Biophysical Interactions of Direct AMPK Activators.

Protein-ligand interactions can be evaluated by a number of different biophysical methods. Here we describe some of the experimental methods that we have used to generate AMPK protein reagents and characterize its interactions with direct synthetic activators. Recombinant heterotrimeric AMPK complexes were generated using standard molecular biology methods by expression either in insect cells via infection with three different viruses or more routinely in Escherichia coli with a tricistronic expression vector. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled with mass spectrometry was used to probe protein conformational changes and potential binding sites of activators on AMPK. X-ray crystallographic studies were carried out on crystals of AMPK with bound ligands to reveal detailed molecular interactions formed by AMPK activators at near-atomic resolution. In order to gain insights into the mechanism of enzyme activation and to probe the effects of AMPK activators on kinetic parameters such as Michaelis-Menten constant (K m ) or maximal reaction velocity (V max), we performed classical enzyme kinetic studies using radioactive 33P-ATP-based filter assay. Equilibrium dissociation constants (K D ) and on and off rates of ligand binding were obtained by application of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique.