Momitoring the patient in shock: what, when, and how.

ABSTRACT

In critically ill patients there is frequently more than one problem, which may not be obvious, contributing to the shock state. The history, physical exam, and monitoring devices may not be reliable individually, but must be considered together and interpreted in the light of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. A plan for monitoring and treating critically ill patients is outlined. The advantages and limitations of various monitoring techniques are discussed.