly in human urine and the digestive system. Humans exposed to sewage or mistakenly polluted sewage is the cause of larvae infecting the digestive tract or via the urethra. We reported a patient infected with Rhabditis axei and Enterobius Vermicularis. The migration of the nematodes caused true signs of hematuria, diarrhea, and high eosinophilia. METHODS: Stool and urine are collected to detect parasite eggs and genotype. Specimens are sent for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based species identification. Amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene was performed by PCR as described [1]. RESULTS: Morphological features and PCR amplification of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene confirmed Rhabditis axei and Enterobius vermicularis as the pathogen of infection. CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we presented a case that confirmed Rhabditis axei and Enterobius vermicularis infection in humans can be associated with high eosinophilia.
Assuntos
Enterobíase/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Animais , Pequim , Pré-Escolar , Diarreia/parasitologia , Enterobíase/parasitologia , Enterobius/genética , Enterobius/fisiologia , Eosinofilia/parasitologia , Hematúria/parasitologia , Humanos , Masculino , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Rhabditoidea/genética , Rhabditoidea/fisiologiaRESUMO
Halicephalobus gingivalis (previously Micronema deletrix) is a free-living nematode known to cause opportunistic infections, mainly in horses. Human infections are very rare, but all cases described to date involved fatal meningoencephalitis. Here we report the first case of H. gingivalis infection in an Australian human patient, confirmed by nematode morphology and sequencing of ribosomal DNA. The implications of this case are discussed, particularly, the need to evaluate real-time PCR as a diagnostic tool.
Assuntos
Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/patologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologia , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Idoso , Animais , Austrália , Encéfalo/parasitologia , Encéfalo/patologia , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Feminino , Histocitoquímica , Humanos , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Microscopia , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Rabditídios/anatomia & histologia , Rabditídios/classificação , Rabditídios/genética , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
Here we report the first human case of an outer ear canal infection with a free-living nematode of the genus Rhabditis. Otomicroscopy revealed viable worms in the outer ear canal of a patient suffering from chronic otorrhea and hearing loss. The nematode was identified by microscopy and internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-PCR.
Assuntos
Meato Acústico Externo/parasitologia , Otopatias/diagnóstico , Otopatias/parasitologia , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Animais , Humanos , Masculino , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologiaRESUMO
Aberrant nematode larval migration in the CNS of horses is rare but frequently fatal; one of the main etiological agents involved in this illness is Halicephalobus gingivalis. This soil nematode has been associated with several fatal equine meningoencephalitis reports worldwide; however, it had never been diagnosed in horses of Mexico. A 10 year-old Andalusian horse presented dysphagia, fever, weakness, prostration and ataxia; the patient expired during the medical attention. Post mortem examination was performed and no gross alterations were found. Histopathology revealed meningoencephalitis, vasculitis and intralesional adult nematodes, larvae and eggs compatible with Halicephalobus spp. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU rDNA) of nematodes was performed from formalin-fixed and paraffin wax-embedded sections of brain. Posterior nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified fragment identified the agent as H. gingivalis. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of Halicephalobiasis in Mexico.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Evolução Fatal , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos , Masculino , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , México , Rabditídios/classificação , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Tylenchida/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In Australia, Cooperia spp. are often overshadowed by parasites believed to be more pathogenic production-limiting nematodes. A rise in anthelmintic resistance and reports of reduced growth rates attributed to infection with Cooperia spp. in Europe increases the need to be able to monitor the presence of C. pectinata, C. punctata and C. oncophora in Australian cattle. Here, we present the first molecular confirmation of C. pectinata and C. punctata in Australian cattle using ITS2 rDNA and COXII mtDNA. Cultured larvae were morphologically differentiated to the genus level with the aid of iodine solution and their DNA was screened using a cattle nematode MT-PCR panel. By isolating individual iodine stained and morphologically identified nematode larvae, we demonstrated the presence of C. pectinata and C. punctata using a generic ITS2 rDNA qPCR assay following DNA amplicon sequencing. A novel suite of COXII mtDNA species/genus-specific PCR assays for Cooperia speciation from complex nematode samples enabled us to detect all three species (C. oncophora, C. pectinata, C. punctata) in Australia cattle samples. Our approach, utilising traditional techniques coupled with the manipulation of individual nematode larvae, provides a foundation for the inclusion of Cooperia spp. into existing high throughput molecular diagnostic panels for cattle nematode surveillance.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , DNA de Helmintos/análise , Gastroenteropatias/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fezes/parasitologia , Gastroenteropatias/diagnóstico , Gastroenteropatias/parasitologia , Larva/genética , Larva/crescimento & desenvolvimento , New South Wales , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Rabditídios/genética , Rabditídios/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Although lungworms are known to infect many mammalian species and a few are known to infect snakes, lizards, and birds, previously none were known to infect chelonians. This study documents the first three known cases of lungworms in loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta. It is unlikely that the lungworms were the primary cause of illness in any of the cases, and they may be only contributory or even incidental. Changes observed in the two cases that died included tracheal and bronchial epithelial hyperplasia and goblet cell hyperplasia. Lesions caused directly by the parasites seem to be restricted to the upper respiratory tree (trachea and main bronchi), but changes in the lungs themselves may be caused by the debris produced by the worms. Although neither case was successfully treated for the lungworms prior to death, it would appear that oxfendazole may be an effective treatment and has been used in the third case that is still undergoing rehabilitation.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Pulmão/parasitologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Tartarugas/parasitologia , Animais , Evolução Fatal , Pneumopatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Pneumopatias Parasitárias/mortalidade , Pneumopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Masculino , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/mortalidade , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologiaRESUMO
An adult female free-ranging American black bear (Ursus americanus) was presented in poor body condition, with advanced skin disease. Skin changes included hair loss, lichenification, crusting, and focal erosions. Skin scrapings and histopathology identified two distinct parasitic conditions that were contributing to this animal's dermatitis. Large numbers of larvae, nymphs, and adults of Sarcoptes scabiei were present in the superficial epidermis, and nematodes consistent with Pelodera strongyloides were abundant within the hair follicles. This appears to be the first reported case of Pelodera dermatitis in a bear species, adding a new differential agent to the list for dermatitis in bears. The sarcoptic mange and poor body condition of this bear may have been contributing factors to the development of the opportunistic Pelodera infestation.
Assuntos
Dermatite/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Escabiose/veterinária , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Ursidae , Animais , Animais Selvagens/parasitologia , Dermatite/parasitologia , Dermatite/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologia , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Sarcoptes scabiei/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Escabiose/diagnóstico , Escabiose/patologia , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Dermatopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Ursidae/parasitologiaRESUMO
The co-existence of males, females and hermaphrodites, a rare mating system known as trioecy, has been considered as an evolutionarily transient state. In nematodes, androdioecy (males/hermaphrodites) as found in Caenorhabditis elegans, is thought to have evolved from dioecy (males/females) through a trioecious intermediate. Thus, trioecious species are good models to understand the steps and requirements for the evolution of new mating systems. Here we describe two new species of nematodes with trioecy, Auanema rhodensis and A. freiburgensis. Along with molecular barcodes, we provide a detailed analysis of the morphology of these species, and document it with drawings and light and SEM micrographs. Based on morphological data, these free-living nematodes were assigned to a new genus, Auanema, together with three other species described previously. Auanema species display convergent evolution in some features with parasitic nematodes with complex life cycles, such as the production of few males after outcrossing and the obligatory development of dauers into self-propagating adults.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Reprodução , Rabditídios/fisiologia , Animais , Feminino , Estágios do Ciclo de Vida , Masculino , Filogenia , Rabditídios/anatomia & histologia , Rabditídios/classificação , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologiaRESUMO
A 5-year old Tinker gelding was referred to the Department of Equine Sciences with a left eye uveitis and fever. At presentation the horse showed a mild lethargy, fever and decreased vision of the left eye. Rectal examination revealed an enlarged left kidney, with a hard and an irregular surface. The cranial mesentery artery had an enlarged and irregular aspect. Blood analysis showed anaemia, leucocytosis, increased blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and a hyperproteinemia. Urine analysis repeatedly showed a marked proteinuria and an increased gammaGT/creatinine ratio. The amount of abdominal fluid was slightly increased. However, the aspect, amount of cells and protein were normal. In the following two days the fever persisted and the horse showed anorexia and severe neurological signs. The horse was euthanized with permission of the owner. Post mortem examination showed a generalized parasitic infestation of Halicephalobus gingivalis in the uvea of the left eye, the kidneys and the central nerve system.
Assuntos
Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/veterinária , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Nefropatias/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Uveíte/veterinária , Animais , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/diagnóstico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/parasitologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/patologia , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/parasitologia , Infecções Oculares Parasitárias/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Febre/parasitologia , Febre/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Cavalos/patologia , Cavalos , Nefropatias/diagnóstico , Nefropatias/parasitologia , Nefropatias/patologia , Masculino , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologia , Uveíte/diagnóstico , Uveíte/parasitologia , Uveíte/patologiaRESUMO
Halicephalobus gingivalis is an opportunistic parasite which is known to cause fatal meningoencephalomyelitis primarily in equines but sporadically also in humans. In April 2014, laboratory examination of the head of a young dairy calf, euthanized due to severe central nervous system symptoms, revealed the presence of granulomatous to necrotizing encephalitis and myriads of nematodes in the brain lesion. Morphologically the parasites were identified as H. gingivalis. The diagnosis was confirmed by molecular analysis of the large subunit (LSU) rRNA and the small subunit (SSU) rRNA genes, revealing genetic variations of 0.5-4.4% and 0.7-8.6%, respectively, between the H. gingivalis isolated from the Danish calf and published isolates, collected worldwide from free-living and parasitic stages of the nematode. Clinical symptoms and histological changes indicated infection with H. gingivalis from another three calves in the herd. This is the first scientific publication of H. gingivalis induced meningoencephalomyelitis in ruminants. As ante mortem diagnosis is a major challenge, the infection may easily remain undiagnosed in cattle.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Surtos de Doenças/veterinária , Encefalomielite/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/patologia , Encefalomielite/diagnóstico , Encefalomielite/parasitologia , Encefalomielite/patologia , Genes de RNAr/genética , Filogenia , Rabditídios/classificação , Rabditídios/genética , Rabditídios/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologiaRESUMO
A 73-year-old Thai woman living in Mueang District, Saraburi Province, central Thailand presented with numerous hookworm-like nematodes, finally revealed as Diploscapter coronata, by fecal culture. The patient exhibited no significant clinical signs of the gastrointestinal or genitourinary systems, and was generally not ill as a result of this unusual infection. Less commonly, patients have presented with symptoms and signs of Diploscapter coronata infection. However, potentially serious consequences can occur where people have exposure to an environment that has been contaminated with infected feces, or more specifically, infective eggs; such conditions could lead to human infection with Diploscapter coronata worms. This was the first reported occurrence of human Diploscapter coronata infection in Thailand.
Assuntos
Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Solo/parasitologia , Idoso , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Contaminação de Alimentos , Humanos , Infecções por Rhabditida/etiologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , TailândiaRESUMO
Phylogenetic relationships among six isolates of Halicephalobus gingivalis (Stefanski, 1954), a species with pathogenic potential in horses and humans, were evaluated using DNA sequences from the nuclear large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA) gene. Sequences from nematodes obtained from in vitro cultures (soil or clinical sources), or isolated from infected horse tissues, were compared. Gene sequences from a fatal equine clinical case from southern California and a free-living isolate recovered from southern California soil showed no fixed differences. Sequences from isolates representing two fatal equine cases from North America, one from Ontario, Canada and another from Tennessee also showed no fixed differences. In contrast, two equine cases from Tennessee had 18 fixed differences for this LSU region, the greatest observed among isolates from horses. Phylogenetic analysis of six Halicephalobus sequences and four outgroup taxa by maximum parsimony yielded one tree with five well-supported clades. This phylogeny did not group isolates of Halicephalobus strictly by region of geographic isolation or source of sample, and depicted one clinical and one soil isolate as sister taxa. These results confirm that free-living environmental isolates are potential sources of infection for horses. The phylogeny also reveals that diverse isolates can cause infections in horses within a relatively limited geographic region, and conversely that genetically similar sister taxa can be recovered from geographically distant localities. PCR primers that selectively amplify Halicephalobus DNA were designed and tested based on comparison of closely related nematodes as inferred from phylogenetic analysis.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas/veterinária , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Rabditídios/classificação , Solo/parasitologia , Animais , Sequência de Bases , DNA de Helmintos/genética , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Infecções Oportunistas/diagnóstico , Infecções Oportunistas/parasitologia , Filogenia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Rabditídios/genética , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/parasitologia , Alinhamento de SequênciaRESUMO
Papillomatous digital dermatitis is a common disease in cattle. The pastern dermatitis observed in a horse shared many of the gross characteristics of papillomatous digital dermatitis in cattle. Lesions included a mixture of proliferative and erosive changes, with a verrucose appearance in some areas. Microscopic similarities included pseudoepitheliomatous and papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia with hyperkeratosis, spongiosis of the epidermis, and intraepidermal spirochetes. The horse was also concurrently infected with Pelodera strongyloides. Papillomatous digital dermatitis in cattle is associated with poor husbandry practices. The environment of the affected horse was heavily contaminated with urine, manure, and other organic debris. Verrucous pododermatitis of horses may be the same as or similar to bovine papillomatous digital dermatitis, and these conditions have similar etiologies.
Assuntos
Dermatite/veterinária , Doenças do Pé/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/diagnóstico , Papiloma/veterinária , Animais , Biópsia/veterinária , Dermatite/diagnóstico , Dermatite/microbiologia , Dermatite/parasitologia , Doenças do Pé/diagnóstico , Doenças do Pé/microbiologia , Doenças do Pé/parasitologia , Membro Anterior/microbiologia , Membro Anterior/parasitologia , Membro Posterior/microbiologia , Membro Posterior/parasitologia , Histocitoquímica , Doenças dos Cavalos/microbiologia , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Cavalos , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica/veterinária , Papiloma/diagnóstico , Papiloma/microbiologia , Papiloma/parasitologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Infecções por Rhabditida/terapia , Infecções por Rhabditida/veterinária , Rhabditoidea/citologia , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Spirochaetales/citologia , Spirochaetales/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Spirochaetales/diagnóstico , Infecções por Spirochaetales/terapia , Infecções por Spirochaetales/veterináriaRESUMO
We report a case of parasitism by Rhabditis sp in a five-month-old child, from Goiás State, Brazil. He had a history of diarrhea with liquid and green faeces which later became bloody. Parasitological examination revealed the presence of larvae and adult female of Rhabditis sp. We used thiabendazole in this case after which the child improved. The authors suggest a better differential diagnostic between Strongyloides and Rhabditis.
Assuntos
Fezes/parasitologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Rhabditoidea/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Antinematódeos/uso terapêutico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Infecções por Rhabditida/tratamento farmacológico , Rhabditoidea/anatomia & histologia , Tiabendazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The genus Halicephalobus consists of eight species of free-living nematodes. Only one species (H. gingivalis) has been reported to infect vertebrates. Human infection is extremely rare, and only four cases have been reported in the literature. These nematodes seem to exhibit neurotropism, but their life cycle, mode of infection, and risk factors are poorly understood. Neurohelminthiases are not commonly recognized in the United States and when they do occur, pose great diagnostic challenges because of lack of appropriate non-invasive screening and/or confirmatory tests. We report a challenging case of meningoencephalomyelitis caused by a Halicephalobus sp., in which the patient had a rapidly deteriorating clinical course. The case did not raise any clinical suspicion of neurohelminthiases, although increased eosinophils were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. This case presents an opportunity to highlight the importance of considering parasitic infection in meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis presenting atypically.
Assuntos
Encefalomielite/parasitologia , Meningite/parasitologia , Meningoencefalite/parasitologia , Infecções por Rhabditida/diagnóstico , Rabditídios/classificação , Idoso , Animais , Encefalomielite/diagnóstico , Encefalomielite/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Meningite/diagnóstico , Meningite/patologia , Meningoencefalite/diagnóstico , Meningoencefalite/patologia , Rabditídios/genética , Rabditídios/patogenicidade , Infecções por Rhabditida/patologiaRESUMO
Infection with the saprophagous nematode Halicephalobus species is uncommon but has been reported in horses worldwide. Only 3 human cases have been previously described, all of which have been fatal. We report a fourth fatal case, which occurred in a 39-year-old woman who presented with meningeal signs, altered mental status, and a prodromal pruritic rash. Diagnostic evaluation included an open brain biopsy, which was diagnosed as granulomatous vasculitis. The patient subsequently died after a course of steroids and cyclophosphamide. At autopsy, a robust perivascular mixed inflammatory infiltration of the brain parenchyma, meninges, and ventricular system was present with larval forms and mature nematodes morphologically consistent with Halicephalobus deletrix . Although extremely rare, this organism needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of human helminthic infection of the central nervous system.