RESUMO
We talk to Sigourney Bell and Henry J. Henderson about what motivated them to found Black in Cancer, the importance of community and representation, as well as the resources the organization provides, future directions, and how we and our readers can provide support.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica/história , População Negra/história , Oncologia/história , Neoplasias/história , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/etnologia , Disparidades em Assistência à Saúde/história , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/etnologia , Fatores Raciais , Racismo/etnologia , Racismo/históriaRESUMO
Racial health disparities are tightly linked to the longstanding and pervasive institution of racism. Efforts to reverse disparities begin with awareness and accountability through education. The health care workforce must be formally educated about racist practices, tools, and ideologies that perpetuate poor health outcomes. This article explores prior efforts to integrate race didactics into medical school education, addresses current legislation, and illuminates lessons learned from a single institution pilot curriculum exploring the history of racism in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. Educating medical school students about the history of racism is an important and necessary tool for positive change.
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Ginecologia , Obstetrícia , Racismo , Humanos , Racismo/história , Ginecologia/educação , Ginecologia/história , Obstetrícia/história , Obstetrícia/educação , História do Século XX , Currículo , Estudantes de Medicina/história , História do Século XXI , Educação Médica/história , Educação de Graduação em Medicina/históriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A challenge facing many Academic Health Centers (AHCs) attempting to revise health professions education to include the impact of racism as a social and structural determinant of health (SSDoH) is a lack of broad faculty expertise to reinforce and avoid undermining learning modules addressing this topic. To encourage an institutional culture that is in line with new anti-racism instruction, we developed a six-part educational series on the history of racism in America and its impact on contemporary health inequities for teaching structural competency to health professions academicians. METHODS: We developed a six-hour elective continuing education (CE) series for faculty and staff with the following objectives: (1) describe and discuss race as a social construct; (2) describe and discuss the decolonization of the health sciences and health care; (3) describe and discuss the history of systemic racism and structural violence from a socio-ecological perspective; and (4) describe and discuss reconciliation and repair in biomedicine. The series was spread over a six-month period and each monthly lecture was followed one week later by an open discussion debriefing session. Attendees were assessed on their understanding of each objective before and after each series segment. RESULTS: We found significant increases in knowledge and understanding of each objective as the series progressed. Attendees reported that the series helped them grapple with their discomfort in a constructive manner. Self-selected attendees were overwhelmingly women (81.8%), indicating a greater willingness to engage with this material than men. CONCLUSIONS: The series provides a model for AHCs looking to promote anti-racism and structural competency among their faculty and staff.
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Racismo , Humanos , Racismo/história , Estados Unidos , Docentes de Medicina , Currículo , Masculino , História do Século XX , Educação Médica Continuada/história , FemininoRESUMO
This essay examines the portrayal of modern Black motherhood in Nella Larsen's Harlem Renaissance novel, Quicksand (1928). Writing in a cultural landscape dominated by discourses of racial uplift, scientific motherhood and eugenics, I argue that Larsen critiques and ultimately refuses the limited literary, medical and political terms available for representing Black motherhood in the early twentieth century. My readings centre Larsen's understudied career as a nurse; prior to becoming a writer, Larsen worked as Head Nurse at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama and as a public health nurse for the Department of Health in the Bronx. I consider how this professional experience informed her fictional depiction of modern Black motherhood, drawing on archival materials to demonstrate how her novel complicates contemporaneous medical and cultural attitudes towards Black motherhood and resists the eugenic demands delineating what constitutes 'good' and 'bad' motherhood. Engaging contemporary Black feminist theories of refusal and Black motherhood, I show how Quicksand is not only a critique of racist stigmatising discourses and practices but also of how racism limits the ways in which Black mothers' complexity has historically been represented.
Assuntos
Negro ou Afro-Americano , Eugenia (Ciência) , Mães , Racismo , Humanos , Feminino , Negro ou Afro-Americano/psicologia , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Mães/psicologia , Eugenia (Ciência)/história , História do Século XX , Racismo/história , Racismo/psicologia , Feminismo/história , Medicina na Literatura , Literatura Moderna/história , Alabama , CulturaRESUMO
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.
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Negro ou Afro-Americano , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/história , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Humanos , História do Século XX , Estados Unidos , Negro ou Afro-Americano/história , Feminino , Racismo/históriaRESUMO
This article explores why white supremacists regard self-directed mobility by people of color as threatening by examining a controversy that unfolded in a mining town called Springs during the apartheid era in South Africa. Drawing on archives, oral histories, and testimonies, it shows how white residents of Selcourt and Selection Park, along with their allies in the town council, prevented Black workers from walking and cycling through the suburbs. Infrastructure and social disciplinary institutions proved effective in forcing Black workers to largely comply. It argues that the white supremacist disciplinary imperative against the workers arose directly from the characteristics of their mode of mobility. In their open embodiment, free from the confines of mechanized transport, and slow speeds, the workers engaged in a sustained refusal of spatial segregation. The article highlights how racial difference as an analytical category sheds light on mobility control within regimes of white supremacy.
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Caminhada , África do Sul , História do Século XX , Humanos , Caminhada/história , População Negra/história , Ciclismo/história , Apartheid/história , Racismo/história , Relações Raciais/históriaRESUMO
This study considers the broad implications of white technological modernity as a mode of symbolic and systemic exclusion. The visual absence of Black telephone users in mass-market advertising-and the struggle to make them visible-underscores the exclusionary power of technological whiteness and its lasting effects on conceptions of Black technology users, communities, and innovation. In the first half of the twentieth century, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) tirelessly promoted its national telephone network as a model of technological progress and universal service, but this vision did not include African Americans. This article examines the historical exclusion of African Americans in Bell System advertising and the emergence of Black telephone users in advertising imagery during the 1950s and 1960s, drawing attention to the civil rights work of Ramon S. Scruggs, the first African American to rise to Bell System upper management.
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Publicidade , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Telefone , Humanos , Publicidade/história , Publicidade/métodos , História do Século XX , Racismo/história , Estados Unidos , BrancosRESUMO
William Osler's essay "An Alabama Student" made John Young Bassett (1804-1851) a widely admired avatar of idealism in medicine. However, Bassett fiercely attacked the idea that all humans are members of the same species (known as monogenesis) and asserted that Black inferiority was a justification for slavery. Antebellum physician-anthropologists bequeathed a legacy of scientific racism that in subtler forms still runs deep in American society, including in the field of medicine.
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População Negra , Escravização/história , Humanismo/história , Médicos/história , Racismo/história , Livros de Texto como Assunto/história , Alabama , Educação Médica/história , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Ética Médica , História da Medicina , Racismo , Justiça Social , Humanos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Racismo/história , Justiça Social/história , Estados Unidos , História do Século XXI , Editoração/ética , Editoração/história , Medicina , Preconceito/história , Escravização/etnologia , Escravização/história , Indígena Americano ou Nativo do Alasca , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Massachusetts , Ética Médica/históriaAssuntos
Eugenia (Ciência)/história , Nomes , Ativismo Político , Racismo/história , Racismo/prevenção & controle , Universidades/história , População Negra/estatística & dados numéricos , California , Docentes , Fundações/história , História do Século XX , História do Século XXI , Humanos , Grupos Minoritários/estatística & dados numéricos , Ativismo Político/tendências , EstudantesRESUMO
The discovery of nearly 180-year-old cranial measurements in the archives of 19th century American physician and naturalist Samuel George Morton can address a lingering debate, begun in the late 20th century by paleontologist and historian of science Stephen Jay Gould, about the unconscious bias alleged in Morton's comparative data of brain size in human racial groups. Analysis of Morton's lost data and the records of his studies does not support Gould's arguments about Morton's biased data collection. However, historical contextualization of Morton with his scientific peers, especially German anatomist Friedrich Tiedemann, suggests that, while Morton's data may have been unbiased, his cranial race science was not. Tiedemann and Morton independently produced similar data about human brain size in different racial groups but analyzed and interpreted their nearly equivalent results in dramatically different ways: Tiedemann using them to argue for equality and the abolition of slavery, and Morton using them to entrench racial divisions and hierarchy. These differences draw attention to the epistemic limitations of data and the pervasive role of bias within the broader historical, social, and cultural context of science.