The benefits of physical exercise for the health of the pancreatic ß-cell: a review of the evidence.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the topic of this review? This review discusses the evidence of the benefits of exercise training for ß-cell health through improvements in function, proliferation and survival which may have implications in the treatment of diabetes. What advances does it highlight? This review highlights how exercise may modulate ß-cell health in the context of diabetes and highlights the need for further exploration of whether ß-cell preserving effects of exercise translates to T1D. ABSTRACT: Physical exercise is a core therapy for type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Whilst the benefits of exercise for different physiological systems are recognised, the effect of exercise specifically on the pancreatic ß-cell is not well described. Here we review the effects of physical exercise on ß-cell health. We show that exercise improves ß-cell mass and function. The improved function manifests primarily through the increased insulin content of the ß-cell and its increased ability to secrete insulin in response to a glucose stimulus. We review the evidence relating to glucose sensing, insulin signalling, ß-cell proliferation and ß-cell apoptosis in humans and animal models with acute exercise and following exercise training programmes. Some of the mechanisms through which these benefits manifest are discussed.