A Case of Organizing Pneumonia Resembling Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a pathologic diagnosis with clinical and imaging manifestations that often resemble other diseases, such as infections and cancers, which can lead to delays in diagnosis and inappropriate management of the underlying disease. In this article, we present a case of organized pneumonia that resembles lung cancer. METHODS: We report a case of initial suspicion of pulmonary malignancy, treated with anti-inflammatory medication and then reviewed with CT suggesting no improvement, and finally confirmed to be OP by pathological biopsy taken via transbronchoscopy. A joint literature analysis was performed to raise clinicians' awareness of the diagnosis and treatment of OP. RESULTS: Initially, because of the atypical auxiliary findings, we thought that the disease turned out to be a lung tumor, which was eventually confirmed as OP by pathological diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and treatment of OP requires a combination of clinical information and radiological expertise, as well as biopsy to obtain histopathological evidence. That is, clinical-imaging-pathological tripartite cooperation and comprehensive analysis.

[Clinical analysis of 4 children with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia].

Objective: To analyze the clinical features of children with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) confirmed by pathology. Methods: The clinical manifestations, imaging, pathology, treatment and outcome data of 4 children with COP confirmed by thoracoscopic lung biopsy were retrospectively analyzed, who were hospitalized at Respiratory Department of Shenzhen Children's Hospital from January 2004 to December 2022. Results: All of the 4 patients were male, the age ranged from 1 year 3 months to 14 years. The time from onset to diagnosis was 3 months to 3 years. The follow-up duration was 6 months to 6 years. All the 4 cases had cough, 2 cases had tachypnea and wheezing, 1 case had expectoration, 1 case had chest pain, 1 case had decreased activity tolerance and weight loss. Rales in 2 cases and hypoxemia in 1 case. Pulmonary high resolution CT showed diffuse distribution, involvement of both lungs in 3 cases, and single lung combined migration in 1 case.Three cases showed ground-glass opacity, consolidation, patchy or fibrous strips, and 1 case presented air bronchogram and "reversed halo sign". All the 4 cases were performed thoracoscopic lung biopsy, and the pathological findings showed cellulose exudate or small nodules filled with granulation tissue or fibroblasts in the alveolar cavity and small airways, and 1 case was Masson corpuscle positive. Three patients achieved remission after glucocorticoid therapy. Spontaneous remission without treatment was seen in 1 patient.Two cases were followed up for 17 months and 6 years, respectively, who had excellent outcome. Conclusions: The manifestations of COP in children include cough, expectoration and chest pain. Infants and young children may have tachypnea and wheezing. The most common chest CT findings are diffuse distribution of ground-glass opacity, patchy and consolidation in both lungs. Diagnosis should depend on pathological examination. The effect of glucocorticoid therapy is good.

TOM5 regulates the mitochondrial membrane potential of alveolar epithelial cells in organizing pneumonia.

Deficiency of TOM5, a mitochondrial protein, causes organizing pneumonia (OP) in mice. The clinical significance and mechanisms of TOM5 in the pathogenesis of OP remain elusive. We demonstrated that TOM5 was significantly increased in the lung tissues of OP patients, which was positively correlated with the collagen deposition. In a bleomycin-induced murine model of chronic OP, increased TOM5 was in line with lung fibrosis. In vitro, TOM5 regulated the mitochondrial membrane potential in alveolar epithelial cells. TOM5 reduced the proportion of early apoptotic cells and promoted cell proliferation. Our study shed light on the roles of TOM5 in OP.

Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia after withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids for chronic eosinophilic pneumonia and severe asthma under benralizumab treatment.

A 79-year-old woman with severe asthma developed chronic eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP). After CEP resolved with oral prednisolone at 30 mg/day, prednisolone was tapered and discontinued under introduction of benralizumab for her severe asthma. However, 8 weeks later, symptoms and bilateral patchy infiltrates on chest radiography appeared. Lymphocytosis without eosinophilia was seen in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and transbronchial biopsy indicated organizing pneumonia. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) was diagnosed and resolved with prednisolone at 30 mg/day. Prednisolone was tapered to 3 mg/day without relapse of CEP or COP. This case suggests the overlap and similar pathogenesis of CEP and COP.

Application of Innovative 3D Pathological Tactic for Diagnosis of Organizing Pneumonia.

BACKGROUND/AIM: The pathological diagnosis of organizing pneumonia (OP) relies on conventional traditional histopathological analysis, which involves examining stained thin slices of tissue. However, this method often results in suboptimal diagnostic objectivity due to low tissue sampling rates. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of tissue-clearing and infiltration-enhanced 3D spatial imaging techniques for elucidating the tissue architecture of OP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: H&E staining, 3D imaging technology, and AI-assisted analysis were employed to facilitate the construction of a multidimensional tissue architecture using six OP patient specimens procured from Taichung Veterans General Hospital, enabling a comprehensive morphological assessment. RESULTS: Specimens underwent H&E staining and exhibited Masson bodies and varying degrees of interstitial fibrosis. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive study of 3D images of the pulmonary histology reconstructed through an in-depth pathology analysis, and uncovered heterogenous distributions of fibrosis and Masson bodies across different depths of the OP specimens. CONCLUSION: Integrating 3D imaging for OP with AI-assisted analysis permits a substantially enhanced visualization and delineation of complex histological pulmonary disorders such as OP. The synergistic application of conventional histopathology with novel 3D imaging elucidated the sophisticated spatial configuration of OP, revealing the presence of Masson bodies and interstitial fibrosis. This methodology transcends conventional pathology constraints and paves the way for advanced algorithmic approaches to enhance precision in the detection, classification, and clinical management of lung pathologies.

Why do a lung biopsy for benign lesions?

BACKGROUND: Transthoracic needle biopsy of lung lesions is a well-established procedure for the diagnosis of lung lesions. The literature focuses on the diagnosis of malignant lesions with an often reported accuracy rate of more than 90%. Experience showed that biopsy can identify sometimes incidentally, also benign lesions. There are many reasons why a biopsy is performed for a "benign lesion." First of all, it may be an unexpected diagnosis, as some benign pathologies may have misleading presentations, that are very similar to lung cancer, otherwise the reason is only to make a diagnosis of exclusion, which leads to the benign pathology already being considered in the differential diagnosis. METHODS: This study was designed as a retrospective single-center study. We selected from our database all the lung biopsies performed under CT guidance, from 2015 to 2019 and retrospectively analysed the histological data. We selected only benign lesions describing the imaging feature and differential diagnosis with lung malignancy. RESULTS: In our patient population, among the 969 of them that underwent biopsy, we identified 93 benign lesions (10%). Hamartomas, granulomas, slow-resolving pneumonia and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia are the pathologies that most frequently can misinterpratedas lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS: In this brief report we want to show the percentage and type of benign lesions that are found in our lung trans-thoracic biopsy population. Among these, we identified the three most frequent benign lesions that most frequently enter the differential diagnosis with lung malignant lesions describing the classic and atypical imaging findings.

Neumonia crónica organizada en un adolescente: presentación de un caso / Chronic organized pneumonia in an adolescent: presentation of a case

We present a case of organized chronic pneumonia (OCP), a rare interstitial disease, which usually affects people over 50 years of age and is very unusual in pediatrics, so we thought it was of interest to communicate it. Is a 14-year-old male in whom in the study of a febrile condition, a pneumonia of LII was detected. The images persist after 2 months of being treated and being asymptomatic. Infectious causes and rheumatic diseases were ruled out due to the history of discoid lupus. Chest CT, bronchoalveolar lavage and lung biopsy showing Masson's bodies were performed and OCP was diagnosed. He received prednisone 1 mg / kg day and Clarithromycin for 2 months with rapid improvement. Relapses with new radiological images typical of OCP twice, when treating on alternate days. It is indicated prednisone 30 mgr / day for 3 months and gradual reduction. At 18 months, being with prednisone 5 mgr day, has a relapse of rapid progression that was treated with pulses of methylprednisolone. The collagen study shows positive lupus anticoagulant and ANA and Systemic Lupus is diagnosed. The bad evolution would be explained because it was a secondary OCP. Mycophenolate associated with prednisone was indicates, which has been used in the OCP and in Lupus. This clinical case shows the importance of radiological follow-up of patients with OCP and the search for secondary OCP causes due to the poor response to corticosteroids.

Se presenta un caso de neumonía crónica organizada (NCO), enfermedad intersticial rara, que afecta habitualmente a mayores de 50 años y muy inusual en pediatría, por lo que creímos de interés comunicarlo. Se trata de un varón de 14 años en el que en el estudio de un cuadro febril se detecta una neumonía de LII cuyas imágenes persisten luego de 2 meses de haber sido tratado y estando asintomático. Se descartaron causas infecciosas y enfermedades reumatológicas por el antecedente de lupus discoide. Se realizó TC de tórax, lavado broncoalveolar y biopsia pulmonar que mostró cuerpos de Masson, con lo que se diagnosticó NCO. Recibió prednisona 1 mgr/ kg día y Claritromicina por 2 meses con una rápida mejoría. Recae con nuevas imágenes radiológicas típicas de NCO dos veces, al pasar de tratamiento diario a días alternos. Se indica 30 mgr/día por 3 meses de prednisona y reducción gradual posterior. A los 18 meses de tratamiento, estando con prednisona 5 mgr día, tiene una recaída de rápida progresión que se trató con pulsos de metilprednisolona. El estudio de colagenosis muestra anticoagulante lúpico y ANA positivos y se diagnóstica Lupus Sistémico. La mala evolución se explicaría porque se trató de una NCO secundaria, ante lo cual indicó micofenolato asociado a prednisona, que se ha usado en la NCO y en el Lupus. Este caso clínico muestra la importancia del seguimiento radiológico de los pacientes con NCO y de la búsqueda de causas secundarias de NCO ante la mala respuesta a corticoides

Signo del halo invertido como manifestación inhabitual de neumonía organizada criptogénica: reporte de un caso / Reversed halo sign as an unusual manifestation of cryptogenic organized pneumonia: report of one case

We report a 64 years old female admitted with fever, cough, dyspnea and lung opacities in the chest X ray. A chest tomography scan (CTS) showed multiple-bilateral ring-shaped opacities and the reversed halo sign (RHS). The patient did not improve with antimicrobial therapy (AT). Infection and rheumatologic causes were excluded, therefore Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) was suspected with compatible percutaneous biopsy. Systemic steroids were started with a good clinical response. The patient was discharged four weeks after admission in good general conditions and practically no lungs opacities.

Manifestaciones clínicas de la neumonía en organización / Clinical manifestations of organizing pneumonia

La neumonía en organización es una entidad clínica asociada a síntomas y hallazgos radiológicos inespecíficos y anomalías en las pruebas de función pulmonar. El patrón histopatológico característico se define por tapones intra-alveolares de tejido de granulación. Puede presentarse sin una etiología determinada -neumonía en organización criptogénica (COP, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia)- o en otra condición clínica -neumonía en organización secundaria (SOP: secondary organizing pneumonia). Es poco frecuente y las manifestaciones clínico-radiológicas son poco específicas. Para su confirmación se requieren procedimientos invasivos, siendo habitual el tratamiento empírico con esteroides sistémicos ante la sospecha clínica. Se presentan 13 casos con diagnóstico histológico de neumonía en organización describiendo las características clínicas. La mediana de edad fue 76 años y la de tiempo al diagnóstico desde el inicio de los síntomas: 31 días. En 10 casos el diagnóstico fue por biopsia transbronquial (BTB). Ocho pacientes requirieron internación, 4 de ellos recibieron pulsos de esteroides y soporte ventilatorio. Uno falleció por una causa atribuible a la entidad y 5 presentaron recaídas. Disnea, tos y fiebre fueron los síntomas más frecuentes. La mayoría presentó más de un patrón tomográfico, siendo los más habituales vidrio esmerilado y consolidación alveolar. En 9 se realizó el diagnóstico de COP y en 4 de SOP. La causa secundaria en todos los casos fue toxicidad por drogas. Las características clínicas de los casos comunicados son consistentes con las series previamente publicadas. Cabe destacar la necesidad de tratamiento con dosis altas de esteroides y soporte ventilatorio en un grupo de pacientes.

Organizing pneumonia is a clinical entity asociated with nonspecific symptoms and radiological findings and abnormalities in pulmonary function tests. It is defined by the characteristic histopathological pattern: filling of alveoli and respiratory bronchioles by plugs of granulation tissue. It can be idiopathic (COP) or secondary to other causes (SOP). It is an unusual finding and the clinical and radiographic findings are nonspecific. For specific diagnosis an invasive procedure has to be done, but often empirical treatment is started when there’s a clinical suspicion. We describe the clinical characteristics of 13 patients with histological diagnosis of organizing pneumonia. Data was obtained from their medical records. The median age was 76 years and the median time to diagnosis from the onset of symptoms was 31 days. In 10 cases the diagnosis was made by transbronchial biopsy. 8 patients required hospitalization, 4 of them received high doses of steroids and 3 required ventilatory support. One patient died from a cause attributable to this entity and 5 relapsed. Dyspnea, cough and fever were the most frequent symptoms. Most patients had more than one tomographic pattern being the most common ground glass opacities and alveolar consolidation. Nine patients were diagnosed with COP and 4 with SOP. The most frequent underlying cause of SOP was drug toxicity. The clinical characteristics of the reported cases are consistent with previously published series. As an interesting feature, there was a group of patients that needed high doses of steroids and ventilatory support.

Embolia gaseosa arterial tras biopsia pulmonar percutánea / Arterial air embolism after percutaneous lung biopsy

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Secondary bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia during treatment of chronic hepatitis C: role of pegylated interferon alfa-2a / Bronquiolite obliterante com pneumonia em organização durante o tratamento da hepatite crônica C: papel do interferon peguilado alfa-2a

The treatment of chronic hepatitis C has frequent side effects such as cytopenias and neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, pulmonary toxicity associated with interferon is rarely described. This paper describes the clinical case of a 67-year-old female patient with chronic hepatitis C who presented an acute onset of dry cough, dyspnoea, and fever 36 weeks after the use of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. The lung biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of a bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP). Corticotherapy was initiated, with clinical and radiological improvement. This paper aims to advise physicians to this occasional, though severe, adverse event related to hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment.

O tratamento da hepatite C crônica apresenta efeitos colaterais frequentes como citopenias e sintomas neuropsiquiátricos. Contudo, a toxicidade pulmonar associada ao interferon é raramente descrita. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente com 67 anos que apresentou início agudo de tosse, dispnéia e febre após 36 semanas de uso do interferon peguilado alfa-2a e ribavirina. A biópsia pulmonar confirmou o diagnóstico de bronquiolite obliterante com pneumonia em organização, com significativa melhora clínico-radiológica após instituída a corticoterapia. Este relato de caso visa alertar os médicos para a possibilidade desse ocasional, embora grave, evento adverso associado ao tratamento da hepatite C.

Lymphatic fluctuation in the parenchymal remodeling stage of acute interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Because the superficial lymphatics in the lungs are distributed in the subpleural, interlobular and peribroncovascular interstitium, lymphatic impairment may occur in the lungs of patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs) and increase their severity. We investigated the distribution of lymphatics in different remodeling stages of IIPs by immunohistochemistry using the D2-40 antibody. Pulmonary tissue was obtained from 69 patients with acute interstitial pneumonia/diffuse alveolar damage (AIP/DAD, N = 24), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia/organizing pneumonia (COP/OP, N = 6), nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP/NSIP, N = 20), and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (IPF/UIP, N = 19). D2-40+ lymphatic in the lesions was quantitatively determined and associated with remodeling stage score. We observed an increase in the D2-40+ percent from DAD (6.66 ± 1.11) to UIP (23.45 ± 5.24, P = 0.008) with the advanced process of remodeling stage of the lesions. Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed a better survival for patients with higher lymphatic D2-40+ expression than 9.3%. Lymphatic impairment occurs in the lungs of IIPs and its severity increases according to remodeling stage. The results suggest that disruption of the superficial lymphatics may impair alveolar clearance, delay organ repair and cause severe disease progress mainly in patients with AIP/DAD. Therefore, lymphatic distribution may serve as a surrogate marker for the identification of patients at greatest risk for death due to IIPs.

Aproximación de la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución a la histología de la enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa / Approximation of high resolution computerized tomography to the histology of diffuse interstitial lung disease

Introducción: el diagnóstico de muchos casos de enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa (EPID), se realiza por biopsia de pulmón. Elobjetivo del estudio es analizar el valor predictivo de la tomografía computarizada de alta resolución (TCAR) de pulmón en relación con los hallazgos histológicos en el diagnóstico de esta entidad clínica. Material y método: se han recogido las historias clínicas de los pacientes ingresados en nuestro hospital, desde el año 2000 hasta el2006, con el diagnóstico de EPID demostrado por biopsia pulmonar realizada por videotoracoscopia, al no llegar al diagnóstico por otras técnicas menos cruentas. Posteriormente se ha correlacionado el diagnóstico por TCAR, realizado previamente, con el diagnóstico histológico de la biopsia pulmonar. Resultados: de los 51 pacientes estudiados, en 19 la biopsia pulmonar demostró signos de neumonía intersticial usual, diagnosticándose los pacientes de fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI), en 8casos se encontró neumonía organizativa criptogenética (NOC),en 3 casos sarcoidosis, en 5 casos neumonía intersticial no específica y en 4 neumonitis por hipersensibilidad. En los casos restantes, la biopsia pulmonar demostró una miscelánea de otras patologías del intersticio del pulmón. En el conjunto de los 51 pacientes el diagnóstico fue sugerido por el TCAR en 22 casos, que se corresponde con el 43 %de los casos. En el grupo de las FPI, el TCAR sugirió correctamente el diagnóstico en el 37% de los pacientes,mientras que en el grupo de las NOC, el TCAR sugirió este diagnóstico en el 87% de los casos, y en el grupo de sarcoidosis en el100% de los 3 pacientes con esta enfermedad. Conclusiones: El resultado de este estudio, se asemeja a lo que se (..) (AU)

Introduction: the diagnosis of many cases of diffuse interstitial lung disease (DILD) is performed by means of a lung biopsy. The aim of the study is to analyze the predictive value of a high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the lung in relation to the histological findings in the diagnosis of this clinical pathology. Materials and methods: the clinical history of those patients admitted to our hospital between 2000 and 2006, diagnosed with DILD using a lung biopsy performed by video assisted thoracoscopy–as the diagnosis was not obtained by less invasive techniques–were compiled. Subsequently, the diagnosis was correlated by HRCT, carried out previously, with the histological diagnosis of the lung biopsy. Results: of the 51 patients studied, the lung biopsy demonstrated signs of the usual interstitial pneumonia in 19 of these patients; the patients being diagnosed with idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF), cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) was found in eight cases, sarcoidosis in three, non-specific interstitial pneumonia in five and pneumonitis due to hypersensitivity in four cases. In the remaining cases, the lung biopsy demonstrated miscellaneous pathologies of the lung interstice. In the group of 51 patients, the diagnosis was suggested by the HRCT in 22 cases, which corresponds to 43% of the cases. In the ILF group, the HRCT correctly suggested the diagnosis in 37% of the patients, while in the COP group the HRCT suggested this diagnosis in 87% of the cases, and in the sarcoidosis group in 100% of the 3 patients with this disease. Conclusions: the results of this study resemble those mentioned in (..) (AU)

Neumonías intersticiales idiopáticas pediátricas y del adulto: conceptos actuales sobre su clasificación y patogénesis / Idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in children and adults: actual criteria on classification and pathogenesis

Las enfermedades intersticiales pulmonares constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de procesos con patogénesis y pronósticos muy diferentes. Las formas idiopáticas son un grupo importante de estos procesos intersticiales. Los hallazgos histológicos no son patognomónicos por lo que el patólogo debe entender cómo valorar correctamente los datos clínicos, las pruebas funcionales y la TAC de alta resolución, para realizar adecuadamente una aproximación al diagnóstico anatomopatológico. Se comentan las nuevas perspectivas sobre la patogénesis general y el tratamiento. También se revisan las enfermedades intersticiales idiopáticas hereditarias y los progresos alcanzados en su conocimiento

Interstitial lung diseases are an heterogeneous group of disorders with pathogenesis and prognosis very different. The idiopathic forms are an important group of these interstitial process. There is not pathognomonic histological signs and pathologists must get to know the appropriate interpretation of the clinical, functional and high-resolution CT to achieve a correct pathologic diagnosis. New insights into general pathogenesis and treatment are commented. A review about actual progress in the understanding of inherited interstitial lung diseases are also included

Nuevos retos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades pulmonares intesticiales / New challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial pulmonary diseases

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Bronquiolitis obliterante con neumonia en organización (BOOP): presentación de cuatro casos / Bronchiolitis obliterans and organizing pneumonia: report of 4 cases

Se comunica 4 casos de BOOP que se presentaron con tos, disnea, fiebre crepitaciones y patrón retículo-nodular en la radiografía de tórax. Los síntomas generales, respiratorios y los cambios radiográficos observados en este grupo de pacientes, no difieren de las series comunicadas previamente. El diagnóstico se confirmó precozmente con una biopsia pulmonar a cielo abierto, la cuál mostró masas polipoídeas de tejido granulatorio en el lumen de las vías aéreas pequeñas, conductos alveolares y alveólos y áreas de neumonías en organización. Todos los casos fueron tratados con prednisona, con mejoría funcional, radiológica y sintomática; sin evidencia de recidiva. Se destaca la importancia del diagnóstico histológico, que permite diferenciar BOOP de otras enfermedades intersticiales del pulmón, con similar presentación clínica pero difernte pronóstico