Potential effects of a mobile stroke unit on time to treatment and outcome in patients treated with thrombectomy or thrombolysis: A Danish-German cross-border analysis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A mobile stroke unit (MSU) reduces delays in stroke treatment by allowing thrombolysis on board and avoiding secondary transports. Due to the beneficial effect in comparison to conventional emergency medical services, current guidelines recommend regional evaluation of MSU implementation. METHODS: In a descriptive study, current pathways of patients requiring a secondary transport for mechanical thrombectomy were reconstructed from individual patient records within a Danish (n = 122) and an adjacent German region (n = 80). Relevant timestamps included arrival times (on site, primary hospital, thrombectomy centre) as well as the initiation of acute therapy. An optimal MSU location for each region was determined. The resulting time saving was translated into averted disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). RESULTS: For each region, the optimal MSU location required a median driving time of 35 min to a stroke patient. Time savings in the German region (median [Q1; Q3]) were 7 min (-15; 31) for thrombolysis and 35 min (15; 61) for thrombectomy. In the Danish region, the corresponding time savings were 20 min (8; 30) and 43 min (25; 66). Assuming 28 thrombectomy cases and 52 thrombolysis cases this would translate to 9.4 averted DALYs per year justifying an annual net MSU budget of $0.8M purchasing power parity dollars (PPP-$) in the German region. In the Danish region, the MSU would avert 17.7 DALYs, justifying an annual net budget of PPP-$1.7M. CONCLUSION: The effects of an MSU can be calculated from individual patient pathways and reflect differences in the hospital infrastructure between Denmark and Germany.

Evaluation of a mobile COVID-19 vaccination van outreach service in an outer South London borough.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to explore differences in users of a COVID-19 mobile vaccine van service and users of a COVID-19 static vaccination hub, and the impact of changes in national COVID-19 vaccine policy on vaccine uptake. METHODS: The age distribution of male and female service users in each service was compared. The average number of vaccines administered per hour per week was analysed. RESULTS: Females aged 80-89 represented 51.9% (95% CI 49.5-54.3%) of female vaccine van users compared with 2.8% (95% CI 2.5-3.1%) of female static hub users. The static hub had significantly greater proportions of female service users in all other age brackets.For males, the greatest difference was in those aged 70-79 who represented 29.8% (95% CI 27-32.6%) of vaccine van users and 16.6% (95% CI 16-17.2%) static hub users.Fewer vaccines were administered 2-3 weeks before the COVID-19 autumn booster policy change compared with 2-3 weeks after; 1.92 versus 6.25 vaccines per hour, respectively (Mann-Whitney U = 7, n1 = 11, n2 = 8, P < 0.01 two-tailed). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a mobile vaccine van service is an effective model for increasing COVID-19 vaccination uptake in elderly residents, particularly after a national policy change.

Mobile vaccination units to increase COVID-19 vaccination uptake in areas with lower coverage: a within-neighbourhood analysis using national registration data, the Netherlands, September-December 2021.

BackgroundVaccine uptake differs between social groups. Mobile vaccination units (MV-units) were deployed in the Netherlands by municipal health services in neighbourhoods with low uptake of COVID-19 vaccines.AimWe aimed to evaluate the impact of MV-units on vaccine uptake in neighbourhoods with low vaccine uptake.MethodsWe used the Dutch national-level registry of COVID-19 vaccinations (CIMS) and MV-unit deployment registrations containing observations in 253 neighbourhoods where MV-units were deployed and 890 contiguous neighbourhoods (total observations: 88,543 neighbourhood-days). A negative binomial regression with neighbourhood-specific temporal effects using splines was used to study the effect.ResultsDuring deployment, the increase in daily vaccination rate in targeted neighbourhoods ranged from a factor 2.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-2.2) in urbanised neighbourhoods to 14.5 (95% CI: 11.6-18.0) in rural neighbourhoods. The effects were larger in neighbourhoods with more voters for the Dutch conservative Reformed Christian party but smaller in neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of people with non-western migration backgrounds. The absolute increase in uptake over the complete intervention period ranged from 0.22 percentage points (95% CI: 0.18-0.26) in the most urbanised neighbourhoods to 0.33 percentage point (95% CI: 0.28-0.37) in rural neighbourhoods.ConclusionDeployment of MV-units increased daily vaccination rate, particularly in rural neighbourhoods, with longer travel distance to permanent vaccination locations. This public health intervention shows promise to reduce geographic and social health inequalities, but more proactive and long-term deployment is required to identify its potential to substantially contribute to overall vaccination rates at country level.

Care pathway of asylum seekers in the health care access points following inclusion in the PREMENTADA project: an observational study.

OBJECTIVES: The health service access point (PASS) allows people in precarious situations to benefit from medical and social care. A mobile PASS service was set up in 2020 in Marseille for people seeking asylum (DA). The objective of our study was to describe the care pathways within the PASS for DA. STUDY DESIGN: We led a retrospective observational study of care pathways of the 418 DA included in the PREMENTADA study (ClinicalTrials number: NCT05423782) in the 3 months following their inclusion. METHODS: We conducted a quantitative study, which ran from March 1, 2021, to August 31, 2021, to collect data from mobile and hospital PASS consultations, referrals following PASS consultations or hospitalizations, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, prescription, and dispensing of treatment following PASS consultations or on discharge from hospital, between D0 and M3. RESULTS: A total of 163 (39.0%) patients were lost to follow-up after an initial assessment of their health status. Overall, 74.4% of the patients were followed only by the mobile PASS for a mental health problem, and 57.4% were followed for a somatic problem until they obtained their rights. The mobile PASS referred 43.5% of patients to the hospital PASS for access to various technical facilities: medical imaging, pharmacy (63% of them benefited from the dispensing of health products), biological tests, and so on. The morbidities of the DAs were severe enough to require technical support that the mobile PASS could not provide, but recourse to the emergency department was fairly low (1.6%), testifying to the efficiency of the primary care provided by the mobile PASS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study provides the first data concerning the DA's healthcare pathway in France. Considering the health status of this population and the fact that early management of health problems allows for rationalization of costs, we can ask the question of the future of these patients in the absence of adapted care systems. The PASS and the hospitals to which they are attached will have to adapt their care offer to take into account the DA's specific problems.

Fangcang shelter hospitals: a novel concept for responding to public health emergencies.

Fangcang shelter hospitals are a novel public health concept. They were implemented for the first time in China in February, 2020, to tackle the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. The Fangcang shelter hospitals in China were large-scale, temporary hospitals, rapidly built by converting existing public venues, such as stadiums and exhibition centres, into health-care facilities. They served to isolate patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 from their families and communities, while providing medical care, disease monitoring, food, shelter, and social activities. We document the development of Fangcang shelter hospitals during the COVID-19 outbreak in China and explain their three key characteristics (rapid construction, massive scale, and low cost) and five essential functions (isolation, triage, basic medical care, frequent monitoring and rapid referral, and essential living and social engagement). Fangcang shelter hospitals could be powerful components of national responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as future epidemics and public health emergencies.

Initiation of hepatitis C treatment in two rural Rwandan districts: a mobile clinic approach.

BACKGROUND: To eliminate hepatitis C, Rwanda is conducting national mass screenings and providing to people with chronic hepatitis C free access to Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs). Until 2020, prescribers trained and authorized to initiate DAA treatment were based at district hospitals, and access to DAAs remains expensive and geographically difficult for rural patients. We implemented a mobile clinic to provide DAA treatment initiation at primary-level health facilities among people with chronic hepatitis C identified through mass screening campaigns in rural Kirehe and Kayonza districts. METHODS: The mobile clinic team was composed of one clinician authorized to manage hepatitis, one lab technician, and one driver. Eligible patients received same-day clinical consultations, counselling, laboratory tests and DAA initiation. Using clinical databases, registers, and program records, we compared the number of patients who initiated DAA treatment before and during the mobile clinic campaign. We assessed linkage to care during the mobile clinical campaign and assessed predictors of linkage to care. We also estimated the cost per patient of providing mobile services and the reduction in out-of-pocket costs associated with accessing DAA treatment through the mobile clinic rather than the standard of care. RESULTS: Prior to the mobile clinic, only 408 patients in Kirehe and Kayonza had been initiated on DAAs over a 25-month period. Between November 2019 and January 2020, out of 661 eligible patients with hepatitis C, 429 (64.9%) were linked to care through the mobile clinic. Having a telephone number and complete address recorded at screening were strongly associated with linkage to care. The cost per patient of the mobile clinic program was 29.36 USD, excluding government-provided DAAs. Providing patients with same-day laboratory tests and clinical consultation at primary-level health facilities reduced out-of-pocket expenses by 9.88 USD. CONCLUSION: The mobile clinic was a feasible strategy for providing rapid treatment initiation among people chronically infected by hepatitis C, identified through a mass screening campaign. Compared to the standard of care, mobile clinics reached more patients in a much shorter time. This low-cost strategy also reduced out-of-pocket expenditures among patients. However, long-term, sustainable care would require decentralization to the primary health-centre level.

Field Hospital Boston Hope: Defining Culture During Uncertainty.

As hospitals across the world realized their surge capacity would not be enough to care for patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) infection, an urgent need to open field hospitals prevailed. In this article the authors describe the implementation process of opening a Boston field hospital including the development of a culture unique to this crisis and the local community needs. Through first-person accounts, readers will learn (1) about Boston Hope, (2) how leaders managed and collaborated, (3) how the close proximity of the care environment impacted decision-making and management style, and (4) the characteristics of leaders under pressure as observed by the team.

Mobile health clinics in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Mobile health clinics serve an important role in the health care system, providing care to some of the most vulnerable populations. Mobile Health Map is the only comprehensive database of mobile clinics in the United States. Members of this collaborative research network and learning community supply information about their location, services, target populations, and costs. They also have access to tools to measure, improve, and communicate their impact. METHODS: We analyzed data from 811 clinics that participated in Mobile Health Map between 2007 and 2017 to describe the demographics of the clients these clinics serve, the services they provide, and mobile clinics' affiliated institutions and funding sources. RESULTS: Mobile clinics provide a median number of 3491 visits annually. More than half of their clients are women (55%) and racial/ethnic minorities (59%). Of the 146 clinics that reported insurance data, 41% of clients were uninsured while 44% had some form of public insurance. The most common service models were primary care (41%) and prevention (47%). With regards to organizational affiliations, they vary from independent (33%) to university affiliated (24%), while some (29%) are part of a hospital or health care system. Most mobile clinics receive some financial support from philanthropy (52%), while slightly less than half (45%) receive federal funds. CONCLUSION: Mobile health care delivery is an innovative model of health services delivery that provides a wide variety of services to vulnerable populations. The clinics vary in service mix, patient demographics, and relationships with the fixed health system. Although access to care has increased in recent years through the Affordable Care Act, barriers continue to persist, particularly among populations living in resource-limited areas. Mobile clinics can improve access by serving as a vital link between the community and clinical facilities. Additional work is needed to advance availability of this important resource.

A phenomenological study of nurses experience about their palliative approach and their use of mobile palliative care teams in medical and surgical care units in France.

BACKGROUND: Despite a broad consensus and recommendations, numerous international reports or studies have shown the difficulties of implementing palliative care within healthcare services. The objective of this study was to understand the palliative approach of registered nurses in hospital medical and surgical care units and their use of mobile palliative care teams. METHODS: Qualitative study using individual in depth semi-structured interviews and focus group of registered nurses. Data were analyzed using a semiopragmatic phenomenological analysis. Expert nurses of mobile palliative care team carried out this study. 20 registered nurses from three different hospitals in France agreed to participate. RESULTS: Nurses recognize their role as being witnesses to the patient's experience through their constant presence. This is in line with their professional values and gives them an "alert role" that can anticipate a patient-centered palliative approach. The physician's positioning on palliative care plays a key role in its implementation. The lack of recognition of the individual role of the nurse leads to a questioning of her/his professional values, causing inappropriate behavior and distress. According to nurses, "rethinking care within a team environment" allows for the anticipation of a patient-centered palliative approach. Mobile Palliative Care Team highlights the major role of physicians-nurses "balance" while providing personal and professional support. CONCLUSIONS: The Physician's positioning and attitude toward palliative approach sets the tone for its early implementation and determines the behavior of different staff members within healthcare service. "Recognition at work", specifically "recognition of the individual role of nurse" is an essential concept for understanding what causes the delay in the implementation of a palliative approach. Interprofessional training (physicians and nurses) could optimize sharing expertise. Registered nurses consider MPCT as a "facilitating intermediary" within the healthcare service improving communication. Restoring a balance in sharing care and decision between physicians and other caregivers lead care teams to an anticipated and patient-centered palliative approach according to guidelines.

Multidisciplinary Development of Mobile Radiography Guidelines Reduced the Number of Inappropriate Mobile Exams in Patients Receiving Chest Radiographs in British Columbia.

AIM: To decrease the number of mobile chest radiograph requests for inpatients in British Columbia who are medically able to tolerate transport to the main department by introducing and implementing request criteria. METHOD: Concerns regarding inappropriate mobile exam requests in patients receiving chest radiography were surveyed at 28 medical imaging sites. In response, a multidisciplinary team composed a set of mobile radiography request guidelines incorporating feedback from all sites. These were successfully implemented along with in-person education to 21 sites. The number of adult annual mobile chest radiographs was tracked from 2014 to 2018, and informal feedback was obtained from participating sites. RESULTS: The percentage of mobile chest radiographs of all chest radiographs performed between 2014 and 2018 decreased by 3.2%, while the total number of all chest radiographs performed during this time, including both departmental and mobile, increased by 1.9%. Sites reported positive engagement with the initiative and expressed need for ongoing education to optimize its effect. CONCLUSION: Implementation of request guidelines with in-person education helped to reduce inappropriate mobile exams in patients receiving chest radiographs in British Columbia between 2014 and 2018. These guidelines promote patient safety through reduced radiation exposure, empower radiographers to mitigate inappropriate requests, and help to optimize use of limited hospital resources by reducing inappropriate mobile exams where routine departmental exams are more suitable.

Diurnal Variations in the First 24/7 Mobile Stroke Unit.

Background and Purpose- Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) provide innovative prehospital stroke care but their 24/7 operation has not been studied. Our study investigates 24/7 MSU diurnal variations related to transport frequency, patient characteristics, and stroke treatments. Methods- We compared transportation frequency, demographics, thrombolytic and mechanical thrombectomy administration, and treatment metrics across 8-hour shifts (morning, evening, and nocturnal) from our 24/7 MSU in Northwest Ohio prospective database. Results- One hundred ninety-five patients were transported by the MSU. Most transports occurred during the morning shift (52.3%) followed by evening shift (35.8%) and nocturnal shift (11.9%; Ptrend<0.001). Twenty-three patients (11.9%) received intravenous thrombolytic in the MSU, most frequently in the morning shift (56.5%). No cases of mechanical thrombectomy were performed on MSU patients in the nocturnal shift. Conclusions- Morning and evening shifts account for the majority of our MSU transports (88.1%) and therapeutic interventions. Understanding temporal variations in a resource-intensive MSU is critical to its worldwide implementation.

Factors affecting linkage to HIV care and ART initiation following referral for ART by a mobile health clinic in South Africa: evidence from a multimethod study.

Linkage to care from mobile clinics is often poor and inadequately understood. This multimethod study assessed linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy (ART) uptake following ART-referral by a mobile clinic in Cape Town (2015/2016). Clinic record data (N = 86) indicated that 67% linked to care (i.e., attended a clinic) and 42% initiated ART within 3 months. Linkage to care was positively associated with HIV-status disclosure intentions (aOR: 2.99, 95% CI 1.13-7.91), and treatment readiness (aOR: 2.97, 95% CI 1.05-8.34); and negatively with good health (aOR: 0.35, 95% CI 0.13-0.99), weekly alcohol consumption (aOR: 0.35, 95% CI 0.12-0.98), and internalised stigma (aOR: 0.32, 95% CI 0.11-0.91). Following linkage, perceived stigma negatively affected ART-initiation. In-depth interviews (N = 41) elucidated fears about ART side-effects, HIV-status denial, and food insecurity as barriers to ART initiation; while awareness of positive ART-effects, follow-up telephone counselling, familial responsibilities, and maintaining health to avoid involuntary disclosure were motivating factors. Results indicate that an array of interventions are required to encourage rapid ART-initiation following mobile clinic HIV-testing services.

Mobile sexual health services for adolescents: investigating the acceptability of youth-directed mobile clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa.

BACKGROUND: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) epidemic is growing rapidly among South African adolescents and young adults (AYA). Although HIV counselling and testing, HIV prevention and treatment options are widely available, many AYA delay health-seeking until illness occurs, demonstrating a need for youth responsive, integrated sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). While feasibility and cost-effectiveness have been evaluated, acceptability of mobile clinics among AYA has yet to be established. The objective of this study was to investigate patient acceptability of mobile AYA SRHS and compare mobile clinic usage and HIV outcomes with nearby conventional clinics. METHODS: Patients presenting to a mobile clinic in Cape Town were invited to participate in an acceptability study of a mobile clinic after using the service. A trained researcher administered an acceptability questionnaire. Mobile clinic medical records during the study period were compared with the records of AYA attending four clinics in the same community. RESULTS: Three hundred three enrolled participants (16-24 years, 246 (81.2%) female) rated mobile AYA SRHS acceptability highly (median = 4,6 out of 5), with 90% rating their experience as better or much better than conventional clinics. The mobile clinic, compared to conventional clinics, attracted more men (26% v 13%, p < 0,000), younger patients (18 v 19 years, p < 0,000), and yielded more HIV diagnoses (4% v 2%, p < 0,000). CONCLUSIONS: Given the high ratings of acceptability, and the preference for mobile clinics over conventional primary health clinics, the scalability of mobile clinics should be investigated as part of a multipronged approach to improve the uptake of SRHS diagnostic, prevention and treatment options for AYA.

Factors associated with using alternative sources of primary care: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Mobile (MHCs), Community (CHCs), and School-based health clinics (SBHCs) are understudied alternative sources of health care delivery used to provide more accessible primary care to disenfranchised populations. However, providing access does not guarantee utilization. This study explored the utilization of these alternative sources of health care and assessed factors associated with residential segregation that may influence their utilization. METHODS: A cross-sectional study design assessed the associations between travel distance, perceived quality of care, satisfaction-adjusted distance (SAD) and patient utilization of alternative health care clinics. Adults (n = 165), child caregivers (n = 124), and adult caregivers (n = 7) residing in New Orleans, Louisiana between 2014 and 2015 were conveniently sampled. Data were obtained via face-to face interviews using standardized questionnaires and geospatial data geocoded using GIS mapping tools. Multivariate regression models were used to predict alternative care utilization. RESULTS: Overall 49.4% of respondents reported ever using a MCH, CHC, or SBHC. Travel distance was not significantly associated with using either MCH, CHC, or SBHC (OR = 0.91, 0.74-1.11 p > .05). Controlling for covariates, higher perceived quality of care (OR = 1.02, 1.01-1.04 p < .01) and lower SAD (OR = 0.81, 0.73-0.91 p < .01) were significantly associated with utilization. CONCLUSIONS: Provision of primary care via alternative health clinics may overcome some barriers to care but have yet to be fully integrated as regular sources of care. Perceived quality and mixed-methods measures are useful indicators of access to care. Future health delivery research is needed to understand the multiple mechanisms by which residential segregation influences health-seeking behavior.

Association between clinical observations and a mobile crisis team's level of care recommendations.

Mobile mental health crisis programs are a widely used and valuable community resource. Literature analyzing the service, however, is sparse and descriptive in nature. This study uses multinomial logistic regression to analyze clinical data from a mobile crisis program in Pennsylvania over 12 months. 793 individuals recommended to various levels of care were analyzed. Clinical and demographic presentations were used as predictor variables and level of care recommendation as outcome variable. Several clinical presentations were found to increase the likelihood of various levels of care recommendations. These findings are discussed in light of current suicide intervention and data-driven practice.

HIV seroconversion among Baltimore City residents tested at a mobile van programme.

BACKGROUND: Many individuals with HIV in the USA are unaware of their diagnosis, and therefore cannot be engaged in treatment services, have worse clinical outcomes and are more likely to transmit HIV to others. Mobile van testing may increase HIV testing and diagnosis. Our objective was to characterise risk factors for HIV seroconversion among individuals using mobile van testing. METHODS: A case cohort study (n=543) was conducted within an HIV surveillance dataset of mobile van testing users with at least two HIV tests between September 2004 and August 2009 in Baltimore, Maryland. A subcohort (n=423) was randomly selected; all additional cases were added from the parent cohort. Cases (n=122 total, two from random subcohort) had documented seroconversion at the follow-up visit. A unique aspect of the analysis was use of Department of Corrections data to document incarceration between the times of initial and subsequent testing. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare HIV transmission risk factors between individuals who seroconverted and those who did not. RESULTS: One hundred and twenty-two HIV seroconversions occurred among 8756 individuals (1.4%), a rate higher than that in Baltimore City Health Department's STD Clinic clients (1%). Increased HIV seroconversion risk was associated with men who have sex with men (MSM) (HR 32.76, 95% CI 5.62 to 191.12), sex with an HIV positive partner (HR 70.2, 95% CI 9.58 to 514.89), and intravenous drug use (IDU) (HR 5.65, 95% CI 2.41 to 13.23). CONCLUSIONS: HIV testing is a crucial first step in the HIV care continuum and an important HIV prevention tool. This study confirmed the need to reach high-risk populations (MSM, sex with HIV-positive individuals, individuals with IDU) and to increase comprehensive prevention services so that high-risk individuals stay HIV uninfected. HIV testing in mobile vans may be an effective outreach strategy for identifying infection in certain populations at high risk for HIV.

Mobile Mammography Participation Among Medically Underserved Women: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Although breast cancer deaths have declined, the mortality rate among women from medically underserved communities is disproportionally high. Screening mammography is the most effective tool for detecting breast cancer in its early stages, yet many women from medically underserved communities do not have adequate access to screening mammograms. Mobile mammography may be able to bridge this gap by providing screening mammograms at no cost or low cost and delivering services to women in their own neighborhoods, thus eliminating cost and transportation barriers. The objective of this systematic review was to describe the scope and impact of mobile mammography programs in promoting mammographic screening participation among medically underserved women. METHODS: We searched electronic databases for English-language articles published in the United States from January 2010 through March 2018 by using the terms "mobile health unit," "mammogram," "mammography," and "breast cancer screening." Of the 93 articles initially identified, we screened 55; 16 were eligible to be assessed and 10 qualified for full text review and data extraction. Each study was coded for study purpose, research design, data collection, population targeted, location, sample size, outcomes, predictors, analytical methods, and findings. RESULTS: Of the 10 studies that qualified for review, 4 compared mobile mammography users with users of fixed units, and the other 6 characterized mobile mammography users only. All the mobile mammography units included reached underserved women. Most of the women screened in mobile units were African American or Latina, low income, and/or uninsured. Mobile mammography users reported low adherence to 1-year (12%-34%) and 2-year (40%-48%) screening guidelines. Some difficulties faced by mobile clinics were patient retention, patient follow-up of abnormal or inconclusive findings, and women inaccurately perceiving their breast cancer risk. CONCLUSION: Mobile mammography clinics may be effective at reaching medically underserved women. Adding patient navigation to mobile mammography programs may promote attendance at mobile sites and increase follow-up adherence. Efforts to promote mammographic screening should target women from racial/ethnic minority groups, women from low-income households, and uninsured women. Future research is needed to understand how to best improve visits to mobile mammography clinics.

Scoping out the literature on mobile needle and syringe programs-review of service delivery and client characteristics, operation, utilization, referrals, and impact.

BACKGROUND: Needle and syringe program (NSP) service delivery models encompass fixed sites, mobile services, vending machines, pharmacies, peer NSPs, street outreach, and inter-organizational agreements to add NSP services to other programs. For programs seeking to implement or improve mobile services, access to a synthesis of the evidence related to mobile services is beneficial, but lacking. METHODS: We used a scoping study method to search MEDLINE, PSYCHInfo, Embase, Scopus, and Sociological for relevant literature. We identified 39 relevant manuscripts published between 1975 and November 2017 after removing duplicates and non-relevant manuscripts from the 1313 identified by the search. RESULTS: Charting of the data showed that these publications reported findings related to the service delivery model characteristics, client characteristics, service utilization, specialized interventions offered on mobile NSPs, linking clients to other services, and impact on injection risk behaviors. Mobile NSPs are implemented in high-, medium-, and low-income countries; provide equipment distribution and many other harm reduction services; face limitations to service complement, confidentiality, and duration of interactions imposed by physical space; adapt to changes in locations and types of drug use; attract people who engage in high-risk/intensity injection behavior and who are often not reached by other service models; and may lead to reduced injection-related risks. DISCUSSION: It is not clear from the literature reviewed, what are, or if there are, a "core and essential" complement of services that mobile NSPs should offer. Decisions about service complement for mobile NSPs need to be made in relation to the context and also other available services. Reports of client visits to mobile NSP provide a picture of the volume and frequency of utilization but are difficult to compare given varied measures and reference periods. CONCLUSION: Mobile NSPs have an important role to play in improving HIV and HCV prevention efforts across the world. However, more work is needed to create clearer assessment metrics and to improve access to NSP services across the world.

[Treatment of patients with multiple trauma in multi-field hospital]. / Rezul'taty lecheniia bol'nykh s politravmoi v mnogoprofil'noi klinike.

AIM: To analyze treatment of victims with multiple trauma in multi-field hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of 2139 medical records of patients with multiple trauma (NISS score over 17) was performed. In-hospital mortality, patient transfer time, dominant injury, hospital-stay, gender and age of victims were assessed. RESULTS: New diagnostic and treatment options allowed achieving significant decrease of mortality from 39.7% (2004) to 10.8% (2016). CONCLUSION: Improved mortality was achieved due to organized work of the 'regional traumatological systems'. Mortality rate was below 10.7% if victims were transferred to the hospital within 6 hours after trauma. The highest mortality was observed in patients who were transferred to the hospital within 6-12 hours after injury (20.3%).

Mobile gastrointestinal and endoscopic surgery in rural Ecuador: 20 years' experience of Cinterandes.

INTRODUCTION: Five billion people worldwide do not have timely access to surgical care. Cinterandes is one of the only mobile surgical units in low- and middle-income countries. This paper examines the methodology that Cinterandes uses to deliver mobile surgery. METHODS: Founding and core staff were interviewed, four missions were participated in, and internal documents and records were analysed between 1 May and 1 July 2014. RESULTS: Cinterandes performed 7641 operations over the last 20 years (60% gastrointestinal/laparoscopic), travelling 300,000 km to remote areas of Ecuador. The mobile surgery programme was initiated by a local Ecuadorian surgeon in 1980. Funding was acquired from businesses, private hospitals, and individuals, to fund a low-cost surgical truck, simple equipment, and running costs. The mobile surgical unit is a 24-foot modified Isuzu truck containing a preparation room with general equipment storage and running water, together with an operating room including the operating table, anaesthetic and surgical equipment. Mission structure includes: patient identification by a network of local medical personnel in remote regions; pre-operative assessment at 1 week by core team via teleconsultations; four-day surgical missions; post-operative recovery in tents or a local clinic; post-operative follow-up care by local personnel and remote teleconsultations. The permanent core team includes seven members; lead surgeon, lead anaesthetist, operating-room technician, medical coordinator, driver, general coordinator, and receptionist. Additional support members include seven regular surgeons, residents, medical students, and volunteers. CONCLUSION: Surgery is a very effective way to gain the trust of the community, due to immediate results. Trust opens doors to other programmes (e.g. family medicine). Surgery can be incorporated with all other aspects of health care, which can in turn be incorporated with all other aspects of human development, education, food production and nutrition, housing, work and productivity, communication, and recreation.