Mobilizing serum factors and immune cells through exercise to counteract age-related changes in cancer risk.

An increasing body of evidence suggests that age-related immune changes and chronic inflammation contribute to cancer development. Recognizing that exercise has protective effects against cancer, promotes immune function, and beneficially modulates inflammation with ageing, this review outlines the current evidence indicating an emerging role for exercise immunology in preventing and treating cancer in older adults. A specific focus is on data suggesting that muscle- derived cytokines (myokines) mediate anti-cancer effects through promoting immunosurveillance against tumourigenesis or inhibiting cancer cell viability. Previous studies suggested that the exercise-induced release of myokines and other endocrine factors into the blood increases the capacity of blood serum to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro. However, little is known about whether this effect is influenced by ageing. Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men. We therefore examined the effects of serum collected before and after exercise from healthy young and older men on the metabolic activity of androgen-responsive LNCaP and androgen-unresponsive PC3 prostate cancer cells. Exercise-conditioned serum collected from the young group did not alter cell metabolic activity, whereas post-exercise serum (compared with pre-exercise serum) from the older men inhibited the metabolic activity of LNCaP cancer cells. Serum levels of candidate cancer-inhibitory myokines oncostatin M and osteonectin increased in both age groups following exercise. Serum testosterone increased only in the younger men postexercise, potentially attenuating inhibitory effects of myokines on the LNCaP cell viability. The data from our study and the evidence in this review suggest that mobilizing serum factors and immune cells may be a key mechanism of how exercise counteracts cancer in the older population.

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine gene variants: Impact on susceptibility and survival of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a glycoprotein involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, which regulates cell growth. It could be involved in hepatic fibrogenesis related to chronic inflammations, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) angiogenesis, and tumor progression. We aimed to study the expressions of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the SPARC gene and their impact on susceptibility and survival of HCC patients. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study on 200 HCC patients and 50 matched healthy controls. All patients were subjected to laboratory investigations, ultrasound, and real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect the genetic polymorphisms (rs3210714, rs11950384, and rs7719521) in the SPARC gene in the blood. RESULTS: One hundred sixty (80%) patients were men with a mean age of 43 years. The SPARC gene showed a significant higher prevalence of rs3210714 mutation (i.e. AA or AG) and a significant lower prevalence of rs11950384 mutation (i.e. AA or AC) among HCC patients in comparison with controls (83% vs 22%, P ≤ 0.001) and (65.5 vs 86%, P = 0.005), respectively, while rs7719521 mutation did not reach significance. On univariate and multivariate analyses, elder age and having at least one copy of the mutant rs3210714 were associated with a significantly increased risk of HCC (P < 0.001 for both), whereas the presence of at least one copy of the mutant rs11950384 carried a significantly reduced risk of having HCC (P < 0.01). Overall survival did not differ significantly between any of the SPARC gene mutation groups. CONCLUSIONS: The SPARC gene polymorphisms had a diverse impact on the susceptibility of HCC due to its ability to inhibit or promote tumor progression. SPARC gene polymorphisms were not related to survival of our HCC patients, and probably, this needs further analysis of other SPARC gene nucleotides.

Mild steel welding is associated with alterations in circulating levels of cancer-related proteins.

Welding fumes were recently classified as carcinogenic to humans and worldwide millions work as welders or perform welding operations. The purpose of this study was to identify new biomarkers of welding-induced carcinogenesis. We evaluated a panel of 91 putative cancer-related proteins in serum in a cohort of welders working with mild steel (n = 77) and controls (n = 94) from southern Sweden sampled on two occasions 6-year apart using a longitudinal analysis (linear mixed models). The significant results from the longitudinal analysis were tested for reproducibility in welders (n = 88) and controls (n = 69) sampled once during the same sampling period as timepoint 1 or timepoint 2 (linear regression models), i.e., in a cross-sectional setting. The models were adjusted for age, body-mass index, and use of snus. All study participants were non-smokers at recruitment. Exposure to welding fumes was assessed using questionnaires and respirable dust measurement in the breathing zone that was adjusted for personal respiratory protection equipment. The median respirable dust in welders was 0.7 (0.2-4.2) and 0.5 (0.1-1.9) mg/m3 at the first and second timepoints, respectively. We identified 14 cancer-related proteins that were differentially expressed in welders versus controls in the longitudinal analysis, out of which three were also differentially expressed in the cross-sectional analysis (cross-sectional group). Namely, syndecan 1 (SDC1), folate receptor 1 (FOLR1), and secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) were downregulated, in welders compared with controls. In addition, FOLR1 was negatively associated with years welding. Disease and function analysis indicated that the top proteins are related to lung cancer as well as cell invasion and migration. Our study indicates that moderate exposure to welding fumes is associated with changes in circulating levels of putative cancer-related proteins, out of which FOLR1 showed a clear dose-response relationship. It is, however, unclear to which extent these changes are adaptive or potential early biomarkers of cancer.

Diagnostic role of circulating extracellular matrix-related proteins in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment are crucial determinants of cancer progression. During this process, bi-directional communication among tumor cells and cancer associated fibroblasts (CAF) regulate extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and remodeling. As a result of this dynamic process, soluble ECM proteins can be released into the bloodstream and may represent novel circulating biomarkers useful for cancer diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to measure the levels of three circulating ECM related proteins (COL11A1, COL10A1 and SPARC) in plasma samples of lung cancer patients and in healthy heavy-smokers controls and test whether such measurements have diagnostic or prognostic value. METHODS: Gene expression profiling of lung fibroblasts isolated from paired normal and cancer tissue of NSCLC patients was performed by gene expression microarrays. The prioritization of the candidates for the study of circulating proteins in plasma was based on the most differentially expressed genes in cancer associated fibroblasts. Soluble ECM proteins were assessed by western blot in the conditioned medium of lung fibroblasts and by ELISA assays in plasma samples. RESULTS: Plasma samples from lung cancer patients and healthy heavy-smokers controls were tested for levels of COL11A1 and COL10A1 (n = 57 each) and SPARC (n = 90 each). Higher plasma levels of COL10A1 were detected in patients (p ≤ 0.001), a difference that was driven specifically by females (p < 0.001). No difference in COL11A1 levels between patients and controls was found. SPARC levels were also higher in plasma patients than controls (p < 0.001) with good performance in discriminating the two groups (AUC = 0.744). No significant association was observed between plasma proteins levels and clinicopathological features or survival. CONCLUSION: Soluble factors related to proficient tumor-stroma cross-talk are detectable in plasma of primary lung cancer patients and may represent a valuable complementary diagnostic tool to discriminate lung cancer patients from healthy heavy-smokers individuals as shown for the SPARC protein.

Association between bone metabolism regulators and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Osteopontin (OPN), osteonectin (ON) and osteocalcin (OC) play an important role in the development of vascular calcifications, but it is unclear whether these bone metabolism regulators contribute to the development of arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients. We therefore aim to determine the relationship between plasma concentrations of OPN, ON, OC and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 1003 type 2 diabetes patients included in the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART)-cohort. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate the relation between plasma levels of OPN, ON and OC and arterial stiffness as measured by pulse pressure (PP), ankle-brachial index (ABI) (≥0.9), carotid artery distension and an arterial stiffness summary score. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, kidney function, diabetes duration and diastolic blood pressure. Higher OPN plasma levels were significantly related to a lower ABI (ß-0.013; 95%CI -0.024 to -0.002) and a higher arterial stiffness summary score (OR1.24; 95%CI 1.03-1.49). OPN levels were not related to PP (ß 0.59; 95%CI -0.63-1.81) or absolute carotid artery distention (ß -7.03; 95%CI -20.00-5.93). ON and OC plasma levels were not related to any of the arterial stiffness measures. CONCLUSION: Only elevated plasma levels of OPN are associated with increased arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes as measured by the ankle-brachial index and arterial stiffness summary score. These findings indicate that OPN may be involved in the pathophysiology of arterial stiffness and call for further clinical investigation.

In-depth proteomic analysis of tissue interstitial fluid for hepatocellular carcinoma serum biomarker discovery.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary malignancy of the liver. New serum biomarkers for HCC screening are needed, especially for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) negative patients. As a proximal fluid between body fluids and intracellular fluid, tissue interstitial fluid (TIF) is a suitable source for serum biomarker discovery. METHODS: Sixteen paired TIF samples from HCC tumour and adjacent non-tumour tissues were analysed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method. Two proteins were selected for ELISA validation in serum samples. RESULTS: Totally, 3629 proteins were identified and 3357 proteins were quantified in TIF samples. Among them, 232 proteins were significantly upregulated in HCC-TIF and 257 proteins down-regulated. Two overexpressed extracellular matrix proteins, SPARC and thrombospondin-2 (THBS2) were selected for further validation. ELISA result showed that the serum levels of SPARC and THBS2 in HCC patients were both significantly higher than those in healthy controls. The combination of serum SPARC and THBS2 could distinguish HCC (AUC=0.97, sensitivity=86%, specificity=100%) or AFP-negative HCC (AUC=0.95, sensitivity=91%, specificity=93%) from healthy controls. And the combination of serum SPARC and THBS2 could also distinguish HCC patients from benign liver disease patients (AUC=0.93, sensitivity=80%, specificity=94%). In addition, serum THBS2 was found to be a novel independent indicator for poor prognosis of HCC. CONCLUSIONS: Novel HCC candidate serum markers were found through in-depth proteomic analysis of TIF, which demonstrated the successful utility of TIF in cancer serum biomarker discovery.

Single-cell mRNA profiling reveals transcriptional heterogeneity among pancreatic circulating tumour cells.

BACKGROUND: Single-cell mRNA profiling of circulating tumour cells may contribute to a better understanding of the biology of these cells and their role in the metastatic process. In addition, such analyses may reveal new knowledge about the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy resistance and tumour progression in patients with cancer. METHODS: Single circulating tumour cells were isolated from patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer with immuno-magnetic depletion and immuno-fluorescence microscopy. mRNA expression was analysed with single-cell multiplex RT-qPCR. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis were performed to identify expression patterns. RESULTS: Circulating tumour cells were detected in 33 of 56 (59%) examined blood samples. Single-cell mRNA profiling of intact isolated circulating tumour cells revealed both epithelial-like and mesenchymal-like subpopulations, which were distinct from leucocytes. The profiled circulating tumour cells also expressed elevated levels of stem cell markers, and the extracellular matrix protein, SPARC. The expression of SPARC might correspond to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic circulating tumour cells. CONCLUSION: The analysis of single pancreatic circulating tumour cells identified distinct subpopulations and revealed elevated expression of transcripts relevant to the dissemination of circulating tumour cells to distant organ sites.

High SPARC Expression Starting from Dysplasia, Associated with Breast Carcinoma, Is Predictive for Bone Metastasis without Enhancement of Plasma Levels.

In order to become established in the skeleton, metastatic cells disseminating from the breast carcinoma need to acquire organ-specific traits. There are no effective predictors for who will develop bone metastasis to guide long-term predictive therapy. Our purpose was to individuate events critical for bone colonization to make a molecular classification of breast carcinoma useful for bone-metastasis outcome. In dysplasia adjacent to carcinoma and in pair-matched specimens of bone metastasis we examined SPARC expression and localization as well as Endothelin 1/ETAR signals by immunohistochemistry, and the evaluation of plasma levels of SPARC by ELISA was also performed. In patients with breast carcinoma metastasizing to bone, SPARC and Endothelin 1/ETAR axis were highly expressed from dysplasia until bone metastasis, but the SPARC plasma level was as low as that of normal women, in contrast to patients that never develop bone metastasis, suggesting that circulating SPARC was counter adhesive. Altogether, the early identification of SPARC/Endothelin 1/ETAR in dysplastic lesions would be important to devise therapies preventing metastasis engraftment, since often carcinoma cells spread to distant organs at the time or even before patients present with cancer.

[Effects of comprehensive therapy on serum SPARC levels in ankylosing spondylitis patients accompanied with osteoporosis].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of comprehensive therapy on serum secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) levels in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients accompanied with osteoporosis (OP), and to explore the possible mechanisms for SPARC in AS patients accompanied with osteoporosis. METHODS: Totally 48 AS patients accompanied with OP (Group A) were treated with massage, intravenous infusion of Cervus and Cucumis Polypeptide Injection, and Bushen Quhan Zhiwang Decoction (BQZD) for 3 months. At the same time, 45 normal healthy subjects were recruited as the normal control group (Group B). Serum SPARC levels were measured by ELISA in Group A before and after comprehensive therapy and in those of Group B. The levels of bone mineral density of femoral neck (FN BMD), bone mineral density of 2 -4 lumbar spine (L2-4 BMD), bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) were detected. Meanwhile, Bath AS disease activity index (BASDAI) and Bath AS functional index (BASFI) were detected in Group A before and after treatment. The correlations between the aforesaid indices and serum SPARC levels were analyzed. RESULTS: Serum SPARC levels were significantly lower in those of Group A than in those of Group B (175. 30 +/- 72.04 micro/L vs 190. 52 +/- 86. 13 microg/ L, P <0. 01). Serum SPARC levels in those of Group A were negatively correlated with TNF-alpha (r = -0.261, P <0.01), positively with L2-4 BMD, TGF-beta1, and BSAP (r =0.437,0.256, 0.385, P <0.05, P <0.01). L2-4BMD and BSAP were independently predictors of serum SPARC in patients of Group A. After comprehensive therapy, the levels of TNF-alpha, BASDAI, and BASFI obviously decreased, TGF-beta1, BSAP, L2-4 BMD, and FN BMD obviously increased (P <0. 05, P <0. 01). The serum SPARC levels also significantly increased (188.32 +/- 87.50 microg/L, P <0. 05). CONCLUSION: Comprehensive therapy could effectively improve the bone metabolism, clinical symptoms and the activity function of joints, and elevate serum SPARC levels.

Blood level of osteonectin in stenosing atherosclerosis and calcinosis of coronary arteries.

Blood levels of stem cell marker proteins CD34 and osteonectin were studied in male patients with coronary atherosclerosis by direct biomagnetic separation of proteins with magnetic microspheres using the PureProteome Protein A and Protein G Magnetic Beads proteomic technology. High concentration of osteonectin in the blood was detected, particularly in men with stenosing atherosclerosis and coronary artery calcinosis. Blood osteonectin concentration correlated significantly with some key biomarkers of atherosclerosis and with stenosing atherosclerosis and calcinosis of coronary arteries. The results indicate that osteonectin as a marker of stromal stem cells with osteogenic potential presumably plays an important role in atherogenesis and can serve as a new biomarker of stenosing atherosclerosis and calcinosis of coronary arteries.

Measuring Exercise-Induced Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine Expression as a Molecular Tool to Optimize Personalized Medicine.

The numerous exercise benefits for health as well as applications for diseases has lead to exercise being prescribed in many pathological conditions. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene expression is stimulated by exercise and SPARC has been suggested as a molecular mediator of exercise. Therefore, we suggest using this property for personalized medicine. This can be achieved by prescribing the exercise with a pattern (duration, intensity, etc.) that corresponds to the optimum SPARC/Sparc expression. We expect this approach to optimize the exercise therapy in both the preventive and curative contexts. In the research field, measuring exercise -dependent expression of Sparc would represent a molecular tool to further optimize the selection of exercise animal models as well.

Adipocyte-Specific Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (AFABP) and Chemerin in Association with Gestational Diabetes: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: Adipocytokines participate in regulating the inflammatory response in glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes. However, among these peptides, the role of adipocyte-specific fatty-acid-binding protein (AFABP), chemerin, and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in gestational diabetes (GDM) has not been fully investigated. METHOD: The maternal fasting level of adipocytokines of 53 subjects with GDM and 43 normal pregnant (NGDM) was measured using multiplex immunoassay at 24-28 weeks, before delivery, immediate postpartum, and 2-6 months postpuerperium. RESULTS: Higher levels of AFABP were associated with a 3.7-fold higher risk of GDM. Low chemerin levels were associated with a 3.6-fold higher risk of GDM. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) was inversely associated with the risk of GDM. SPARC had no association with GDM. AFABP was directly correlated to interleukin-6 (r = 0.50), insulin resistance index (r = 0.26), and body mass index (r = 0.28) and inversely correlated to C-reactive protein (r = -0.27). Chemerin levels were directly and strongly correlated with IL-10 (r = 0.41) and interleukin-4 (r = 0.50) and inversely correlated to insulin resistance index (r = -0.23) in GDM but not NGDM. In the longitudinal assessment, there were no significant differences in AFABP and chemerin concentrations of both studied groups. CONCLUSION: AFABP and chemerin were associated with a higher risk of GDM. These adipocytokines were related to insulin resistance, body mass index, and inflammation in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM.

Association Between Factors Involved in Bone Remodeling (Osteoactivin and OPG) With Plasma Levels of Irisin and Meteorin-Like Protein in People With T2D and Obesity.

The musculoskeletal system consisting of bones and muscles have been recognized as endocrine organs secreting hormones that are involved in regulating metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are associated with several musculoskeletal system complications. We hypothesized that an interaction exists between adipomyokines namely, irisin and METRNL, and various molecules involved in bone remodeling in individuals with obesity and T2D. A total of 228 individuals were enrolled in this study, including 124 non-diabetic (ND) and 104 T2D. A Multiplex assay was used to assess the level of various osteogenic molecules namely osteoactivin, Syndecan, osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteonectin/SPARC. Our data shows elevated levels of Osteoactivin, Syndecan, OPG and SPARC in T2D as compared to ND individuals (p ≤ 0.05). Using Spearman's correlation, a positive correlation was observed between irisin and Osteoactivin as well as OPG (p < 0.05). Similarly, a positive association was observed between METRNL and Osteoactivin (p < 0.05). The strong positive association shown in this study between irisin, METRNL and various molecules with osteogenic properties emphasize a possible interaction between these organs. This report suggests that having a dysregulation in the level of the aforementioned molecules could potentially affect the development of bone and muscle related complications that are associated with obesity and T2D.

Blood Levels of the SMOC1 Hepatokine Are Not Causally Linked with Type 2 Diabetes: A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study.

Hepatokines are liver-derived proteins that may influence metabolic pathways such as insulin sensitivity. Recently, Sparc-related modular calcium-binding protein 1 (SMOC1) was identified as glucose-responsive hepatokine that is dysregulated in the setting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). While SMOC1 may influence glucose-insulin homeostasis in rodents, it is unknown if SMOC1 is influenced by NAFLD in humans. It is also unknown if SMOC1 is causally associated with metabolic and disease traits in humans. Therefore, we aimed to determine the effect of NAFLD on SMOC1 gene expression in the liver and aimed to explore the potential causal associations of SMOC1 levels with NAFLD, T2D, and glycemic traits in humans. Using an RNA sequencing dataset from a cohort of 216 patients with NAFLD, we assessed SMOC1 expression levels across the NAFLD spectrum. We performed a series of bidirectional inverse-variance weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses on blood SMOC1 levels using two sources of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) (Fenland study, n = 10,708 and INTERVAL study, n = 3301). We utilized GWAS summary statistics for NAFLD in 8434 cases and 770,180 controls, as well as publicly available GWAS for type 2 diabetes (T2D), body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting blood insulin (FBI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-B and HOMA-IR), and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C). We found that SMOC1 expression showed no significant differences across NAFLD stages. We also identified that the top single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with blood SMOC1 levels, was associated with SMOC1 gene expression in the liver, but not in other tissues. Using MR, we did not find any evidence that genetically predicted NAFLD, T2D, and glycemic traits influenced SMOC1 levels. We also did not find evidence that blood SMOC1 levels were causally associated with T2D, NAFLD, and glycemic traits. In conclusion, the hepatokine SMOC1 does not appear to be modulated by the presence of NAFLD and may not regulate glucose-insulin homeostasis in humans. Results of this study suggest that blood factors regulating metabolism in rodents may not always translate to human biology.

[Stromal progenitor cells and blood leukocytes after implantation of drug-eluting stents].

Aim of the study was to assess participation in development of restenosis of circulating in blood progenitor cells of stromal line of differentiation and polymorphonuclear granulocytes. We compared levels of osteonectin positive progenitor cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils in blood of patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) in whom according to data of angiographic study after endovascular myocardial revascularization with the help of stents with drug coating (Cypher, Cordis Corp, USA) restenosis was detected (n=15), in patients without restenosis (n=23), and in healthy persons (n=17). Levels of stromal progenitor cells and polymorphonuclear granulocytes in blood were measured with the help of methods of flow cytometry. In groups of patients with IHD with and without restenosis number of osteonectin positive cells in blood was higher than in healthy subjects (2.4+/-0.7 and 2.5+/-0.9 vs 1.5+/-0.5 cells/ microL, respectively, p=0.004) without significant differences between groups (p=0.59). These 2 groups of patients did not differ by numbers of leukocytes, neutrophils, and basophils in blood. At the same time we found that in patients with restenosis number of eosinophils in blood was significantly greater than in the group of patients without restenosis (262+/-68 vs 124+/-67 cells/ microL, respectively p<0.001). Moreover in patients with level of eosinophils exceeding 170 cells/ microL rate of development of restenosis was 74% against 5% in patients with number of eosinophils less than 170 cells/ microL (p<0.001). Thus level of stromal progenitor cells in blood of patients with IHD was higher than in healthy persons and remained equally high in groups with and without restenosis. Number of blood eosinophilic leukocytes in patients who had been subjected to coronary stenting in whom later restenosis developed was significantly higher than in patients without restenosis. The data obtained indicate at the presence of link between development of in - stent restenosis and elevated content of eosinophilic granulocytes in blood of patients with IHD.

Serum extracellular vesicles contain SPARC and LRG1 as biomarkers of colon cancer and differ by tumour primary location.

BACKGROUND: Recently, the distinction between left- and right-sided colon cancer (LCC and RCC) has been brought into focus. RCC is associated with an inferior overall survival and progression-free survival. We aimed to perform a detailed analysis of the diversity of extracellular vesicles (EV) between LCC and RCC using quantitative proteomics and to identify for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. METHODS: We isolated EVs from patients with LCC, RCC and healthy volunteers, and treated colorectal cancer cell line with serum-derived EVs. We then performed a quantitative proteomics analysis of the serum-derived EVs and cell line treated with EVs. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifiers PXD012283 and PXD012304. In addition, we assessed the performance of EV SPARC and LRG1 as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers in colon cancer. FINDINGS: The expression profile of the serum EV proteome in patients with RCC was different from that of patients with LCC. Serum-derived EVs in RCC promoted cellular mobility more significantly than EVs derived from LCC. EV SPARC and LRG1 expression levels demonstrated area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve values of 0.95 and 0.93 for discriminating patients with colon cancer from healthy controls. Moreover, the expression levels of SPARC and LRG1 correlated with tumour sidedness and were predictive of tumour recurrence. INTERPRETATION: We identified differences in EV protein profiles between LCC and RCC. Serum-derived EVs of RCC may promote metastasis via upregulation of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related proteins, especially SPARC and LRG1, which may serve as diagnosis and prognosis biomarkers in colon cancer.

An Evaluation of SPARC Protein as a Serum Biomarker of Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

OBJECTIVE: Precision medicine initiatives for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) management suggest tailoring treatment to the patient's individual disease profile; however, serum biomarkers for evaluation of disease activity or predicting response to therapy are lacking in CRS. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described as a component of barrier dysfunction in CRS. SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) is a marker of EMT that has previously been identified in sinus epithelium by gene expression profiling. We wished to determine if SPARC could represent a serum biomarker for CRS by verifying (1) if SPARC could be detected in serum, (2) whether levels were sensitive to disease burden reduction following surgery, and (3) if it could predict response to therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary care center. SUBJECTS: Patients with CRS undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: Twenty-six patients undergoing ESS for CRS were prospectively recruited. Serum was collected at the time of surgery and 4 months following ESS and SPARC level measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Postoperative outcome was characterized as "remission" or "unfavorable" based on symptomatology and endoscopy. RESULTS: SPARC could be detected and measured in serum in all subjects. Following ESS, SPARC levels decreased by 33% ( P = .005) but did not predict evolution at 4 months postsurgery ( P = .94). CONCLUSION: SPARC may be an interesting serum biomarker of disease activity in CRS, as it can be reliably measured and decreases following successful reduction of disease burden after surgery. However, it does not predict post-ESS evolution, suggesting that the link between EMT and outcome is not linear.

Effects of sprint interval or combined aerobic and resistance training on myokines in overweight women with type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled trial.

Our primary aim was to assess the effects of two different training modalities: sprint interval training (SIT) or combined aerobic and resistance training (A + R) on circulating myokines related to metabolic profile and adiposity in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Fifty-two overweight women with T2D [55 ±â€¯6 yrs., BMI 28.9 ±â€¯4.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 9.4 ±â€¯0.82% (79 mmol/mol)] were randomized to SIT (n = 17), A + R training (n = 17) or control (n = 18) for 10 weeks. Myokines, metabolic outcomes, body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session/control period. Relationships between myokines and other variables were investigated via linear regression models. Completion rate was 81%. There was no effect of either exercise modality on any myokine. Interlukin-15 decreased over time irrespective of group assignment (p = 0.02). Aerobic capacity (p = 0.01), fasting glucose (p = 0.03) and HbA1c (p = 0.006) improved significantly and similarly in both exercise groups compared to controls. Insulin (p = 0.02), weight (p = 0.020, body max index (BMI) (p = 0.01) decreased significantly over time irrespective of group. Changes in myokines were unrelated to changes in body composition or metabolic profile. Neither SIT or A + R training altered myokines measured 48 h after exercise in T2D, despite improving aerobic capacity and glucose homeostasis relative to controls. Future studies are needed to elucidate the time course and clinical relevance of putative myokine responses to exercise in this and other cohorts.

Circulating Osteonectin and Adipokine Profiles in Relation to Metabolically Healthy Obesity in Chinese Children: Findings From BCAMS.

Background The role of adipokine dysregulation in determining the metabolic fate of obesity is not well studied. We aimed to examine whether the matricellular protein osteonectin and the profiles of certain adipokines could differentiate metabolically healthy obese ( MHO ) versus metabolically unhealthy obese phenotypes in childhood. Methods and Results This study included 1137 obese children and 982 normal-weight healthy ( NWH ) controls recruited from the BCAMS (Beijing Child and Adolescent Metabolic Syndrome) study. MHO was defined by the absence of insulin resistance and/or any metabolic syndrome components. Six adipokines-osteonectin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, FGF21 (fibroblast growth factor 21), and RBP-4 (retinol binding protein 4)-were assessed. Approximately 20% of obese children displayed the MHO phenotype. MHO children had a more favorable adipokine profile than metabolically unhealthy obese children, with lower osteonectin, leptin, and RBP -4 and higher adiponectin (all P<0.05). Compared with normal-weight healthy controls, MHO children displayed increased leptin, resistin, and RBP -4 levels and reduced adiponectin concentrations (all P<0.05) but similar osteonectin and FGF 21 levels. Among obese subjects, decreased osteonectin (odds ratio [OR]: 0.82; 95% confidence interval [CI] per standard deviation, 0.70-0.97), RBP -4 (OR: 0.77; 95% CI per standard deviation, 0.64-0.93), and leptin/adiponectin ratio (OR: 0.58; 95% CI per standard deviation, 0.43-0.77) were independent predictors of MHO . In addition, compared with children without abnormalities, those with any 3 adipokine abnormalities were 80% less likely to exhibit the MHO phenotype ( OR : 0.20; 95% CI , 0.10-0.43) and 3 times more likely to have metabolic syndrome ( OR : 2.77; 95% CI , 1.52-5.03). Conclusions These findings suggest that dysregulation of adipokines might govern the metabolic consequences of obesity in children. Low osteonectin levels, along with a healthy adipokine profile, might be used as an early marker of the MHO phenotype.

Potential Prediction of Acute Biliary Pancreatitis Outcome on Admission.

OBJECTIVES: This pilot study aimed to determine the feasibility of serum values of osteonectin, adiponectin, transforming growth factor beta 1, and neurotensin being used in clinical practice to predict the severity of acute pancreatitis. METHODS: Blood samples were collected from 45 consecutive newly diagnosed acute pancreatitis patients and 30 matched healthy controls. The 2 groups were matched according to age, sex, weight, height, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol consumption. The aforementioned markers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. RESULTS: Characteristics of acute pancreatitis patients and healthy controls were comparable. Osteonectin values differed significantly (P < 0.0001). Median/lower quartile/upper quartile of osteonectin levels for acute pancreatitis patients and healthy controls were 263.5/110.3/490.36 and 63.2/46.1/87.2 ng/mL, respectively. Two patients died, 1 patient underwent necrosectomy, and 4 patients had a prolonged intensive care unit/hospital stay. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome scores neither predicted serum values of any of the measured substances nor the clinical outcome (need for intervention, prolonged intensive care unit/hospital stay and mortality). Osteonectin was the only independent predictor for clinical outcome (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Serum osteonectin strongly discriminates healthy individuals from acute pancreatitis patients. Serum osteonectin shows promise in the prediction of the clinical outcome.